大学英语课文原文【最新7篇】

1]?The joy of laughing at a funny story is universal, probably as old as language itself.?But, what is it that makes a story or a j o k e f u n n y?[2]?As one who has enjoyed humor since I first recognized it, I've?made an attempt to?explain and discuss humor with students in such diverse cultures as Latin America and China.?I've done some serious thinking about funny stories. It has been a labor of love[N]![3]?Why is it that several students in a class will fall out of their chairs laughing after I tell a joke while the rest of the students look as if I've just read the weather report?[N]?Obviously some people are more sensitive to humor than others.?And, we recognize that some people tell jokes very well while others struggle to say something funny.?We've all heard people say, "I like jokes, but I can't tell one well, and I can never remember them."?Some people have a better sense of humor than others just as some people have more musical talent, mathematical talent, etc. than others.?A truly funny person has a joke for every occasion, and when one is told, that triggers an entire?string?of jokes from that person's memory bank.[N]?A?humorless?person is not likely to be the most popular person in a group.?It is reasonable to say that the truly?humorous?individual is not only well liked, but is often the focus of attention in any gathering.[4]?Even some animals have a sense of humor.?My wife's mother often visited us for extended stays.[N]?She normally didn't like dogs, but she?fell in love with Blitzen[N]—a female Lab[N]?we had, and the relationship was?mutual.?Even when young, Blitzenwould?tease?Grandma?by very?selectively?carrying one of her bedroom slippers into the living room where Grandma sat in her favorite, comfortable chair.?Blitzen?pranced?just?beyond the reach of?Grandma until Grandma was?tempted?to leave her chair to get the slipper from Blitzen.?When Grandma left her chair, Blitzen would quickly jump into the chair,?flashing?her Lab smile?from?sparkling?brown eyes which clearly said, "Aha, I fooled you again."[5]?Typical jokes or humorous stories have a three-part?anatomy?that is easily recognized.?First is the SETUP (or?setting), next is the BODY (or story line), and these are followed by the PUNCH LINE[N]?(an unexpected or surprise ending) which will make the joke funny if it contains some humor.?Usually all three parts are present, and each must be clearly presented[N].?It helps if the story/joke teller uses gestures and language which are well known to the audience.[6]?Humor, as a form of entertainment, can be analyzed in order to discover what makes a funny story or joke seem funny.?Here, for example, are some of the most common types of humor. They range from the most obvious humor to the more subtle types.[7]?"SLAP-STICK" is the most obvious humor.?Its language is simple, direct, and often makes fun of another person or group.?Slap-stick was and is the technique of the stand-up comedian[N]?and the?clown.?It appeals to all ages and all cultures.?Nearly every English-speaking?comedian?in this century has used the following joke in one form or another.?One man asks another, "Who was that lady I saw you with last night?"?The other replies, "That was no lady, that was my wife."The humor lies in the fact that the second man is saying that his wife is not a lady.In other words, she is not a refined woman.?The joke is no less funny because it is so often used.?The audience knows in advance what will be said, because it is classic humor, and any audience values it even more because of its?familiarity.[8]?Chinese "cross-talk" is a special type of slap-stick in which two Chinese comedians humorously discuss topics such as?bureaucrats, family problems, or other personal topics.?Cross-talk can be heard anywhere from small village stages to the largest Beijing theatres, and to radio and television.?It is clearly a traditional form of humor well understood by Chinese people.[9]?A PLAY ON WORDS is not so obvious as slap-stick, but it is funny because of?misused?or misunderstood language.?My favorite example is the story of three elderly gentlemen traveling by train in England.?As the train slowed for astop the first man asked, "Is this Wembley[N]?"?"No," said the second, "It's Thursday."?"So am I," said the third man.?"Let's stop for a beer."?We know that older people often do not hear things clearly, so the misunderstanding of both Wednesday (for Wembley) and thirsty (for Thursday) makes a nice?setup?for the punch line delivered by the third man.[10]?The famous Chinese?cartoonist?and?humorist?Ding Cong is a master of word play.?In one of his funny?cartoons, a teacher says, "How come[N]?you completely copied somebody else's homework?"?The young student replies, "I didn't completely copy it. My name on the page is different."?In another classic Ding Cong cartoon,an?irritated?father asks, "Tell me, what's one plus two?"?The son says, "I don't know."?The impatient father then says, "For example, you, your mother, and I altogether are how many, you?idiot?"?The son proudly answers, "Three idiots."?Whether these stories are cartoons or jokes, told by a?slap-stick comedian or a cross-talking team, they appeal to people everywhere as funny stories because they have a note[N]?[N]?of reality to them, and the unexpected punch line is quite funny.[11]?PUNS?are even more subtle forms of word play.?They use the technique of similar sounding words or alternative meanings of the same word.?Puns are thought by some critics to be the lowest form of humor, but I disagree with this.Puns require more subtle and sophisticated language skills than most humor forms, but even the very young can use them in their simpler forms.?For example, the "riddle" or trick question often uses a pun in the setup, the story line, or, more often, the punch line.?Puns are the first type of humor I learned, and at about 5 years of age I remember hearing the following riddle.?One person asks, "What is black and white and red all over?"?The other person usually cannot answer the riddle, so says, "I give up. What is the answer?"?The?riddler?replies, "A newspaper."This is the obvious answer if one knows that "red" is pronounced the same as "read" in English, but the meanings are clearly different.[12]?DOUBLE ENTENDRES?(French for doublemeanings) are special variations of puns in which words or phraseshave double meanings.Frequently the two meanings are very different,and one is quite proper while the second is often, but notalways,?vulgar.?I like the somewhat mild story of a school teacherand a?principal?of a high school who are concerned becausesome boys and girls have been seen kissing on the schoolplayground.?The teacher says to the students, "The principal and Ihave decided to stop kissing on the school playground."?Hearingsome?laughter, she senses her message was not altogether clear,so she adds, "What I mean to say is that there will be no more kissing going on under our noses[N]."?This?clarification, of course, does nothing to correct the first statement and the double meaning of the joke becomes even more?laughable.?[13]?Some professional humorists think too much of today's humor is not very intelligent or sophisticated.?They dislike the?suggestive?or vulgar language used too frequently, and they feel that most humorists are not very creative.?It is true that some of today's humor is rather shocking, but I don't think humor is to be blamed[N]?for that.?Humor is alive[N]?and well, and it will persist simply because there are funny things happening every day.?Some humorous people see and hear these funny things and are able to make them into funny,?entertaining?jokes and stories.?(1,346 words)On my first job as sports editor for the Montpelier (Ohio)?Leader Enterprise, I didn't get a lot of fan mail,?so I was?intrigued?by a letter that was dropped on my desk one morning.?[2]?When I opened it, I read: "A nice piece of writing on the Tigers. Keep up the good work."?It was signed by Don Wolfe, the sports editor.?Because I was a teenager (being paid the grand total of 15 cents a?column?inch[N]), his words couldn't have been more?inspiring.?[N]?I kept the letter in my desk drawer until itgot?rag-eared.?Whenever I doubted I had the right stuff to be a writer[N], Iwould reread?Don's note and feel confident again.?[3]?Later, when I got to know him, I learned that Don?madea?habit of?[N]writing a quick, encouraging word[N]?to people in all?walksof life.?"When I make others feel good about themselves," he told me, "Ifeel good too."[4]?Not surprisingly, he had a body of friends as big as?nearby?Lake Erie[N].When he died last year at 75, the paper was flooded with calls and letters[N]?from people who had been?recipients?of his?spirit-lifting?words.?[5]?Over the years, I've tried to copy the example of Don and other friends who care enough to write uplifting comments, because I think they?are on to something?important.?In a world too often cold and?unresponsive, such notes bring warmth and reassurance.?We all need a boost from time to time, and a few lines of praise have been known to turn around a day[N], even a life.?[6]?Why, then, are there so few?upbeat?note writers??My guess is that many who?shy away from?the practice are too self-conscious[N].?They're afraid they'll be misunderstood, sound?sentimental?or?insincere.?Also, writing takes time; it's far easier to pick up the phone.?[7]?The?drawback?with phone calls, of course, is that they don't last.?A note attaches[N]?more?importance to?our?well-wishing.?It is a matter of record[N], and our words can be read more than once,?savored?and treasured.?[8]?Even though note writing may take longer, some pretty busy people do it, including George Bush.?Some say he owes[N]?much of his success in politics to his ever-ready[N]?pen. How??Throughout his career he has?followed up?virtually every contact with a?cordial?response—a compliment, a line of praise or a nod of thanks.[N]?His notes go not only to friends and associates, but to casual acquaintances and total strangers—like the surprised person who got?a warm pat on the back?for lending Bush an umbrella.?[9]?Even top corporate managers, who have mostly affected styles of leadership that can be?characterized?only as?tough, cold and?aloof, have begun to learn the lesson, and earn the benefits, of writing notes that?lift?people?up.[N]Former Ford chairman Donald Peterson, who is largely credited for?turning?the company?round?in the 1980s, made it a practice to write positive messages to associates every day.[N]?"I'd just?scribble?them on a?memo?pad?or the corner of a letter and?pass?them?along," he says. "The most important ten minutes of your day are those you spend doing something to boost the people who work for you."?[10]?"Too often," he observed, "people we genuinely like have no idea how we feel about them.?Too often we think, I haven't said anything critical; why do I have to say something positive??We forget that human beings need positive reinforcement—in fact, we?thrive?on it!"[11]?What does it take to write letters that lift spirits and warm hearts?[N]?Only a willingness to express our appreciation.?The most successful?practitioners include what I call the four "S's" of note writing.?[12]?1)?They are?sincere. No one wants false praise.?[13]?2)?They are usually short.?If you can't say what you want to say in three sentences, you're probably straining[N].?[14]?3)?They are specific.?Complimenting a business colleague by telling him "good speech" is too?vague;?"great story about Warren Buffet's?investment strategy" is?precise.?[15]?4)?They are?spontaneous.?This gives them the?freshness?and enthusiasm that will linger in the reader's mind long afterward.?[16]?It's difficult to be spontaneous when you have to hunt forletter-writing materials, so I keep paper,envelopes and stamps close athand, even when I travel.?Fancy?stationery?isn't necessary; it's thethought that counts.?[17]?So, who around you?deserves a note of thanks orapproval??A neighbor, your librarian, a relative, your?mayor, your mate,a teacher, your doctor??You don't need to be?poetic.?If you need areason, look for a?milestone, the anniversary of a special event you shared, or a birthday or holiday.?For the last 25 years, for example, I've prepared an annual Christmas letterfor?long-distance?friends, and I often add a handwritten word of thanks or congratulations.?Acknowledging some success or good fortune that has happened during the year seems particularly appropriate considering the spirit of the Christmasseason.?[18]?Be generous with your praise.?Superlatives like "greatest", "smartest", "prettiest" make us all feel good. Even if your praise is a little ahead of reality, remember that expectations are often the parents of dreams fulfilled.[N]?[19]?Today I got a warm,?complimentary?letter from my old boss and mentor, Norman Vincent Peale.?His little note to me was full of uplifting phrases, and it sent me to my?typewriter?to compose a few?overdue?letters of my own.?I don't know if they will?make anybody else's day, but they made mine.?As my friend Don Wolfe said, making others feel good about themselves makes me feel good too.?(978 words)Over the past few decades, it has been proven?innumerable?times that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that?constitute?being masculine?and feminine are patterned by both heredity and culture.?In the process of growing up, each child learns hundreds of?culturally?patterned details of behavior that become incorporated into its?gender?identity.?Some of this learning takes place directly.?In other words, the child is told by others how to act in an appropriately?feminine?or masculine way.?Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or?indirectly, as the culture provides different images,aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys.?[2]?Recently, for example, a study of American public schools showed that there is a cultural?bias?in education that favors boys over girls.?According to the researchers, the biasis?unintentional?and unconscious, but it is there and it is influencing the livesof millions of schoolchildren every year.?Doctors David and Myra Sadkervideotaped classroom teachers in order to study sex-related bias in education.Theirresearch showed that many teachers who thought they were?nonsexist?wereamazed to see how?biased?they appeared on videotape.?From nurseryschool[N]?to postgraduate?courses, teachers were shown to?call on?malesin class far more than on female students.?This has a tremendous impact on thelearning process for, in general, those students who become active classroom participants develop[N]?more positive attitudesand go on to higher achievement.?As a matter of fact, in the late 1960s, when many of the best all-women's colleges[N]?in the?northeastern?United States opened their doors to male students, it was observed by professors and women students alike that the boys were "taking over"[N]?the classroom discussions and that active participation?by women students had diminished?noticeably.?A similar subordination?of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.?[3]?Research done by the Sadkers showed that sometimes teachers unknowingly?prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class by assigning?them different tasks in accordance with stereotyped gender roles.?For instance, one teacher conducting a science class with?nursery?school youngsters, continually had the little boys perform the scientific "experiment"[N]while the girls were given the task of?putting?the materials?away.?Since hands-on work[N]?with classroom materials is a very important aspect of early education, the girls were thus being deprived of a?vital?learning experience that would affect their entire lives.?[4]?Another dimension of?sex-biased?education is the typical American teacher's assumption that boys will do better in the "hard", "masculine" subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills.?As an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy, American boys do, indeed, develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math?up to?the age of nine,?fall behind?from then on.[N]?But these are cultural, not?genetic patterns.?In Germany, for example, all studies[N]?are considered "masculine", and it is girls who develop readingproblems.?And in Japan, where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girlsand boys do equally well in reading.?[5]?The different attitudes associated with the educational process for girls andboys begin at home.?One study, for example, showed thatwhen preschoolers?were asked to look at a picture of a house and tell how faraway from the house they were permitted to go, the boys indicated a much wider area than the girls, who generally pointed out a very limited area close to the home.Instead of being encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills that are useful in dealing with the outside world, as boys are, girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be?approved?of for their "goodness" and obedience to rules.[N]?These lessons?carry over[N]?from the home to the classroom, where girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and?neatness?of their work than with its content, and more anxious about being "right" in their answers than in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original.[N]?Thus, through the educational process that occupies most of the child's waking hours, society reinforces its established values and turns out[N]?each sex in its traditional and expected mold.?(722 words)Creativity is the key to a brighter future, say education and business experts.?Here is how schools and parents can encourage this vital skill in children.[2]?If Dick Drew had listened to his boss in 1925, we might not have a product that we now think of as?practically?essential: masking tape[N].?Drew worked for theMinnesota?Manufacturing?and Mining Company, better known as 3M.?Atwork he developed a sticky-side substance[N]?strong enough to hold thingstogether.?But his boss told him not to pursue the idea.?Finally, using his own time,Drew perfected[N]?the tape, which now is used everywhere by many people.?And hisformer company learned from its mistake:Now 3M encourages people to spend 15 percent of their work time just thinking and developing new ideas.?[3]?It is a strategy that more and more companies are employing and one that experts around the country say we ought to be following with our children, both at home and at school.[N]?The feeling is that if we teach them to think creatively, they will be better able to function in tomorrow's society.?[4]?Creativity's benefits reach beyond music and art.?Successful students and adults are the ones who discover a number of ways to approach problems.?[5]?Creativity is not something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence[N].?Just because a person is highly intelligent does not mean that he uses it creatively.?Creativity is the matter of using the resources one has to produce original ideas that are good for something.[N]?[6]?Unfortunately, schools have not tended to promote creativity.?With strong emphasis on test scores and the development of reading, writing and mathematical skills, many?educators?sacrifice?creativity?for?correct answers.The result is that children can give back information but can't recognize ways to apply it to new situations.?They may know their?multiplication?tables, for example, but they are unable to apply them to story problems[N].?[7]?In some schools, however, educators are recognizing the problem and are developing new approaches to teaching which should encourage creativity in their students.?Some teachers are combining the basics[N]?with activities where the students must use their imagination.?For example, instead of simply asking WHEN Columbus discovered the New World, teachers might ask students to think about what would have happened if his trip had taken him to New York first instead of to the Caribbean area.?With that question, students would have to use what they know about Columbus, what they know about New York, and what they know about the Caribbean.?Teachers feel that even if the answers seem silly, it's OK, that sometimes being silly is an essential step toward creativity.?In the classroom as well as at home, children must have the right to have crazy thoughts, experts say.?Then it?is up to[N]?parents and teachers to work with the children to develop those thoughts into?workable?ideas.?The best strategy is to encourage children by asking them questions, meanwhile praising their ideas and new thoughts.?Experts say that it is important to create an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creative—a place where wild ideas are honored and valued, never?scorned?or?dismissed.?[8]?There are things that parents can do at home to encourage creativity.They can?involve?children?in?decision making if the problem is appropriate, asking the child for suggestions.?Parents can help their children to understand the consequences of various decisions.?Parents should also encourage their children to talk out loud about things they are doing.Thinking and language skills are closely related.?Talking out loud improves language skills andthinking skills.?[9]?Having a sense of humor is also important in helping to develop creativity in achild.?When parents show a sense of humor, children can see creativity in its purest form.?Byits nature[N][N], humor crosses conventional boundaries and breaks patterns.?Creativity oftendoes the same.?[10]?It is important to give children choices.?From the earliest age, children should beallowed to make decisions and understand their consequences.?Even if it's choosing betweentwo food items for lunch, decision-making helps thinking skills.?As children grow older, parentsshould let their children decide how to use their time or spend their money but not automatically help them too much if they make the wrong decision.?This may be confusing for the child, but that is all right.[N]?This is because one of the most important traits of creative people is a very strong?motivation?to make order out of confusion.?(765 words)?I love Charles Barkley like a brother, and except for the times when we're banging and pushing each other under the boards in games between my team, the Utah Jazz, and his, the Phoenix Suns, we're great friends.?We don't necessarily[N]?like the same things: Charles loves golf so much he would play at halftime?if he could[N], but I think a golf course is a waste of good?pasture-land.One of the reasons we get along so well, though, is that we both say what's on our minds[N]?without worrying about what other people are going to think—which means we disagree from time to time.?Here's an example of what I mean: I disagree with what Charles says in his Nike commercial, the one in which he insists, "I am not a role model."?Charles, you can deny[N]?being a role model all you want[N], but I don't think it's your decision to make.?We don't choose to be role models, we are chosen. Our only choice is whether to be a good role model or a bad one.?[2]?I don't think we can accept all the?glory and the money that comes withbeing a famous athlete?and not accept the responsibility of being a role model, ofknowing that kids and even some adults are watching us and looking for us to set anexample.?I mean, why do we get endorsements?in the first place? Becausethere are people who will?follow our lead?and buy acertain?sneaker?or?cereal?because we use it.?[3]?I love being a role model, and I try to be a positive one.?That doesn't mean I always succeed.?I'm no saint. I make mistakes, and sometimes I do childish things.?And I don't always wake up in a great, role-model mood.[N]?There are days when I don't want to pose for a picture[N]?with every fan I run into[N], when I don't feel like picking up babies and giving them hugs and kisses (no matter how cute they are), those are the days I just try to avoid the public.?[4]?But you don't have to be perfect to be a good role model, and people shouldn't expect perfection.?If I were deciding[N]?whether a basketball player was a positive role model, I would want to know: Does he influence people's lives in a positive way away from the court??How much has he?given of?himself, in time or in money, to help people who look up to him??Does he display the values—like honesty?and determination—that are part of being a good person??I wouldn't ask whether he lives his life exactly the way I would live it[N]?or whether he handles every situation just the way I would handle it.?[5]?I do agree with Charles on one thing he says in his commercial: "Just because I can dunk a basketball doesn't meanI should raise your kids."?But sometimes parents need a little assistance.?There are times when it helps for a mother and father to be able to say to their kids, "Do you think Karl Malone or Scottie Pippen or Charles Barkley or David Robinson would do that?"?To me, if someone uses my name in that way, it's an honor. Sure, parents should be role models to their children.?But let's face it[N], kids have lots of other role models—teachers, movie stars, athletes, even other kids.?As athletes, we can't?take the place of parents, but we can help reinforce what they try to teach their kids.[6]?Parents just have to make sure they don't?take?it?too far.?Sometimes they put us on a?pedestal?that feels more like a?tightrope—so narrow that we're bound to[N]?fall off eventually.?This is not something I'm especially proud of, but I've had parents in Utah say things to me like, "You know, Karl, in our family we worship?the ground you walk on[N]. In our house your picture is right up there on the wall beside Jesus Christ." Now, that's going too far.?Is it any wonder some athletes don't want to be role models?[N]?Who wants to be held up to that kind of impossibly?high standard??Imagine someone putting[N]?a?life-sized?picture of you on a wall and saying things to your picture before they go to bed. That's?scary.?[7]?Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times.?I am sorry that Michael Jordan had to deal with the negative publicity he received about gambling.?I don't think most people can imagine what it's like to be watched that closely every minute of every day.?I was told once that it wouldn't be that bad for me because no one would know me outside of Utah, but that's not true. Ever since I played on the Dream Team in the?Olympics, I can't go anywhere without being the center of attention, and that's very?confining?at times.?For instance, there have been occasions when I've felt like[N]?buying a big Harley-Davidson motorcycle and riding it down the street.?First, the Jazz would?have a fit?and say it's too dangerous.?Second, everyone would be watching to see if I wore a helmet, if I was obeying the speed limit, if I was taking turns safely—you name it.?The first time I didn't?measure up to?expectations, I would hear, "What kind of example is thatto set for other people who ride motorcycles?"?[8]?But the good things about being a role model?outweigh?thebad.?It's a great feeling to think you're a small part of the reason that a kid decidedto give school another try instead of?dropping out?or that a kid had thestrength to walk away when someone offered him drugs.[N]?But one thing I wouldencourage parents to do is to remind their kids that no matter which athletesthey?look up to, there are no perfect human beings.?That way, if the kid's heroes should make mistakes, it won't seem like the end of the world to them.?[9]?I would never criticize someone for saying what he thinks.?If Charles doesn't consider himself a role model, that's certainly his right. But I think he is a role model—and a good one, too.?And if he gets that NBA?championship?ring[N], I might just make him my role model.?(1,090 words)?At some time or other, all of us have played the part of a?hypochondriac, imagining that we have some terrible disease?on the strength of?very minor symptoms.?Some people just have to hear about a new disease and they begin checking themselves to see if they may be suffering from it. But fear of disease is not our only fear, and neither is risk[N]?ofdisease the only risk we run[N].?Modern life is full of?all manner of?threats—to our lives, our peace of mind, our families, and our future.?And from these threats come questions that we must pose to ourselves[N]: Is the food I buy safe? Are toys for mychildren likely to hurt them? Should my family avoid smoked meats[N]? Am I likely to be?robbed?on vacations? Our uncertainties?multiply?indefinitely.?[2]?Anxiety about the risks of life is a bit like hypochondria; in both, thefear or anxiety?feeds on?partial?information.?But one sharp difference existsbetween the two. The?hypochondriac can usually turn to a?physician?to geta?definitive clarification of the situation—either you have the suspected disease oryou don't.?It is much more difficult when anxiety about other forms of risk isconcerned, because with many risks, the situation is not as simple[N].?[3]?Risks are almost always a matter of?probability?rather[N]?than certainty.You may ask, "Should I wear a seat belt?" If you're going to have a head-on collision, of course.?But what if you get hit from the side and?end up?trapped inside the vehicle, unable to escape because of a damaged seat belt mechanism? So does this mean that you should spend the extra money for an air bag[N]??Again, in head-on collisions, it?may well?save your life. But what if the bag accidentally[N]?inflates?while you are driving down the highway, thus causing an accident that would never have occurred otherwise[N]??。

大学英语教材课文原文Unit 1Text 1Section 1A New Semester BeginsThe bell on the first day of the new semester rang, bringing excitement and anticipation to the students of the English Department. As they gathered in the classroom, the teacher, Ms. Johnson, welcomed everyone with a warm smile.Section 2Introductions and ExpectationsMs. Johnson introduced herself and encouraged each student to introduce themselves one by one. It was a diverse group, with students coming from different cities and backgrounds. They shared their expectations for the semester, expressing their desire to improve their English skills and broaden their cultural knowledge.Section 3Exploring the TextbookNext, Ms. Johnson distributed the new edition of the English textbook. The students eagerly flipped through the pages, taking note of the interesting topics and engaging exercises. Ms. Johnson emphasized the importance of regular self-study and assigned the first chapter as homework.Section 4Reading and Comprehension ExercisesThe following week, the students began their journey into the first unit of the textbook. They read the text carefully, underlining unfamiliar words and discussing the main ideas. Ms. Johnson guided them through comprehension exercises, ensuring they understood the context and nuances of the reading.Section 5Group ActivitiesTo encourage active participation, Ms. Johnson organized group activities. The students worked in pairs or small groups, discussing the text and exchanging ideas. Through these activities, they not only improved their language skills but also developed teamwork and communication abilities.Section 6Writing AssignmentsWriting assignments were an integral part of the course. The students were given topics related to the text they had read, and they had to write essays expressing their thoughts and opinions. Ms. Johnson provided constructive feedback and encouraged them to revise their work for better clarity and coherence.Section 7Speaking and Presentation SkillsIn addition to writing, speaking and presentation skills were emphasized in the English Department. The students had opportunities to give presentations on various topics, ranging from personal experiences to global issues. Peer evaluations and constructive criticism helped them refine their public speaking abilities.Section 8Final AssessmentAs the end of the semester approached, the students prepared for the final assessment. It consisted of a comprehensive exam, covering all the units they had studied. They reviewed the textbook, practiced writing essays, and participated in mock speaking tests to build confidence and consolidate their learning.Section 9Reflections and FarewellOn the last day of the semester, the students gathered once again in the classroom. Ms. Johnson reflected on their progress and growth throughout the semester, expressing her pride in their achievements. She wished them success in their future endeavors and reminded them to continue pursuing their English language skills beyond the classroom.In conclusion, the English Department's new semester brought students on a journey of language learning and personal growth. Through engaging activities, comprehensive assessments, and supportive mentoring, the students were able to improve their English skills and develop as individuals. As they said goodbye to Ms. Johnson and their classmates, they carried withthem the knowledge and experiences gained from the course, ready to face new challenges in their academic and professional lives.。

大学生英语教材原文Unit 1: Introduction to College LifeWelcome to college! This unit will provide you with an overview of what to expect during your time in college. Whether you are a freshman or a transfer student, this guide will help you navigate through the challenges and opportunities that college life offers.Section 1: Transitioning to CollegeIn this section, we will discuss the transition process from high school to college. It is important to understand the differences and adjust accordingly to thrive in the college environment. Topics include time management, study skills, and building a support system.Section 2: Academic SkillsDeveloping effective academic skills is crucial for success in college. In this section, we will explore strategies for note-taking, critical thinking, and problem-solving. Additionally, we will focus on reading comprehension and writing skills, which are essential for all college courses.Section 3: Building RelationshipsCollege is not just about academics; it is also a time to build relationships and discover new interests. This section will provide guidance on socializing, networking, and making friends. We will also highlight the importance of diversity and inclusion on campus.Unit 2: Language Proficiency DevelopmentSection 1: Listening and SpeakingIn this section, we will work on improving your listening and speaking skills. Through engaging activities and exercises, you will develop your ability to understand spoken English and express yourself confidently in conversations and presentations.Section 2: ReadingEffective reading skills are fundamental to learning. This section will focus on enhancing your reading comprehension strategies, such as skimming, scanning, and making inferences. We will also introduce different types of reading materials, including academic articles and literary texts.Section 3: WritingWritten communication is essential in college. This section will guide you through the writing process, from brainstorming ideas to editing and revising your work. You will learn proper citation techniques and develop your ability to write essays, research papers, and other academic documents.Unit 3: Cultural AwarenessSection 1: Understanding Different CulturesIn a diverse college community, it is important to have cultural awareness and sensitivity. This section will explore different cultures and traditions, fostering appreciation and understanding among students. We will also discuss stereotypes, prejudice, and ways to promote cultural inclusivity.Section 2: Global PerspectivesCollege is a time to broaden your horizons and gain a global perspective. This section will introduce you to various global issues, such as climate change, human rights, and economic development. Through discussions and research, you will develop a deeper understanding of the world around you.Section 3: Interdisciplinary LearningInterdisciplinary learning encourages the integration of different academic disciplines. This section will explore how various subjects, such as science, art, and humanities, intersect and complement each other. You will discover the value of interdisciplinary approaches in problem-solving and critical thinking.ConclusionThis English textbook for college students aims to provide comprehensive guidance in navigating college life, improving language proficiency, and fostering cultural awareness. By actively engaging in the topics discussed throughout this textbook, you will be well-equipped to thrive academically and personally during your college years and beyond.。

大学英语教材课文加翻译Text: A Day in the CityToday, let's take a journey through the bustling city streets and explore the vibrant atmosphere of urban life.As the sun rises, the city awakens from its slumber. People start their day with a cup of hot coffee or a quick breakfast before heading out to work or school. Walking along the crowded streets, one can see a mix of tall buildings, flashing billboards, and bustling markets.In the city center, there is a magnificent square where people gather for various activities. Some are engaged in morning exercises, while others are enjoying a leisurely stroll. The square is a hub of energy, filled with laughter and conversations.The city offers a wide range of transportation options. Buses and taxis traverse the streets, taking people from one destination to another. The subway system provides a convenient and efficient way to travel long distances within the city. Commuters rush to the nearest subway station, hoping to catch the next train.The cityscape is dotted with parks and gardens, providing a refreshing oasis amidst the concrete jungle. These green spaces offer a place for people to relax, exercise, and enjoy nature. Families and friends gather for picnics, children play on the playgrounds, and elderly individuals find solace in the peaceful surroundings.Street vendors line the sidewalks, selling a variety of goods and snacks. The aroma of freshly cooked food fills the air, enticing passersby to satisfy their cravings. From traditional local delicacies to international cuisines, the city is a paradise for food lovers. People stop by food stalls, grab a quick bite, and continue their journey.Beyond the busy streets, the city is also home to numerous cultural attractions. Museums, art galleries, and theaters offer a glimpse into the rich history and artistic heritage of the region. Tourists and locals alike visit these establishments, immersing themselves in the world of creativity and inspiration.The city never sleeps. As the day turns to night, the city lights up with a myriad of colors. Neon signs illuminate the streets, creating a vibrant and lively atmosphere. Restaurants and cafes come alive, filled with laughter and conversation. Night markets offer unique shopping experiences, with vendors selling a wide range of products.Overall, a day in the city is an exciting and dynamic experience. From the moment the sun rises to the time it sets, the city buzzes with life and energy. Whether it's exploring the bustling streets, enjoying delicious food, or immersing in cultural experiences, the city offers something for everyone.翻译：课文：城市中的一天今天，让我们一起穿越繁忙的城市街道，探索都市生活中充满活力的氛围。

新标准大学英语课文原文New Standard College English Text Original。

Unit 1。

Part I Pre-reading Task。

Text A。

The Dangers of Smoking。

Smoking is a dangerous habit. It causes many different diseases, such as lung cancer and heart disease. Many people die from smoking-related illnesses every year. In addition, smoking can harm other people who are nearby. This is called passive smoking. The smoke from a cigarette not only affects the person who is smoking, but also the people around them. This is why many countries have banned smoking in public places.Part II Global Reading。

Text A。

The Dangers of Smoking。

Smoking is a dangerous habit that can have serious consequences. It not only harms the person who smokes, but also those around them. The smoke from a cigarette can cause lung cancer, heart disease, and many other illnesses. In addition, passive smoking can also lead to health problems for non-smokers. This is why it is important to create smoke-free environments in public places.Part III Detailed Reading。

第一单元1 Boll was craving a hot turkey dinner and a slice of apple pie. After a hectic week treating patients with sore throats and ear infections at his family practice, the 52-year-old physician was ready for a night of home cooking and fellowship at his church’s annual fund-raising dinner.2 Stepping inside the crowded gym at ’s United Church of Christ, Boll and his family found a long line of people waiting to be seated. He wasn’t surprised. The turkey feast had become a popular event in Mokena, Illinois, attended by hundreds from the surround-the good food and were willing to pay ＄10 to heap their plates and help pay for the church’s new community center. Boll and his wife, Dana, and their son, Kyle, 14, went every year.3 After sitting down, Boll had barely placed his napkin in his lap when he heard a commotion on the other side of the room. ”Help!” a woman shouted. “Does anybody know how to do the Heimlich”4 Jumping up from the table, the doctor could see a white-haired woman slumped over in her chair. “I’m a doctor. What’s going on” Boll said to the group gathered around 76-year-old Pat Rohrer.5 “My mother-in-law choked on a piece of turkey,” answered a frantic Colleen Rohrer. “We’ve tried the Heimlich maneuver, but it’s not working.” Boll reached around Pat’s abdomen and pulled sharply upward with his fists. Nothing happened. Moving quickly, he lifted Pat up and onto the floor to get her into a better position. Twice again he tried the Heimlich, but she didn’t respond.6 This can’t be happening, Boll thought. He worried he wouldn’t be able to help her. Looking up, he recognized Steve Hoblin, a nurse from the hospital near his office. “Steve, stick your fingers down her throat and see if you can sweep anything out,” he said. Hoblin reached in and pulled out a small piece of turkey.7 But Pat still wasn’t breathing. In fact, she was rapidly turning blue. Apparently, some food was still lodged in her throat. Boll knew he needed to do something drastic---and fast---to get air into her lungs. His only chance was to perform an emergency tracheotomy.8 “Call 911! And get me a sharp knife!” He shouted. His wife ran to the kitchen, and Hoblin handed over his pocketknife.9 Boll had never done the operation before. He flashed back to the only time he’d seen one performed: during his residency 20 years earlier. That procedure had been done in a sterile, controlled environment by expert surgeons. How was a family doctor supposed to accomplish the same thing at a church dinner with a dull pocketknife10 He was relieved to see that his wife had found a clean paring knife. Taking a deep breath, Boll carefully cut a small slit in Pat’s neck. As blood poured from the wound, he broke into a sweat. But Boll knew it was too late to stop. Two or three precious minutes had already passed. She couldn’t survive much longer without oxygen. Boll figured he had about 45 seconds to save her life.11 Oblivious to the crowd breathlessly watching him work, Boll steadied his hands and continued. But the knife wouldn’t cut deep enough. Out of nowhere, a man handed Boll a switchblade. It had a tapered point, nice and sharp, with a three-inch blade that locked securely in place. Boll quickly finished the cut.12 Then, as if she were reading his mind, Colleen handed him a tracheotomy tube. Her son, Shaun---Pat’s grandson---has a severe lung condition and needs a tube to keep his airway clear. But he could manage without it for an hour or so.13 Pat was turning bluer by the second. Colleen helped Boll gently push the tube into Pat’s trach ea. Seconds ticked by like minutes, but the pair worked calmly, with precision---just like a surgical team, thought the doctor.14 “I’m in,” he said once the tube was finally in place.15 but the crisis was far from over . Boll needed to resuscitate the unconscious woman. Fortunately, her family never went anywhere without an emergency kit containing a manual resuscitator bag, just in case Shaun had trouble breathing.16 colleen clicked the bag onto the tube and pumped .within seconds, Pat Rohrer started breathing and the color returned to her cheeks.17 as paramedics rushed in and took over, boll stood up, trembling. He certainly hadn't anticipated anything like this when he left his job as a social worker to go to med school.18 “i 'm not terribly religious, ”Boll says now, “but i know now that God goes to Turkey dinners at churches. To take a doctor who only half knows what he's doing and give him the right tools ——i don't know how i recalled to do. To me there's no explanation but divine interventi on. ”19 Maybe so, but Howard Stephens, assistant chief of the Mokena Fire Protection District, was quick to point out, “without Dr. Boll, this lady wouldn't have made it. ”20 now that her grateful mother -in -law is back at home, with no signs of infection from the switchblade surgery. Colleen says, “we are so thankful that in this age of lawsuits, dr. boll was willing to put himself on the line. he just stepped up and did what had to be done. ”21 later that November night, after returning from the hospital, Rob boll found another job that needed to be finished. he strolled into the church kitchen and rolled up his sleeves. “Divine intervention doesn't usually come into play, ”he says, “when it's time to do the dishes. ”第二单元The forest was full of shadows as a little girl hurried through it one summer evening in June. It was already eight o’clock and Sylvia wondered if her grandmother would be angry with her for being so lateEvery evening Sylvia left her grandmother’s house at five thirty to brin g their cow home .It was Sylvia’s job to bring the animal home to the milked. When the cow heard Sylvia’s voice calling her. She would hide among the bushesThis evening it had taken Sylvia longer than usual to find her cow. The child hurried the cow though the dark forest .toward her grandmother’s home As the cow stopped at a small stream to drink .Sylvia put her bare feet in cold ,fresh water of the streamShe had never before been alone in the forest as late as this. Sylvia felt as if she were a part of the gray shadows and the silver leaves that moved in the evening breeze.It was only a year ago that she came to her grandmother’s farm. before that she had lived with her mother and father in a dirty crowded factory town One day , Sylvia’s grandmother had visited them and had chosen Sylvia form all her brothers and sister to comer help her on her farm in VermontThe cow finish drinking and as the nine-year-old child hurried through the forest the air was suddenly cut by a sharp whistle not far away Sylv ia knew it wasn’t a friendly bird’s whistle she forgot the cow and hid in some bushes but she was too lateHello little girl a young man called out cheerfully How far is it to the main road Sylvia was trembling as she whispered two miles She came out of the bushes and looked up into the face of a tall young man carrying a gunThe stranger began walking with Sylvia as she followed her cow through the forest I’ve been hunting for birds he explained but I’ve lost my way Do you think I spend the night at your home Sylvia didn’tanswer She was glad she could see her grandmother standing near the door of the farm house When they reached her the stranger explained his problem to Sylvia’s smiling grandmotherOf course you can stay with us she said we don’t have much but you’re welcome to share what we have Now Sylvia get a plate for the gentlemanAfter eating,they all sat young man explained he was a bird collector."Do you put them ina cage"Sylvia asked."No,"he answered slowly,"I shoot them and stuff them with put them with special chemicals to preserve have over one hundred different kinds of birds from all over the United States.""Sylvia knows a lot about birds,too,"her grandmother said proudly."She knows the forest so well,the wild animals come and eat bread right out of her hands.""Maybe she can help me then,"the young man said."I saw a white heron two days 've been looking for it ever 's a very rare you seen it,too"He asked Sylvia was silent."You would know it if you saw it,"he said."It's a tall,strange bird with soft white feathers and long thin probably has its nest at the top of a tall tree."Sylvia's heart began to beat had seen that strange white bird on the other side of the young man was staring at Sylvia."I would give ten dollars to the person who showed me where it is."That night Sylvia's dreams were full of all the wonderful things she and her grandmother could buy for ten dollars.Sylvia spent the next day in the forest with the young told her a lot about the birds they could not understand why he killed the birds he seemed to like so felt her heart tremble every time he shot an unsuspecting bird as it was singsing in the trees.Sylvia would have liked him vastly better without his gun;but as the day waned,Sylvia still watched the asleep inchild,was vaguely thrilled by a dream of stopped to listen to a bird's song;they pressed forward again eagerly--speaking to each other rarely and in whispers;Sylvia followed the young man,fascinated,a few steps behind,with her gray eyes dark fascinated,a few steps behind,with her gray eyes dark with excitement.Long after the moom came out and the young man had fallen asleep,Sylvia was still had a plan that would get the ten dollars for her grandmother and make the young man it was near sunrise,she quietly left her house and hurried through the finally reached a huge pine could see the whole forest from was sure she would be able to see where the white heron had hidden its nest.Sylvia's bare feet and tiny fingers grabbed the tree's rough dry branches scratched at her like cat's claws as she climbed higher and higher.When Sylvia had at last reached the tree'shighest branch,the golden sun's rays hit the green hawks flew together in slow-moving circles far below felt as if she could go flying among the . Suddenly Sylvia caught a flash of white that grew larger and bird with broad white wings and a long slender neck flew past Sylvia and landed on a pine branch below white heron smoothed its feathers and called to its mate,sitting on their nest in a nearby it flew away.Sylvia gave a long knew the wild bird's secret she began her dangerous trip down the ancient pine did not dare to look down and tried to rorget that her fingers hurt and her feet were she wanted to think about was what the stranger would say to her when she told him where to find the heron's nest.About an hour later Sylvia came back her grandmother and the young man stood up as she came into the splendid moment to speak about her secret had come,but Sylvia was remembered howthe white heron came flying through the golden air and how they watched the sun rise together from the top of the could not could not tell the heron's secret and give its life away.The young man went away disappointed later that never a night Sylvia heard the echo of his whistle haunting the forgot even her sorrow at the sharp report of his gun and the sight of thrushes and sparrows dropping silent to the ground ,their songs hushed and their pretty feathers stained and wet with blood.Were the birds better friends than their hunter might have beenWho can know第三单元Ryan Halligan was taunted for spread rumors via instant messaging that the 13-year-old boy was popular female classmate pretended to like him and chatted with him online,only to copy thier personal exchanges and share them with her to cope,the teenager from Verment in the US,killed himself.Gail Jones,a 15-year-old from the UK,took her life after receiving,at one point,20 silent calls on her cell phone every 30 father,Glyn,suspects a final call in the middle of the night pushed her over the edge.These are extreme but far from unipue examples of the devastation caused by Halligan died in 2003 and Jones in 2000,more and more and children are logging on to the Internet,so it's likely that online bullying,including sending threatening messages,displaying private messages,and posting embarrassing videos and photos online,is also increasing.A study last month by the Pew Internet & Amrican Life Project,based in Washington,found that one third of US teenage Internet users have been targets of as online communication evolves from instant messaging and chatrooms to social networking sites and YouTube,the venues where bullying occurs are becoming both more central to young people's lives,and more public.Research into the causes and effects of cyber-bullying is still in its it is becoming clear that aspects of online communicantion encourage people to act aggressively,prompting them to do things they wouldn't dare to try in real life.What's more,the ability to reach more people,and the always-on culture the internet,mean that cyber-bullying can have an even more detrimental effect on the victim than conventional playground bullying."It's school-yard bullying taken to next level,'' says Justin Patchin,a criminologist at the University of study by UK-based Internet market research firm YouGov in 2006 found that for one in eight young people cyber-bullying is even worse than physical bullying.one reason for this is thesheer number of people who can view something that is posted online."it would be bad enough to be cyber-bulied by one kid and nibody else knew about ut,but a video seen by hunders or thousands ofyour peer could be devastang,"says Roin Kowalski,a phychologist at Clemson University in South Caolina and co-author of the book Cyber Bullying;Bullying in the Digital Age,which will be published in October.Ghylain Raza,also known as the"Star Wars Kid",learned thisthe hard 2002,the somewhat overweigh and silghtly awkward Canadian adolescent made a video of himself playing with a pretend light sabre andleft it lying around at his classmates found the video in 2003,they posted it online as a joke Raza was so upset he finished the school year from a psy chiatric ward Unfortunately for him,it was just his friends who found the video to UK marketing firm the viral factory it became the Internet`s most downloaded video of 2006.Another reson cyber-bullying is so harmful is its relentlessness ,says John Carr,chair of thechildren`s Charities`Colaition for Internet Safety in London ."when I was a kid ,playground bullying stoped when the bell rang and you went back inside or when you went home at the end of the day ."he says ."with cyber-bullying it is 24/7,365 days a year ." there is no escape While an adult could simple turn off the computer ,that`s not reallyy an option for today`s teens ,who are dependent on the Internet for communicatng whit their peers."This is the awlways-on genertion,"say kowalski."This is how they communicate."A 2007 Pew study found that 93precent of US teens use the Internet and 61 percent go online daily.The Internet does`t just amplify the effect of bulying,however The many options to remain anonymous when online ,by using pseudonyms,say for instant messaging ,mean people can write things they would not daer to if their identity was known.Anonymity was at the heart of a 2001 incident when a student at an elite high school in New York City set uo a Web page that let students vote anonymously on who they felt was their most promiscuous peer."Just enter the name of the person in the interschool who u think is the biggest ho(be them FEMALE or MALE)and write the number of their grade next to their name(maybe even their school),"read the site."Since it's anonymous,u can write about whomever u please!"More than 13,000 votes were cast,and about 150 names,mostly girls,appeared before it was shut down. Anonymity can also amplify bullying's negative effect on the victim."The psychological ramifications of not knowing who's attacking you can be maddening," says Kowalski."The bully could be your best friend,a sibling, or half the school."In a recent,as yet unpublished survey she carried out,nearly half of the children she interviewed didn't know who their cyberbully was.The lack of face-to-face contact might tempt bullies to new levels of cruelty."On the playground,seeing the stress and pain of the victim face-to-face can act as an inhibitor to some degree,"explains Carr."In cyberspace,where there is no visual contac,you get more extreme behaviour ."Kowalski says the effect unique to computer-mediated communication."There is a distancing of the self and immediacy in response that we don't have in any other form of communication."she says."On the computer ,it's like it's not really you."So what can be done Led by Ruth Aylett of Heriot-watt university in Edinburgh,Scotland，a consortium of European researchers recently developed roly-playing software called FearNot!, which gets children to empathize with wictims of bullying, After watching a short animation of a child being bullied either in the playground or online，the viewer is asked to help the victim by typing advice into the computer. The software will be tested in school in the UK and Germany later this year. Meanwhile,some governments have taken legislative action. In January 2006，the US congress passed a law making it a federal crime to “annoy,abuse,threaten，or harass”another person over the internet，Approximately 36 states have enacted similar in South Korea, the “internet real-name system”,introduced last month ,forces online portals and news websites to record the identities of people who post content and to disclose their contact details if someone wants to sue them for libel or infringement of privacy.However, it can be difficult to persuade people to take these laws seriously, and in the US they only apply to over-18s. “many jurisdictions don’t want to investigate or prosecute these cases,”says Al Kush of WiredSafety. org, an Internet safety advocacy group based in Seattle, Washington, “they are short-staffed and busy pursuing what they call ‘real crime’.John Halligan, the father of the boy who killed himself after being harassed online，continues to lobby for cyber-bullying legislation that specifically targets children. He also talks to school groups and runs a website recounting the events that led to hi s son’s death. “it won’t bring Ryanback,” he says. “But itis helping a lot of Ryans out there are still alive and don’t know where to turn.”第四单元The valley known as Sleepy hides from the world in the high hills of New York state. There are many stories told about the quiet valley. But the story that people believe most is about the apparition of a headless horseman . The story says the man died many years ago during the American Revolutionary War and he had his head shot off. He is ever seen hurrying along in the qloom of night , looking for his lost head.Near Sleepy Hollow is a village calldd Tarry Town. The village had a small school teacher was named Ichabod Crane .Ichabod Crane was a good name for him, because he was tall and thin, just like a crane . His shoulders were small ,joined to long arms . His head was small, too, and flat on top . He had big ears ,large glassy green eyes ,and a long nose.Ichabod did not make much money as a teacher . And although he was tall and thin, he ate like a fat man. To help him pay for his food he earned extra money teaching young people to sing.Among the ladies Ichabod taught was one Katrina Van Tassel. She was the only daughter of Arich Dutch farmer. She was a blooming lass of fresh eighteen ;plump as a partridge ; ripe and melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her father’s perches. Ichabod had a soft and foolish heart for lad ies, and soon found himself interested in Miss Van Tassel.But there were many hurdle blocking the road to Katrina’s was a strong young man named Brom Van Brunt, a hero to all the young ladies. He was broad-shouldered and double-jointed, with short curly black hair, and a bluff but not unpleasant countenance. He always won the horse races in Tarry Town and earned many prizes. Brom was never seen without a horse. Such was the enemy Ichabod had to defeat for Katrina’s heart.Stronger and wiser men would not have tried. But Ichabod had a plan. He could not fight his enemy in the open. So he did it silently and secretly. He made many visits to Katrina’s farm and made her think he was helping her to sing better.Time passed, and the town people thought Ichabod w as winning. Brom’s horse was never seen at Katrina’s house on Sunday nights any more.One day in autumn Ichabod was asked to come to a big party at the Van Tassel home. He dressed in his best clothes. A farmer loaned him an old horse for the long trip to the party.Brom Van Brunt rode to the party on his fastest horse,called Daredevil . All the young ladies smiled happily when they saw him.Ichabod was happy dancing with Katrina ,the lady of his heart, while Brom, sorely smitten with love and jealousy, sat brooding by himself in one corner. When the music stopped, the young people sat together to tell stories about the Revolutionnary War.Soon stories about Sleepy Hollow were told . The most feared story was about the rider looking for his lost head. One farmer told how he raced the headless horseman suddenly stopped. Gone were his clothes and his skin. All that was left was a man with white bones shining in the moonlight.The stories ended and time came to leave the party. Ichabod seemed very happy until he said goodnight to Katrina. Was she ending their romance He left feeling very sad. Had Katrina been seeing Ichabod just to make Brom Van Brunt jealous so he would marry herWell, Ichabod began his long ride home.He thought he saw something white move in the tree. But no, it was only the moonlight shining and moving on the tree. Then he heard a noise. His body shook. He kicked his horse faster. The horse ranfast and then suddenly stopped, almost throwing Ichabod forward to the ground.There, in the dark woods on the side of the river where the bushes grew low, stood an ugly thing. Big and black. It did not move, but seemed gathered up in the gloom, like some gigantic monster ready to spring upon the traveler.Ichabod’s hair stood straight up. What was to be done To turn and fly was nom too late. Summoning up, therefore, a show of courage, he demanded in stammering accents, Who are you He received no reply. Ichabod’s old horse began to move forward. The black thing began to move alone the side of Ichabod’s h orse in the dark. Ichabod made his horse run faster. The black thing moved with then. Side by side they moved, slowly at first.Ichabod felt his heart a moment the moon shone down and to Ichabod’s horror,he saw it was a horse. And it had a rider. But the rider’s head was not on his body. It was in front of the rider, resting on the horse. He rained a shower movement to give his companion the slip. But the spectre started full jump with him. Away, them, they dashed though thick and thin; stones flying and sparks flashing at every bound.Up ahead was the old church bridge where the headless horseman stops and returns to his burial place.If only I can get there first, I am safe ,” though Ichabod. Ichabod looked back to see if the headless man had stopped. He saw the man pick up his head and throw it with a powerful force. The head hit Ichabod in the face and knocked him off his horse to the dirt below.They found Ichabod’s horse the next day peacefully eating grass. They could not find Ichabod.They walked all across the valley. They saw the foot marks of Ichabod’s horse as it had raced through the valley. They even found Ichabod’s old hat in the dust near the bridge. But they did not find Ichabod. The only other thing they found was lying near Ichabod’s hat.It was the broken pieces of a round orange pumpkin.The town people talked about Ichabod of many weeks, and finally they came to believe that the headless horseman had carried Ichabod away.Much later an old farmer returned from a visit to New York City. He said he was sure he had seen Ichabod there. He thought Ichabod silently left Sleepy Hollow because he had lost Katrina.As for Katrina, her mother and father gave her a big wedding when she married Brom Van Brunt. Many people who went to the wedding saw t hat Brom smiled whenever Ichabod’s name was spoken. And they wondered why he laughed out loud when anyone talked about the broken orange pumpkin found lying near Ichabod’s old dusty hat.第五单元Big bang1The big bang model of the universe’s birth is the mos t widely accepted model that has ever been conceived for the scientific origin of everything .no other model can predict as much with as high a degree of accuracy as the big bang model can..A common question that people ask is what happened before the big bang the phrase in the beginning is used here to refer to the birth of our universe with the big bang .in the creation of the universe, everything was compressed into an infinitesimally small point in which all physical laws that we know of do not apply. No information from any previous stuff could have remained intact. Therefore, for all intents and purposes, the big bang is considered the beginning of everything, for we can never know if there was anything before it.The big bang model had its beginnings with Edwin Hubble discovery in 1929 that,on large scales ,everything in the universe is moving away from everything else .The only explanation for this was that the universe was expanding in every direction ,and it was taking galaxies along with it .This is known as Hubble Law.The next step towards the Big Bang model was to take this process in reverse—that is ,to go back in time .If the universe is blowing up like a balloon as time progresses ,then what would happen if you were to run the timeline backwards What was the universe like in the pastIf the universe is currently growing ,then the universe was smaller in the past. There must have been some point in time when the universe was half its current size .Then there must have been a time when it was half that size .If you continue to run time backwards, theremust have been a time when the universe was an infinitesimally small point.This is the basic idea behind the Big Bang. All matter and energyexisted in an infinitely small point of infinite density a long time ago, and has since been expanding as our universe .One important note here is that the Big Bang was not an explosion in the universe ,but rather it is an explosion of the universe .Therefore, there is no "center" of the universe form where the Big Bang started. Main Evidence.The Big Bang is the leading theory that almost all astrophysicists believe explains the origin of the universe. This is because all observations so far made support the Big Bang theory ;there are four main lines of evidence that are most often used.the first was discussed above :he expansion of the universe .The universe is expanding now ,so in the past it must have been smaller .If it were smaller in the past ,then there probably was a time when it was infinitesimally small .One could ask why we just don't think that it might be expanding now but it could have been shrinking before and wejust don't know about it .The answer is that there is simply no known mechanism that could accomplish this transition on a universal scale.The second line of evidence is the cosmic (CMB) which was discovered in 1965 by (APARWFBL).they were working with a microwave receiver used to communicate with telstar satellite, but were getting noise from every dissection they pointed the receiver. it was coming from all over the sky at what seemed to be exactly the same frequency this was first evidence for the CMB and they later shared a NPFTDThe CMB is an echo left over from when the universe was approximately years old as predicted by the big bang model as something becomes hot the actual heat comes from particles movements the faster they move the more energetic they are and so the more heat we see the are and so hot before it was years old that atoms could not form .because of this photos particles of light could not move around for they kept reacting with electrons the negatively charged part of atomsTherefore during this period the universe was effectively opaque once the universe had reached year old atoms could form and electrons were now bound to a nucleus once this happened photons could move about freely this first light is the CMB and its existence is a very strong indication that the big bang occurredThe third major pillar of the big bang theory lies in the abundance of the different elements of the universe the theory predicts that certain amounts of hydrogen helium and other elements should be made observations have shown almost exactly the amounts that are predictedThe fourth piece is that the big bang theory is the only one that comprehensively lays down a framework for the eventual evolution of the universe as we observe iy today.。

全新版大学英语综合教程课文原文及翻译《全新版大学英语综合教程课文原文及翻译》Unit 1: The World of WorkPart 1: The Changing Nature of WorkThe world of work is constantly evolving, and it is important for individuals to adapt to these changes. In today's fast-paced society, the traditional notions of work are being challenged, and new opportunities are emerging. This unit explores the changing nature of work and its implications for individuals and society.1.1 The Traditional 9-to-5 JobTraditionally, work was often characterized by a 9-to-5 job in a fixed location. Employees would commute to an office or a factory, and their work would be structured around set hours. This model provided stability and a sense of routine for many individuals. However, with advancements in technology and globalization, this traditional model is no longer the only option.1.2 Flexible Work ArrangementsToday, flexible work arrangements are becoming more common. People have the opportunity to work remotely, choose their own hours, and even become self-employed. This flexibility allows individuals to better balance their work and personal lives. However, it also presents new challenges, such as the need for self-discipline and the blurring of boundaries between work and leisure.1.3 The Gig EconomyThe rise of the gig economy is another significant change in the world of work. In this model, individuals take on short-term or freelance jobs, often facilitated by online platforms. This provides them with more autonomy and the ability to pursue multiple income streams. However, it also means less job security and benefits compared to traditional employment.1.4 The Importance of Lifelong LearningWith the changing nature of work, the importance of lifelong learning cannot be overstated. Individuals need to continually update their skills and knowledge in order to remain competitive in the job market. This includes developing new technological competencies and adaptability to navigate future changes in the workplace.Part 2: The Impact of Work on Identity and Well-beingWork plays a significant role in shaping individual identity and overall well-being. How individuals perceive their work and the meaning they derive from it can greatly impact their satisfaction and happiness.2.1 Work as a Source of IdentityFor many people, work is not just a way to earn a living but also a source of identity and purpose. The type of work one engages in can be closely tied to personal values and ambitions. However, it is important to recognize that work should not be the sole determinant of a person's self-worth. Finding a balance between work and other aspects of life is crucial for overall well-being.2.2 Work-Life BalanceAchieving work-life balance is a constant challenge in today's connected world. The boundaries between work and personal life can easily blur, leading to increased stress and burnout. Employers and individuals need to actively promote strategies and policies that enable employees to have a healthy integration of work and personal life.2.3 The Pursuit of Meaningful WorkMany individuals strive to find work that is not only financially rewarding but also personally fulfilling. Meaningful work gives individuals a sense of purpose and satisfaction. This can be achieved by aligning personal values and passions with one's chosen career path.2.4 Work and Mental HealthThe relationship between work and mental health is complex. While work can provide a sense of structure and purpose, it can also contribute to stress and anxiety. Employers and society as a whole need to prioritize mental health support in the workplace and foster a culture that promotes work-life balance and overall well-being.ConclusionThe world of work is undergoing significant changes, requiring individuals to adapt and embrace new opportunities. The impact of work on identity and well-being cannot be underestimated. It is crucial for individuals, employers, and society to work together to create a more balanced and fulfilling work environment. By recognizing the evolving nature of work andaddressing its challenges, we can create a future where individuals find meaning and satisfaction in their careers.。

大学英语教材课文译文一、大学英语综合教程课文一：《生活在大自然中》In the Midst of NatureNature surrounds us and is an integral part of our lives. Our existence is closely tied to the natural world and its elements. The text "In the Midst of Nature" explores the different aspects of nature and emphasizes its importance.The text begins by highlighting the beauty and tranquility of nature. It describes how being immersed in nature can provide a sense of peace and calmness. The author encourages readers to appreciate the simple pleasures that nature offers, such as watching the sunrise or listening to the sound of a flowing stream.Furthermore, the text delves into the environmental benefits of nature. It emphasizes the role of trees in purifying the air we breathe and preventing soil erosion. The author also expounds on the importance of biodiversity and how different species contribute to the balance of ecosystems.Apart from the aesthetic and environmental value, the text also sheds light on the physical and mental health benefits of being in nature. It mentions how spending time in natural surroundings can boost one's immune system, reduce stress levels, and improve overall well-being. The author suggests engaging in outdoor activities, such as hiking or gardening, to reap these benefits.In addition, the text explores the cultural significance of nature. It explains how different cultures have revered and worshipped nature throughout history. The author mentions various traditions and rituals associated with natural elements, highlighting the deep connection between humans and the natural world.Overall, "In the Midst of Nature" serves as a reminder of how valuable and essential nature is. It encourages readers to embrace and appreciate the beauty of the natural world, and to recognize the various benefits it provides. By nurturing our relationship with nature, we can lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.课文二：《科技与社会》Technology and SocietyTechnology has revolutionized the way we live and has had a profound impact on society as a whole. The text "Technology and Society" delves into this topic, examining both the positive and negative aspects of technology in our lives.The text begins by highlighting the advancements technology has brought about. It mentions how it has enhanced communication, making it easier for people to connect and share information across the globe. It also discusses how technology has improved healthcare, transportation, and other industries, leading to increased efficiency and convenience.However, the text also addresses the potential drawbacks of technology. It raises concerns about its impact on employment, as automation and artificial intelligence continue to replace human workers. The text alsodiscusses the issue of privacy and the potential for surveillance in our increasingly interconnected world.Furthermore, the text touches upon the digital divide, emphasizing the gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not. It highlights the importance of bridging this divide to ensure equal opportunities for all individuals.Moreover, the text explores the ethical dilemmas posed by technology. It raises questions about the responsible use of technology, such as the ethical implications of genetic engineering and the responsibility of companies to protect user data.In conclusion, while technology has undoubtedly brought numerous benefits to society, it is crucial to approach its advancements with caution. The text "Technology and Society" provokes readers to reflect on the ethical, social, and economic ramifications of technology, encouraging them to consider how we can harness its advantages while minimizing its negative impacts. By doing so, we can build a more inclusive and sustainable future.。

Unit1Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind.?This attitude?results?in?a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring.?Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor."We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count.A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is likely to be that everyone is in a rush -- often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country. Working time is considered precious. Others in public eating-places are waiting for you to finish so they, too, can be served and get back to work within the time allowed. You also find drivers will be abrupt and people will push past you. You will misssmiles, brief conversations, and small exchanges with strangers. Don’t take it personally. This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else “wasting” it beyond a certain appropriate point.Many new arrivals to the States will miss the opening exchanges of a business call, for example. They will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country. They may miss leisurely business chats in a restaurant or coffee house.Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over extended small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner, or for around on the golf course while they develop a sense of trust. Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly. Time is, therefore, always ticking in our inner ear.Consequently, we work hard at the task of saving time. We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices; we communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer -- especially given our traffic-filled streets. We, therefore, save most personal visiting for after-work hours or for social weekend gatherings.To us the impersonality of electronic communication has little orno relation to the significance of the matter at hand. In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation. In America, too, a final agreement will normally be signed in person. However, people are meeting increasingly on television screens, conducting “teleconferences” to settle problems not only in this country but also -- by satellite -- internationally.The U. S. is definitely a telephone country. Almost everyone uses the telephone to conduct business, to chat with friends, to make or break social appointments, to say “Thank you,” to shop and to obtain all kinds of information. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, whereas the postal service is less efficient.Some new arrivals will come from cultures where it is considered impolite to work too quickly. Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect. Assignments are, consequently, felt to be given added weight by the passage of time. In the U. S., however, it is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with ually, the more important a task is, the more capital, energy, and attention will be poured into it in orderto “get it moving.”Unit2Learning the Olympic Standard for LoveNikolai Petrovich Anikin was not half as intimidating as I had imagined he would be. No, this surely was not the ex-Soviet coach my father had shipped me out to meet.But Nikolai he was, Petrovich and all. He invited me inside and sat down on the couc h, patting the blanket next to him to get me to sit next to him. I was so nervous in his presence."You are young," he began in his Russian-style English. "If you like to try for Olym pic Games, I guess you will be able to do this. Nagano Olympics too soon for you, bu t for 2002in Salt Lake City, you could be ready.""Yes, why not?" he replied to the shocked look on my face.I was a promisingamateur skier, but by no means the top skier in the country. "Of course, there will be many hard training sessions, and you will cry, but you will improve."To be sure, there were countless training sessions full of pain and more than a few tea rs,but in the five years that followedI could always count on being encouraged by Nikolai'samusing stories and sense of humor."My friends, they go in the movies, they go in the dance, they go out with girls," he would start. "But I," he would continue, lowering his voice, "I am practice, practice, p ractice inthe stadium. And by the next year, I had cut 1-1/2 minutes off my time in the15-kilometer race!"My friends asked me, 'Nikolai, how did you do it?' And I replied, 'You go in the m ovies, you go in the dance, you go out with girls, but I am practice, practice, practice.' "Here the story usually ended, but on one occasion, which we later learned was his 2 5th wedding anniversary, he stood proudly in a worn woolen sweater and smiled and whispered, "And I tell you, I am 26 years old before I ever kiss a girl! She was the wo man I later marry."Romantic and otherwise, Nikolai knew love.His consistent good humor, quiet gratitude, perceptivity, and sincerity set an Olympic standard for love that I continue to reach for, even though my skiing days are over.Still, he never babied me.One February day I had a massive headache and felt quitefatigued. I came upon him in a clearing, and after approximately 15 minutes of stridin ginto the cold breeze over the white powder to catch him, I fussed, "Oh, Nikolai, I feel like I am going to die.""When you are a hundred years old, everybody dies," he said, indifferent to my pain."But now," he continued firmly. "Now must be ski, ski, ski." And, on skis, I did wh at he said.On other matters, though, I was rebellious.Once, he packed 10 of us into a Finnish bachelor's tiny home for a low-budget ski ca mp. We awokethe first morning to find Nikolai making breakfast and then made quick work with ou r spoonswhile sitting on makeshift chairs around a tiny card table.When we were finished, Nikolaistacked the sticky bowls in front of my sole female teammate and me, asserting, "No w, girls do dishes!"I threw my napkin on the floor and swore at him,"Ask the damn boys! This is unfair."He never asked this of me again, nor did he take much notice of my outburst. He save dhis passion for skiing.When coaching, he would sing out his instructions keeping rhythm with our stride: "Yes, yes, one-two-three, one-two-three." A dear lady friend of my grandfather, after viewing a copy of a video of me training with Nikolai, asked, "Does he also teach dan ce?"In training, I worked without rest to correct mistakes that Nikolai pointed out and I asked after each pass if it was better."Yes, it's OK. But the faster knee down, the better." "But is it fast enough?" I'd p ersist. Finally he would frown and say,"Billion times you make motion—then be perfect,"reminding me in an I've-told-you-a-billion-times tone, "You must be patient." Nikolai's patience and my hard work earned me a fourth-place national ranking headi nginto the pre-Olympic season,but then I missed the cut for the 2002 Olympics.Last summer, I returned to visit Nikolai. He made me tea... and did the dishes! We t alked while sitting on his couch.Missing the Olympic Team the previous year had made mepause and reflect on what I had gained—not the least of which was a quiet, indissolub le bond with a short man in a tropical shirt.Nikolai taught me to have the courage, heart, and discipline to persist, even if it tak es a billion tries.He taught me to be thankful in advance for a century of life on earth, and to remind myself every day that despite the challenges at hand, "Now must be love, love , love.Unit 3Marriage Across the NationsGail and I imagined a quiet wedding. During our two years together we had experienced the usual ups and downs of a couple learning to know, understand, and respect each other. But through it all we had honestly confronted the weaknesses and strengths of each other'scharacters.Our racial and cultural differences enhanced our relationship and taught us a great deal about tolerance, compromise, and being open with each other. Gail sometimes wondered why I and other blacks were so involved with the racial issue, and I was surprised that she seemed to forget the subtler forms of racial hatred in Americansociety.Gail and I had no illusions about what the future held for us as a married, mixed couple in America. The continual source of our strength was our mutual trust and respect.We wanted to avoid the mistake made by many couples of marrying for the wrong reasons, and only finding out ten, twenty, or thirty years later that they were incompatible, that they hardly took the time to know each other, that they overlooked serious personality conflicts in the expectation that marriage was an automatic way tomake everything work out right. That point was emphasized by the fact that Gail's parents, after thirty-five years of marriage, were going through a bitter and painful divorce, which had destroyed Gail and fora time had a negative effect on our budding relationship.When Gail spread the news of our wedding plans to her family she met with some resistance. Her mother, Deborah, all along had been supportive of our relationship, and even joked about when we were going to get married so she could have grandchildren. Instead of congratulations upon hearing our news, Deborah counseled Gail to be really sure she was doing the right thing."So it was all right for me to date him, but it's wrong for me to marry him. Is his color the problem, Mom?" Gail subsequently told me shehad asked her mother."To start with I must admit that at first I harbored reservations about a mixed marriage, prejudices you might even call them. But when I met Mark I found him a charming and intelligent young guy. Any mother would be proud to have him for a son-in-law. So, color has nothing to do with it. Yes, my friends talk. Some even express shock at what you're doing. But they live in a different world. So you see, Mark's color is not the problem. My biggest worry is that you may be marrying Mark for the same wrong reasons that I married your father. When we met I saw him as my beloved, intelligent, charming, andcaring. It was all so new, all so exciting, and we both thought, on the surface at least, that ours was an ideal marriage with every indication that it would last forever. I realized only later that I didn't know my beloved, your father, very well when we married.""But Mark and I have been together more than two years," Gail railed. "We've been through so much together. We've seen each other at our worst many times. I'm sure that time will only confirm what we feeldeeply about each other.""You may be right. But I still think that waiting won't hurt. You're onlytwenty-five."Gail's father, David, whom I had not yet met personally, approached our decision with a father-knows-best attitude. He basically asked the same questions as Gail's mother: "Why the haste? Who is this Mark? What's his citizenship status?" And when he learned of my problems with the Citizenship department, he immediately suspected that I was marrying his daughter in order to remain in the United States."But Dad, that's harsh," Gail said."Then why the rush? Buy time, buy time," he remarked repeatedly."Mark has had problems with citizenship before and has always taken care of them himself," Gail defended." In fact, he made it very clearwhen we were discussing marriage that if I had any doubts about anything, I should not hesitate to cancel our plans."Her father proceeded to quote statistics showing that mixed couples had higher divorce rates than couples of the same race and gave examples of mixed couples he had counseled who were havingmarital difficulties."Have you thought about the hardships your children would gothrough?" he asked."Dad, are you a racist?""No, of course not. But you have to be realistic.""Maybe our children will have some problems, but whose children don't? But one thing they'll always have: our love and devotion.""That's idealistic. People can be very cruel toward children frommixed marriages.""Dad, we'll worry about that when the time comes. If we had to resolve all doubt before we acted, very little would ever get done.""Remember, it's never too late to change your mind."Unti4A Test of True LoveSix minutes to six, said the digital clock over theinformation desk in Grand Central Station. John Blandford, a tall young army officer, focused his eyesight on the clock to note the exact time. In six minutes he would see the woman who had filled a special place in his life for the past thirteen months, a wo man he had never seen, yet whose written words had been with him and had given hi m strength without fail.Soon after he volunteered for military service, he had received a book from this wo man. A letter, which wished him courage and safety, came with the book. He discove red that many of his friends, also in the army, had received the identical book from th e woman, Hollis Meynell. And while they all got strength from it, and appreciated her support of their cause, John Blandford was the only person to write Ms. Meynell bac k. On the day of his departure, to a destination overseas where he would fight in the war, he received her reply. Aboard the cargo ship that was taking him into enemy terr itory, he stood on the deck and read her letter to him again and again. For thirteen months, she had faithfully written to him. When his letters did not arrive, she wrote a nyway, without decrease. During the difficult days of war, her letters nourished him a nd gave him courage. As long as he received letters from her, he felt as though he cou ld survive. After a short time, he believed he loved her, and she loved him. It was as i f fate had brought them together.But when he asked her for a photo, she declined his request. She explained her objec tion: "If your feelings for me have any reality, any honest basis, what I look like won' t matter. Suppose I'm beautiful. I'd always be bothered by the feeling that you lovedme for my beauty, and that kind of love would disgust me. Suppose I'm plain. Then I' d always fear you were writing to me only because you were lonely and had no one el se. Either way, I would forbid myself from loving you. When you come to New York and you see me, then you can make your decision. Remember, both of us are free to stop or to go on after that—if that's what we choose..."One minute to six... Blandford's heart leaped.A young woman was coming toward him, and he felt a connection with her right aw ay. Her figure was long and thin, her spectacular golden hair lay back in curls from h er small ears. Her eyes were blue flowers; her lips had a gentle firmness. In her fancy green suit she was like springtime come alive.He started toward her, entirely forgetting to notice that she wasn't wearing a rose, an d as he moved, a small, warm smile formed on her lips."Going my way, soldier?" she asked.Uncontrollably, he made one step closer to her. Then he saw Hollis Meynell.She was standing almost directly behind the girl, a woman well past forty, and a foss il to his young eyes, her hair sporting patches of gray. She was more than fat; her thic k legs shook as they moved. But she wore a red rose on her brown coat.The girl in the green suit was walking quickly away and soon vanished into the fog. B landford felt as though his heart was being compressed into a small cement ball, so st rong was his desire to follow the girl, yet so deep was his longing for the woman who se spirit had truly companioned and brought warmth to his own; and there she stood. Her pale, fat face was gentle and intelligent; he could see that now. Her gray eyes had a warm, kindly look.Blandford resisted the urge to follow the younger woman, though it was not easy to do so. His fingers held the book she had sent to him before he went off to the war, wh ich was to identify him to Hollis Meynell. This would not be love. However, it would be something precious, something perhaps even less common than love—a friendshi p for which he had been, and would always be, thankful. He held the book out tow ard the woman."I'm John Blandford, and you—you are Ms. Meynell. I'm so glad you could meet m e. May I take you to dinner?" The woman smiled. "I don't know what this is all about, son," she answered. "That young lady in the green suit—the one who just went by—begged me to wear this rose on my coat. And she said that if you asked me to go out with you, I should tell you that she's waiting for you in that big restaurant near the hig hway. She said it was some kind of a test."Unte5Weeping for My Smoking Daughter)My daughter smokes. While she is doing her homework, her feet on the bench in fr ont of her and her calculator clicking out answers to her geometry problems, I am loo king at the half-empty package of Camels tossed carelessly close at hand. I pick them up, take them into the kitchen, where the light is better, and study them -- they are fil tered, for which I am grateful. My heart feels terrible. I want to weep. In fact, I do we ep a little, standing there by the stove holding one of the instruments, so white, so pre cisely rolled, that could cause my daughter's death. When she smokedMarlboros and Players I hardened myself against feeling so bad; nobody I knew ever smoked these brands.She doesn't know this, but it was Camels that my father, her grandfather, smoked. But before he smoked cigarettes made by manufacturers -- when he was ver y young and very poor, with glowing eyes -- he smoked Prince Albert tobacco in ciga rettes he rolled himself. I remember the bright-red tobacco tin, with a picture of Queen Victoria's partner, Prince Albert, dressed in a black dress coat and carrying a c ane.By the late forties and early fifties no one rolled his own anymore (and few women smoked) in my hometown of Eatonton, Georgia. The tobacco industry, coupled with Hollywood movies in which both male and female heroes smoked like chimneys ,completely won over people like my father, who were hopelessly hooked by cigarette s. He never looked as fashionable as Prince Albert, though; he continued to look like a poor, overweight, hard working colored man with too large a family, black, with a v ery white cigarette stuck in his mouth.I do not remember when he started to cough. Perhaps it was unnoticeable at first, a little coughing in the morning as he lit his first cigarette upon getting out of bed. By t he time I was sixteen, my daughter's age, his breath was a wheeze, embarrassing to he ar; he could not climb stairs without resting every third or fourth step. It was not unus ual for him to cough for an hour.My father died from "the poor man's friend", pneumonia, one hard winter when hislung illnesses had left him low. I doubt he had much lung left at all, after coughing for so many years. He had so little breath that, during his last years, he was alwaysleaning on something. I remembered once, at a family reunion, when my daughter wa stwo, that my father picked her up for a minute -- long enough for me to photograph t hem -- but the effort was obvious. Near the very end of his life, and largely because h e had no more lungs, he quit smoking. He gained a couple of pounds, but by then he was so slim that no one noticed.When I travel to Third World countries I see many people like my father and daughter. There are large advertisement signs directed at them both: the tough, confid ent or fashionable older man, the beautiful, "worldly" young woman, both dragging away. In these poor countries, as in American inner cities and on reservations, money that should be spent for food goes instead to the tobacco compan ies; over time, people starve themselves of both food and air, effectively weakening and hooking their children, eventually killing themselves. I read in the newspaper and in my gardening magazine that the ends of cigarettes are so poisonous that if a baby swallows one, it is likely to die, and that the boiled water fro m a bunch of them makes an effective insecticide.There is a deep hurt that I feel as a mother. Some days it is a feeling of uselessness.I remember how carefully I ate when I was pregnant, how patiently I taught my daug hter how to cross a street safely. For what, I sometimes wonder; so that she can strug gle to breathe through most of her life feeling half her strength, and then dieof self-poisoning, as her grandfather did?There is a quotation from a battered women's shelter that I especially like: "Peace on earth begins at home." I believe everything does. I think of a quotation for people tr ying to stop smoking: "Every home is a no smoking zone." Smoking is a form of self-battering that also batters those who must sit by, occasionally joke or complain, and h elplessly watch. I realize now that as a child I sat by, through the years, and literally watched my father kill himself: surely one such victory in my family, for the prospero us leaders who own the tobacco companies, is enough.Uint6 aFor her first twenty-four years, she'd been known as Debbie—a name that didn't suit her good looks and elegant manner."My name has always made me think I should be a cook," she complained."I just don't feel like a Debbie."One day, while filling out an application form for a publishing job, the young woman impulsivelysubstituted her middle name, Lynne, for her first name Debbie."That was the smartest thing I ever did," she says now."As soon as I stopped calling myself Debbie, I felt more comfortable with myself... and other people started to take me more seriously."Two years after her successful job interview, the former waitress is now a successful magazine editor.Friends and associates call her Lynne.Naturally, the name change didn't cause Debbie/Lynne'sprofessional achievement—but it surely helped if only by adding a bit of self-confidence to hertalentsSocial scientists say that what you're called can affect your life.Throughout history, names have not merely identified people but also described them."As his name is, so is he." says theBible, and Webster's Dictionary includes the following definition of name: "a word or words expressing some quality considered characteristic or descriptive of a person or a thing, often expressing approval or disapproval".Note well "approval or disapproval".For better or worse, qualities such as friendliness or reserve, plainness or charm may be suggested by your name and conveyed to other people before they even meet you. Names become attached to specific images, as anyone who's been called "a plain Jane" or "just an average Joe" can show.Thelatter name particularly bothers me since my name is Joe, which some think makes me more qualified to be a baseball player than, say, an art critic.Yet, despite this disadvantage, I did manage to become an art critic for a time.Even so, one prominent magazine consistently refused to print "Joe" in myby-line, using my first initials, J. S., instead.I suspect that if I were a morerefined Arthur or Adrian, the name would have appeared complete.Of course, names with a positive sense can work for you and even encourage new acquaintances.A recent survey showed that American men thought Susan to be the most attractive female name, while women believed Richard and David were the most attractive formen.One woman I know turned down a blind date with a man named Harry because "he sounded dull".Several evenings later, she came up to me at a party, pressing for an introduction to a very impressive man; they'd been exchanging glances all evening."Oh," I said. "You mean Harry."She was ill at ease.Though most of us would like to think ourselves free from such prejudiced notions, we're all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent.<p18><28>Confess</28>: Wouldn't you be surprised to meet a <29>carpenter</29> named Nigel? A <30>physicist</30> named Bertha? A <31>Pope</31> Mel? Often, <p19>we project name-based stereotypes on people, <p20>as one woman friend discovered while taking charge of a <33>nursery school</33>'s group of four-year-olds."There I was, trying to get a little active boy named Julian to sit quietly and read a book—<p21>and pushing a <34>thoughtful</34> <35>creature</35> named Rory to play ball.I had their personalities confused because of their names!"Apparently, such prejudices can affect classroom achievement as well.In a study conducted by Herbert Harari of San Diego State University, and John McDavid of Georgia State University, teachers gave consistently lower grades on essays apparently written by boys named Elmer and Hubert than they <36>awarded</36> to the same papers when the writers' names were given asMichael and David. However, teacher prejudice isn't the only source of classroom difference.<37>Dr</37>. Thomas V. Busse and Louisa Seraydarian of Temple University found those girls with names such as Linda, Diane, Barbara, Carol, and Cindy <p22>performed better on <39>objectively</39> graded IQ and achievement tests than did girls with less <40>appealing</40> names.(A companion study showed girls' <41>popularity</41> with their peers was also related to the popularity of their names―although the connectio n was less clear for boys.)Though your parents probably meant your name to last a lifetime, remember that when they picked it they'd hardly met you, and the hopes and dreams they valued when they chose it may not match yours.If your name no longer seems to fit you, don't <42>despair</42>; <p23>you aren't stuck with the <43>label</43>.Movie stars regularly change their names, and with some determination, you can, too.Unit7 aIf you often feel angry and overwhelmed, like the stress in your life is spinning out of control, then you may be hurting your heart.If you don't want to break your own heart, you need to learn to take charge of your life where you can—and recognize there are many things beyond your control.So says Dr. Robert S. Eliot, author of a new book titled From Stress to Strength: How to Lighten Your Load and Save Your Life . He's a clinical professor of medicine。

大学英语教材第一册课文原文Unit 1 TravelText ATravelingTraveling by air is becoming more and more popular. More and more people are using the air services. But why do they prefer traveling by air to traveling by train or by car?Speed is one of the important things. You can travel hundreds of miles in a few hours by plane. You can get to most places in the world in twenty-four hours or less. In the past, a journey of that distance often took weeks. Some journeys still take weeks or even months now if you do not go by air.But the most important reason for traveling by air is comfort. On a modern plane, you can sit in a comfortable seat with plenty of room. You can get meals and drinks during the flight. And you can walk around the plane if you want to. You do not have to sit in one place all the time. When the weather is good, you can enjoy the beautiful view from the windows. When the weather is bad, you can read, watch TV or just sleep.But not all air travel is comfortable. Economy class travel can be uncomfortable. You usually have very little room for your legs and there is very little personal service.Still, most people think that it is better to travel by plane than by train or by car. Even though air travel is sometimes uncomfortable, it is both faster and more convenient than other types of travel.ExercisesA. Choose the correct answers:1. Which one is an important reason for traveling by air?A. Speed.B. Comfort.C. Low cost.D. Adventure.2. How long does it take to travel by plane to most places in the world?A. A few hours.B. Two days.C. Weeks.D. Twenty-four hours or less.B. Complete the following sentences according to the text:1. Air travel is becoming more and more popular. _______ ______________ _______ the air services.2. On a modern plane, you can sit in a _______ _______ with plenty of room.3. _______ _______ _______ in the past, a journey of hundreds of miles often took weeks.Text BFour Ways of TravelingMany people like to travel. There are different ways of traveling, and they all have their advantages and disadvantages. Here we look at four ways of traveling.Two of the most popular ways are traveling by car and traveling by train. Traveling by car has some advantages. It is cheap, and you can stop whenever and wherever you want. You can also carry a lot of luggage with you. But there are also disadvantages. Sometimes there are traffic jams and accidents, and you can spend a lot of time waiting. Traveling by train is comfortable and you can see the country. You can move around on the train and you can eat in the restaurant car. But trains are not as flexible as cars. They only go to certain places, and you have to catch the train at certain times.Another way of traveling is by boat. If you like ships and the sea, traveling by boat is an excellent way to relax and enjoy yourself. Boats are big and comfortable, and you can have a very good time on board. You can eat and drink in the restaurants and bars, and you can do a lot of shopping. But moving around on a boat can be tiring. You can only go where the boat goes, and you may have to share your cabin with other people.Finally, there is air travel. It is the fastest and most comfortable way of traveling long distances. You can get to most places in the world quickly and easily by plane. You can eat and sleep on the plane, and you can watch TV or listen to music. But air travel is expensive. And sometimes airports can be crowded and noisy.So if you like traveling, what is the best way? It depends on where you want to go, how much money you have, and how much time you have.。