英语语法第一、二讲 140307

第一讲：sentenceWhat is a sentence?A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.A sentence fragment is a group of words that doesn’t express a complete thought. 视频索取：270527344A sentence fragment, which might be clear in conversation, is not clear in writing.Always write in complete sentences, not in sentence fragments.eg. out to lunch = sentence fragmentSusan and I are going out to lunch.Frank was out to lunch when I visited his office.maybe later = sentence fragment-- Oh, do you feel like having a bit of lunch right now?-- Maybe later.In writing, a sentence always begins with a capital letter.A sentence always ends with a punctuation mark.period -- . question mark -- ? exclamation point -- !Four main kinds of sentences:①declarative ②interrogative ③exclamatory ④imperative1. A declarative sentence states a fact.The sun is shining today.2. An interrogative sentence asks a question.Do you have any plans for this afternoon?3. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong emotion.What a beautiful day for a picnic!4. An imperative sentence makes a request or gives an order.Come with me!四种句型的使用频率：most common, common, rare, rare Exercise 11. When will tomorrow morning’s band rehearsal begin? Interrogative sentence2. Always read the safety instructions before using a new power tool. Imperative sentence3. Having sepnt over two hours working on her dance toutine sentence fragment4. The local wildlife refuge is home to over seventy species of birds.5. That was a fabulous party! Exclamatory sentenceLesson 2 Parts of a SentenceThe Two Main parts of a sentence subject predicateThe subject tells what the sentence is talking about. The most important word in the subject is the simple subject.The predicate describes something that the subject is or does. The most important word int eh predicate is the verb (a word that expresses action or state of being).Subject and predicateMy younger sister Ingrid once worked as a costume designer.She enjoys creating things with her hands.Compound subject:A compound subject is two or more things that work together as the subject, joined by the word “and” or the word “or.”Dogs and cats sometimes enjoy living together.Compound verb:A compound verb is two or more verbs that describe what the subject does, joined by the word “and” or the word “or.”The giant tree bent and swayed in the wind.Review: Two main parts of a sentencethe subject: who or what the sentence is aboutmost important word = simple subjectthe predicate: what the subject is or doesmost important word = the verbExcecise 21. Fifty-three officers received medals at the Police Department awards ceremony.2. Bored with the grown-up conversation, little Amy fell asleep under the kitchen table.3, The number of businesses in this county has increased every year forthe past decade.4. According to scientists, birds and dinosaurs are biologically related.5. All day and all night unceasingly fell the rain.Lesson 3 Four types of sentence structuresClauses: A clause is a group of words that includes both a subject and a verb.Two kinds of clauses①independent clause: can stand alone as a sentence because it expressesa complete thoughtEuropa is of the moons of Jupiter.②subordinate clause: can’t stand alone as a sentence becuase it doesn’t express a complete thought.A subordinate clause usually starts with a subordinating conjunction – if, after, because, since although, when, untilBecause Europa has oceans filled with water, like the Earth4 types of sentence structures①Simple sentence②compound sentence③complex sentence④compound-complex sentenceSimple sentence: consists of one independent clauseLife may exist on Europa.compound sentence: contains two or more independent clauses joined either by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, or by a semicolon Most common coordinating conjunctions: and – or – butMany astronomers believe in extraterrestrial life, but others disagree. Many astronomers believe in extraterrestrial life; but otehr disagree. complex sentence: contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.eg. If extraterrestrial life is ever discovered, it will change human history. compound-complex sentences: contains two or more independent clauses adn one or more subornidate clauses.Although no sign of life on other worlds has yet been found, the search continues, and many predict success.Grammatical ErrorsA subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence – that is a sentence fragmentA run-on sentence –includes two or more independent clauses that are joined only by a comma or by nothing at alle.g. Visit the city science museum, you’ll see some fascinating exhibits about outer space.Exercise 31. Jazz is the greatest American musical form, and Duke Ellington is its greatest genius. (compoud)2. Although young women ant to participate in sports as much as young men, women’s sports often don’t receive equal funding from colleges. (complex)3. The tallest mountain in Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro is the subject of a stunning new IMAX documentary film. (simple)4. The author Mark Twain was fascinated by technology, he was the first ever to deliver a typed manuscript to his publisher. (run-on sentence)5. When I visited California last summer, I spent one week in San Francisco, and I visited the nearby Napa Valley with my cousin. (compound-complex)Conclusion:第二讲：英语语法系列Introduction:Lesson 1Verbs, Nouns, and PronounsWe’ll discuss in this program. Nine parts of speechverbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, articles, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjectionsVerbs: Every sentence can be divided into two main parts: the subject and the predicate.The subject is what the sentece is about.The predicate tells something that the subject is or does.The most important word in the predicate is the verb.A verbs epresses action done by or to be subject, or it expresses a state of being of the subject.Examples of verbsgo, decorate, believe, is, appearsgo: I go to school every day.decorate: Every spring we decorate the gym for our annual dance. believe: I believe it’s going to rain today.is: The weather is cloudy today.appear: Susan appears on television as a singer.The weather appears cloudy.Verbs may contain more than one word. A verb consisting of two or more words is called verb phrase –is’s made up of a main verb plus one or more helping verbs.Examples of verb phrases:had gone, will decorate, must believe, should have been, may appearwill decorate: We will decorate the gym next year.We decorate teh gym every year. (happening now)Verb tenses are used to express the time when an action or a state of being takes place.Nouns: A noun names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.example: student, Barbara, state, Cleveland, sofa, freedomStuden = person Barbara = person state = placeCleveland = place sofa = thing freedom = ideaTypes of NounsA common noun: names a category of people, places, things, or ideas.A proper noun: names a specific example; it normally begins with a capital letter.mouth May ocean AtlanticNouns may be singular or plural.A singular noun refers to one thing, person, place, or idea.A plural noun refers to a number of people, places, things, or ideas (two or more would be plural).Most plural nouns are formed by adding the letter “s” to the end of the singular noun.sofa –sofas man –men woman –women child –children leaf – leavesPronouns: A pronoun takes the place of a noun or a group of nouns.he, some, she, any, it, who, we, which, they, someoneWhy do we use pronouns?The word or words that a pronoun refers to is called teh antecedent of the pronoun.Example: Angela quickly ate her lunch.Jeremy asked Paul to give him a ride.Exercise 11. When Nichole read the letter, she realized that she must change the plans for her vacation.2. Henry Ford created teh Model T, which was for many years the most popular car in the world.3. Is anyone in your class interested in attending next week’s seminar on Italian painting?4. Tim bought several beautiful rugs while he was traveling in Turkey.5. When you are designing a bridge, safety is the most important consideration.Lesson 2Adjectives, Articles, and AdverbsAn adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.large, unusual, green, impossiblea large boat, that unusual hat, the green tree, an impossible task The adjective usually comes before the noun.The adjective can come after a verb of being.This task is imporrible.task = noun = subject of verb of being is = verb of being impossible = adjectiveSometimes a noun or a pronoun can be used as an adjective.I like to watch baseball.Willie Mays was a great baseball player.Which is your favorite sport?Which sport do you enjoy the most?Articles: An article introduces a noun.a an = indefinite articles the = definite articleI would like an apple for lunch.I would like the apple for lunch.a/an a used in fornt of a word that begins iwth a consonant sound an used in front of a word that begins with a vowel sound___ potato, ____ tomato, ____ orange, ____ appleAdverbs: An adverb modifies a verb, or an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs often end in –ly, but not always.quickly, soon, very, rather, too, not (most commonly used)Not – often used to interrupt a verb phrase; it negates the meaning of the verb phrase... is happening ... ... is not happening ...Adverbs are most often used to modify verbs.He walks quickly.Adverbs can be used to modify adjectives, or other adverbs.He is quick.He is very quick.He walks too quickly for me.The adverb not is often contracted to n’t.Willima is not going to the movies with us.Sharon isn’t going either.Exercise 21. When water in a lake is deeply tinged with red, a heavy growth of algae is present.2. If Peter has enough free time next summer, he will visit southern Italy on his vacation.3. Auto racing is generally considered one of the most dangerous sports in the world.4. “Silver Blaze”was recently selected as teh best story about the adventures of the famous detetive Sherlock Holmes.5. The veterinarian arrived too late to save teh injured bird.Lessson 3 Connecting Words Prepositions, Conjunctions Prepositions: A preposition relates a noun or pronoun to another part of teh sentence.e.g. in for by from with to below throughPrepositons: Prepositions are always followed by a noun or a pronoun (most often a noun) – that combination of words is called a prepositional phrase.e.g. in my house for my sister by William Shakepeare from New York with my father-in-law to Chicago below the equator throughSome prepositions consis of more than one word.e.g. according to because of in front of instead of prior to according to the weatherman because of today’s rain in front of the hotel instead of dinner prior to bedtimeConjunctions: A conjunction connects two or more other words. Coordinating Conjunctions: A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses.There are seven different coordinating conjunctions: and but or nor for yet soSubordinating Conjunctions: A subordinating conjunction connects clauses, making the clause that follows teh conjunction a subordinate clause.e.g. if It rains this afternoon. If it rains this afternoon, the picnic will be cancelled.A coordinating conjunction joins two things taht are more or less equal in importance or value.A subordinating conjunction joins an indepedent clause and a clause whihc is subordinate.Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative conjunctions come in pairs.both ... and either ... or neither ... nor not only ... but also e.g. Both my mother and my fater will be coming to the awards banquet.1. If gasoline prices keep rising, driving to work will become more and more expensive.2. In my opinion, Picasso was the greatest painter of the twentieth century, and one of the greatest of any era.3. Neither the coach nor the players could explain the dismal performance turned in by the soccer team agasint their local rivals.4. According to most surveys, parents usually prefer sending their children to schools located in the neighborhoods where they live.5. We missed the last bus of the nigh, so we traveled to Oakland by taxi instead.Lesson 4 Interjections, and Recognizing Parts of Speech Interjections: An interjection expresses a strong emotion, and is not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence.Gosh! Yikes! Ouch! Hooray! D’oh!Tips!How to reognize parts of speech?Look for the main verb first. Then look for the subject of the verb. Then identify modifying words and connecting words.The same word may be used as more than one part of speech. You can’t tell a word’s part of speech just by looking at it in isolation.e.g. Ben surprised Nancy with a party on her birthday.It was a surpsie party.That was quite a surprise!Exercise 4:1. My car gets thrity miles to the gallon.2. People say that too many young athletes today are selfish.3. The Hudson River in New York is not actually a river, in fact, it is a tidal esturay.4. Paul Klee created some of teh greatest abstract paintings of the twentieth century.5. Wow! You have a really beautiful view of the Rocky Mountains from your balcony.Conclusion:第三讲：英语语法系列Introduction:Lesson 1 Three Kinds of Verbs2m。

句子是一个按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。

一个句子一般由两部分构成，主语部分和谓语部分。

这两部分也叫句子的主要成分。

句子的次要成分包括宾语，定于，状语，表语等。

1）主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。

如：Students study. (学生学习。

)We are friends.(我们是朋友)这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。

2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。

如：Students study. (学生学习。

)We are friends. (我们是朋友)这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。

3）宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。

放在及物动词或者介词之后。

如：They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。

)I play with him. (我和他一起玩。

)这两句话中单词teachers是名词，单词him是带词，它们在句中作宾语。

4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。

形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。

如：This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。

）这两句话中单词red和tall都是形容词，它们作定语。

５）状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。

常由副词担任。

修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。

如：The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。

)I often write to him. (我常给他写信。

)The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。

1-30课语法点总结一. be 动词的一般现在时为：am, is, are. 请大家记好这个口诀：我(I)用am ，你(you)用are ，is 连着他(he)，她(she)，它(it)；单数名词用is ，复数名词全用are 。

变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。

变否定，更容易， be 后not 莫忘记。

疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。

二. 人称代词和物主代词：1. 人称代词：是为了避免重复，用来代替前面提到过的人、动物、事物的名称的词。

e.g. Lisa and Lucy, Mom is waiting for you!2. 人称代词根据用法不同而有人称、数与格的变化。

单数复数数格人称主格宾格主格宾格第一人称I me we us 第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称he sheithim herittheythem3. it 的基本用法A. 代替前面已经提到过的事物。

B. 代替性别不明的婴儿或动物。

C. 代替不确定的人或事物。

D. 用来表示时间，距离和自然现象等。

4. 物主代词：是表示所有关系的词。

有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人称和数的变化见下表：单数复数数人称类别第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis her itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis hers itsours yours theirs记住：名词性物主代词具有名词性质：相当于：“形容词性物主代词+名词”，以避免重复。

三、冠词。

冠词分为：定冠词和不定冠词两类。

定冠词是the ，主要用法：1. 用于特定的人或物前面。

2. 用于上文提到过的人或事。

3. 用于世上独一无二的事物前。

4. 用在形容词前，表示一类人。

5. 用在表示乐器的名词前。

6. 用在姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人。

不定冠词是指a, an。

没有特指的作用，通常泛指同类事物中的某一个（位、枝、块、片……）。

新概念英语第一册1-72课重点语法总结一．时态：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时1. 一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。

◆∙∙∙∙∙∙ 含有be动词的句子I am a student.He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?★变否定句在be动词后面加notI am not a student.He is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.◆∙∙∙∙∙∙ 不含有be动词的句子，而含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词作主语He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型Does he like books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型He doesn’t like books.She doesn’t like him.Th e dog doesn’t like bones.★肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Yes, she does. No, she doesn’tYes, it does. No, it doesn’t.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数本身不会有任何变化。

七年级上外研社版英语一到五单元语法知识点一、名词1. 名词的分类名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。

可数名词可以用来表示可以数清的事物或东西，比如book、student等。

不可数名词则表示不可以数清的事物或东西，比如water、rice等。

2. 可数名词复数形式的变化可数名词的复数形式有三种变化规则：一般在词尾加-s，如books；以s，sh，ch，x，o结尾的名词在词尾加-es，如buses，watches；以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es，如cities。

3. 不可数名词的使用不可数名词表示不能数清的事物，通常用作集体名词，表示一类事物，比如food、music等。

二、动词1. 动词的时态英语中的动词有多种不同的时态，例如现在时、过去时、将来时等。

学生需要掌握各种时态的构成和用法，如一般现在时用于表示现在或经常发生的动作，一般过去时用于表示过去发生的动作等。

2. 动词的否定形式英语中的动词否定形式通常在动词前加not构成，例如I am not happy。

3. 动词的被动语态动词的被动语态表示动作的承受者是谁，被动语态的构成是由“be + 过去分词”构成，如The book is read by me.三、形容词与副词1. 形容词的比较级与最高级形容词的比较级和最高级构成规则较多，主要包括一般形容词和部分双音节形容词的比较级在词尾加-er，最高级在词尾加-est；以不规则变化的形容词则需特殊学习，如good-better-best。

2. 副词的用法副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示程度、时间、地点或方式等。

学生需要掌握副词的用法和位置，如修饰动词时通常位于动词之前，修饰形容词或副词时通常位于其后。

四、介词1. 介词的用法介词用来表示名词或代词与其他词之间的关系，如位置、方向、时间、原因等。

学生需要掌握各种介词的用法，如in表示在……之内，on表示在……之上等。

2. 介词短语的用法介词短语是构成形式固定的词组，由介词和名词、代词或动名词构成。

新概念1~24课语法点Lesson1-6语法点1.简单陈述句①完整的结构：主语+谓语+宾语+方式状语+地点状语+时间状语I played basketball happily on the playground yesterday.②两种基本结构主系表：She is nervous./She is a secretary.主动宾：Jenny caught a fish./Jenny likes going sailing.2.一般现在时①经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

时间状语：every…, sometimes, on Sundays。

例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。

②客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。

例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

③主语的状态、能力、性格、个性。

例如：She is a lovely girl.动词三单变化规则：情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s 清辅音后读/s/浊辅音和元音后读/z/swim-swims；help-helps；like-likes以o结尾的词加-s或-es 读/z/ tomatoes；potatoes；photos 以ce,se,ze,ge等结尾的词加-s 读/iz/ prices；cases；oranges以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es 读/iz/ teach-teaches；bus-buses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加es读/z/ study-studies3.what和how引导的感叹句基本结构：What+a/an+形容词+名词（+主语+谓语）！例：What a beautiful girl she is!How+形容词+a/an+名词（+主语+谓语）！例：How beautiful a girl（she is）!区别：①what重点修饰名词，how重点修饰形容词②how只能修饰单数可数名词，what可以修饰可数名词单/复数、不可数名词3.一般过去时（动词过去时不规则变化表、时间状语）一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，表示过去发生的动作或状态。

Lesson 1-72 总复习时态（四种）现在进行时：含义：此时此刻正在做的事情动词构成： Be（am,is, are）+现在分词doing现在分词的变化规则：【直、去、双、不变、特】⑴【直】一般情况直接加-ing:do-doing/ help-helping/ go-going⑵【去】以不发音的e结尾，去e加：make-making/ take-taking/live-living⑶【双】以重读闭音节结尾要双写尾巴：swim-swimming/ cut-cutting/begin-beginning/put-putting/ sit-sitting/shop-shopping/travel-travelling⑷【不变】辅音字母+y 的情况不用发生变化(5)【特】以ie结尾,将ie变y加ing：lie-lying / die-dying时间标志词：now, at the moment, look , listen肯定句：I am doing my homework.否定句：I am not doing my homework.一般疑问句：Are you doing your homework? (有be 提be)特殊疑问句：What are you doing?一般将来时含义：表示准备去，将要去干….动词构成： Be（am,is, are）going to do sth.时间标志词：tomorrow肯定句：I am going to paint the bookcase.否定句：I am not going to paint the bookcase.一般疑问句：Are you going to paint the bookcase? (有be 提be) 特殊疑问句：What are you going to do?语法：一般现在时含义：描述某种状态、规律性或客观事实。

例句：1. I go to school every day. (一般性)2. Peter usually brushes his teeth three times a day.（规律性）⒊ The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.（客观事实）动词：不变→主语非三单如：I read newspaper every day. .变化→主语为三单形式如：He reads newspaper every day.标志词： 1) 频率副词：all the time, always, usually, often, sometimes2) 时间标志词：every+时间, in the morning/afternoon/ evening, at night/noonI. 带动词的句子：主语非三单肯定句：I like apples.否定句：I don’t like apples. “见动词，找助动”口诀一般疑问句: Do you like apples? “无be无情，就借助”特殊疑问句：What do you like?主语为三单：肯定句：Mr. Sawyer usually watches TV at night .否定句：Mr. Sawyer doesn’t usually watch TV at night . “见动词，找助动”口诀一般疑问句: Does Mr. Sawyer usually watch TV at night? “无be无情，就借助”特殊疑问句：What does Mr. Sawyer usually do at night?When does Mr. Sawyer usually watch TV ?Ⅱ.Ⅰ.带有Be动词句子:肯定句:I am a student.否定句: I am not a student.在Be动词后加NOT即可一般疑问句：Are you a student? ”有be 提be”特殊疑问词：What are you? 特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句一般过去时含义：描述过去发生的动作，已经在过去结束和终止，成为过去的事动词：动词过去式变化规则：⑴【直】一般情况加ed：help-helped / look-looked / watch-watched⑵【去】以不发音的e结尾：live-lived / love-loved /hope-hoped⑶【双】以重读闭音节词结尾： stop-stopped / shop-shopped / plan-planned以元音+ y结尾，直接加ed： play- played / enjoy-enjoyed⑷【改】以辅音+y结尾，去y加ied： carry-carried/ cry-cried /study-studied⑸【特】不规则变化，详见书中P179和P183时间标志词： yesterday, last…,…ago, just now, in the past, in 2000句型变化：肯定句：I went to the zoo yesterday.否定句:I did go to the zoo yesterday. 借助动词did一般疑问句：Did you go to the zoo yesterday?特殊疑问句：What did you do yesterday?【特】带有Be动词句子，Be动词两种变化形式（was和were）：肯定句：Lily was a teacher two years ago.否定句：Lily wasn’t a teacher two years ago.一般疑问句: Was Lily a teacher two years ago? “将Be动词was ,were提前”特殊疑问句即：What was Lily two years ago? 特殊疑问词 + Be+ 主语 +其他其他语法：1．选择疑问句：前升后降调；不用yes 或no 回答含特殊疑问句的选择疑问句：What do you want, beef or lamb? Beef, please.含一般疑问句的选择疑问句:Do you want beef or lamb？lamb, please.2．情态动词1)must 必须: What must I do?2)can 能肯定句： I can make the tea.否定句： I can’t make the tea. “情态动词后直接加not 改否定”一般疑问句：Can you make the tea? “有情提情”特殊疑问句：What can you do?3．there be 句型：某处有（存在）某物There is a（an） + 单数可数名词/(some)不可数名词 + 地点（介词短语）There is a book on the floor. / There is some water in the bottle.There are + （some）复数可数名词+ 地点（介词短语）There are some books on the floor.4．不可数名词：a piece of cheese,a loaf of bread,a bar of soap,a bar of chocolate,a pond of sugar,a tin of tobacco,a bottle of orange juice5. 时间介词年和月共用in，星期日期共用on，具体时刻用at，季节前面也用in，周末at 和on都可以。

英语语法精讲（上）语法精讲班第1讲讲义概述一个句子的主要成分：主语+ 谓语+ 宾语词性和句子之前的关系：不可替代的关系，最为重要；巧学词性的方法：分类记忆，主次学习，考点学习；语法体系中，词性学习三部曲：一注意事项，二功能作用，三重点试题讲解；名词篇：一注意事项：1. 可数名词和不可数名词2. 单复数3. 集合名词；二功能作用：1.主语，宾语，表语，同位语2. 其他功能（专讲）三考题部分：改错题+ 选择题（高考题+四六级+考研英语题+托福题）In the United States , presidential elections are held once every four year .在美国，总统选举每四年一次。

The superintendent of women nurse for the Union Army during the Civil War Dorothea Dix .美国内战期间，为联邦军队服务的女护士主管人是多罗西亚，迪克斯。

Before the automobiles , the horse-drawn carriage was the primary mean of private transportation .在汽车诞生之前，马车是私人运输的基本手段。

In the Middle ages , taxes were paid with good rather than money .在中世纪，缴税用的是货物，而不是钱。

The diamond is the hardest substance in natures.钻石是自然界最硬的物质。

Sunlights cannot reach far beneath the ocean’s surface .阳光不能照射到海面之下很远的地方。

Mathematic and logic depend extensively on the deductive method of reasoning .数学和逻辑学广泛地依靠推理的演绎方法。

初一上册英语语法口诀及用法总结初一英语的学习是为整个初中时期英语学习打好基础的关键，那么语法的学习对同学们灵活运用所掌握的词汇就十分有用了。

初一英语是一个衔接的阶段，小学阶段所学习的英语主要是学习一些简单的词汇积累，简单的语句表达，不会涉及语法的学习，那么进入初一就需要接受一些新挑战。

以下是初一英语语法口诀及用法总结，希望能帮助同学们快速记忆。

第一、动词be(is,am,are)的记忆口诀。

我(I)用am, 你(you)用are，is跟着他(he)，她(she)，它(it)。

单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。

变否定，更容易，be后not加上去。

变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。

还有一条须注意，句首大写莫忘记。

第二、this，that和it的用法。

(1)this和that是指示代词，it是人称代词。

(2)距离说话人近的人或物用this, 距离说话人远的人或物用that。

如：This is a flower. 这是一朵花。

(近处)That is a tree. 那是一棵树。

(远处)(3)放在一起的两样东西，先说this, 后说that。

如：This is a pen. That is a pencil. 这是一支钢笔。

那是一支铅笔。

(4)向别人介绍某人时说This is…,不说That is…。

如：This is Helen. Helen, this is Tom. 这是海伦，海伦，这是汤姆。

(5)This is 不能缩写, 而That is可以缩写。

如：This is a bike. That’s a car. 这是一辆自行车。

那是一辆轿车。

(6)打电话时，介绍自己用this, 询问对方用that。

如：—Hello! Is that Miss Green? 喂，是格林小姐吗?—Yes, this is. Who’s that? 是的，我是，你是谁?注意：虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”，但英语中打电话时绝不可以说：I am…, Are you…?/Who are you?(7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时, 要用it代替this或that。