Physics Laboratory Report-204-5

新编研究生英语系列教程博士研究生英语综合教程（第二版/教师用书）北京市研究生英语教学研究会主编陈大明徐汝舟副主编刘宁王焱华许建平编者赵宏凌邹映辉杨凤珍来鲁宁张剑柳君丽曹莉郑辉中国人民大学出版社KEY TO THE EXERCISESUnit One ScienceText 1 Can We Really Understand Matter?I. Vocabulary1. A2. B3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. CII. Definition1. A priority2. Momentum3. An implication4. Polarization5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km.6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energiesIII. Mosaic1. The stress: (Omitted)Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with–tion or –sion has its stress on the last syllable but one.2. molecule3. A4. B5. C6. B7. A8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atom—an anti-matter atom—was successfullydeveloped in European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-mat ter. They are the “destruction”phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter.V. GroupingA.Uncertainty:what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious wayB.Contrast:more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly wellC. Applications of Quantum mechanics:the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes1. probabilities2. illusory3. discourage4. scrutinyVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING•STRATEGY•DEFINITIONI. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries.1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions ofpower) unfairly or illegally by offering them favors or gifts.2. Gravity is defined as the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other,especially that by which a large mass pulls a smaller one to it.3. The millennium bug refers to the computer glitch that arises from an inability of thesoftware to deal correctly with dates of January 2000 or later.4. Globalization is understood as the development so as to make possible internationalinfluence or operation.II. Write a one-paragraph definition of the following words.1. hypothesisA hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible way of explaining facts,proving an argument, etc. Through experiments, the hypothesis is either accepted as true (possibly with improvements) or cast off.2. scienceScience is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.3. superstitionSuperstition refers to a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on old ideas about luck, magic, etc. For example, it is a common superstition that black cats are unlucky.4. pessimismPessimism is a tendency to give more attention to the bad side of a situation or to expect the worst possible result. A person with pessimism is a pessimist who thinks that whatever happens is bad.5. individualismIndividualism is the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society. It has a bad sense in that little attention is paid to the rights of the collective or a good one in that independence is emphasized rather than dependence on others.Text 2 Physics Awaits New Options as Standard Model IdlesI. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. D8. BII. Definition1. A refrain2. A spark3. A jingle4. Symmetry5. develops or studies theories or ideas about a particular subject.6. studies the origin and nature of the universe.7. studies the stars and planets using scientific equipment including telescopes.III. Mosaic1. gravity2. anti-/opposite3. D4. B5. A6. A7. B8.AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.The Standard Model of particle physics is an unfinished poem. Most of the pieces are there,and even unfinished, it is arguably the most brilliant opus in the literature of physics. With great precision, it describes all known matter – all the subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons –as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another.These forces are electromagnetism, which describes how charged objects feel each other’s influence: the weak force, which explains how particles can change their identities, and the strong force, which describes how quarks stick together to form protons and other composite particles. But as lovely as the Standard Model’s description is, it is in pieces, and some of those pieces – those that describe gravity – are missing. It is a few shards of beauty that hint at something greater, like a few lines of Sappho on a fragment of papyrus. V. GroupingA.Particle physics:supersymmetry, equation, superpartners, stringB.Strangeness:bizarre, beyond the ken ofC.Antonyms:gravity–antigravity1. novelty2. revelatory3. Symmetry4. gravityVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY• EXEMPLIFICATION AN D ILLUSTRATION(Omitted)Text 3 Supporting ScienceI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. A9. C 10. D 11. B 12. AII. Definition1. A portfolio2. A vista3. Cryptography4. Paleontology5. a business or an undertaking that has recently begun operation6. a group of people having common interests7. a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organizationIII. Rhetoric1. pouring money into2. column3. unbridled4. twilight5. blossomed intoIV. Mosaic1. phenomenon criterion datum medium(because these words originated from Latin and retain their Latin plural form)2. A3. A4. B5. B6. B7. C8. BV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The five scientists who won the 1996 Nobel Prize point out that the present prosperityand development are based on the fruits of basic scientific research and the negligence of basic scientific research will threaten human development of the 21st century.EU countries noticed that one of their weaknesses is “insufficient investment in research and development.” Korea and Singapore do not hesitate to pour money into research and development. The developed countries in the West have used most of the scientific and technological development resources for the research and development of new and high technology. This has become an obvious trend at present. It is evident from the experiences of various countries that new and high technology can create and form new industries, open up and set up new markets. The innovation of traditional industries with new and high technology is a key method to strengthen the competitive competency of an enterprise.VI. Grouping:A.Negligence of basic research:corporate breakups, cut back on research, ignore it, subject to a protracted dissection and review, second-guessing, dropped dramatically, subjected to a scrutiny, skirling our supportB.Significant examples of basic research:computing, biotechnology, the Internet, number theory, complex analysis, coding theory, cryptography, dinosaur paleontology, genetics research)C.Ways to intensify arguments:moved support for science from a “want to have” squarely into the “need to have”column1. resounding2. second-guessing3. downsized4. subjectedVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND ANALOGY (Omitted)Text 4 Why Must Scientists Become More Ethically Sensitive Than They Used to Be?I. Vocabulary1. B2. B3. A4. C5. B6. D7. D8. A9. D 10. B 11. B 12. DII. Definition1. A constraint2. Algorithm3. A prerequisite4. Ethics5. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion6. a person’s principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgement of what is important inlife.7. a formal plan put forward for consideration to carry out a projectIII. Rhetoric1. brushed under the carpet2. smell3. hands and brains4. battle front5. module . . . moduleIV. Mosaic1. /z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /s//s/ /iz/ /z/ /s/ /z//iz/ /z/ /s/ /z/ /z//z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /z//s/ after voiceless consonants/z/ after voiced consonants/iz/ after a word ended with –es2. B3. D4. A5. D6. A7. CV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Scientists and medical ethicists advocate the prohibition of human cloning as a way toproduce life. They all agree that human cloning exerts severe threats on human dignity.Social critics point out that cloned children will lack personality and noumenon. G. Annas, professor of health laws in Boston university, points out that “human cloning should be banned because it may fundamentally alter the definition of ourselves.”VI. Grouping:A.The change of attitudes towards ethical consideration:occupy media slots and Sunday supplements, latest battle front, can no longer be swept aside, more sensitiveB.Academic science:a worldwide institutional web, peer review, respect for priority of discovery,comprehensive citation of the literature, meritocratic preferment, smuggle ethical considerations from private life, from politics, from religion, from sheer humanitariansympathyC.Industrial science:intimately involved in the business of daily lifeD.Post-academic science:a succession of “projects”, compound moral risks with financial risks, largely the work ofteams of scientists1. individualistic2. energized3. comprehensive4. heterogeneousVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • CAUSE AND EFFECT(Omitted)Text 5 Beauty, Charm, and Strangeness: Science as MetaphorI. Vocabulary1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C6. B7. A8. B9. A 10. CII. Rhetoric1. pitch2. landscape3. unblinking4. yawn5. wringsIII. Mosaic1.physical poetic political scientific optical atomic2. (Omitted)3. B4. B5. A6. C7. DIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. There are only two forms of human spiritual creation: science and poetry. The formergives us convenience; and the latter gives us comfort. In more common words, the former enables us to have food to eat when we are hungry; and the latter makes us aware that eating is something more than eating, and it is very interesting as well. To have science without poetry, atomic bomb will be detonated; to have poetry without science, poets will starve to death.Scientists should not despise poets; and poets should not remain isolated from scientists.If the two fields conflict each other, human beings would be on the way to doom. In fact, the greatest scientists like Newton, Einstein and Mrs. Currie were all endowed with poetic spirit.I assert that in observing the apple falling to the ground, Newton not only discovered thegravity of the earth, he also wrote a beautiful poem.V. GroupingA.Human reason:guilty of hubris, cramped imagination, commonsense logic, an ignorant manB.Differences between art and science:different in their methods and in their ends, a scientific hypothesis can be proven, new combinations of old materials, transform the ordinary into extraordinary, a practical extension into technology, the sense of an endingC.Similarities between art and science:in their origin, quest to reveal the world1. indistinguishable2. transform3. poetic4. extension5. subdueVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATIONI. Organize the following words into groups.People: physician; driver; boxer; mother; teacherSchools: school; college; institute; kindergarten; universityColors: brown; purple; violet; black; yellowPrepositions: along; toward; upon; without; intoVerbs:listen; read; write; hear; lookII. Complete the following lists.1. College students can be classified according to:A.academic achievementB.attitude toward politics, friendship, etc.C.sexD.heightE.place of originF.value of lifeG.major2. Transportation means can be classified according to:A.speedB.sizeeD.fuelfortF.historyG.water, land, or airIII. Write a paragraph of classification on the books which you like to read.(Omitted)Text 6 Is Science Evil?I. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. D4. B5. B6.A7. C8. C9. D 10. AII. Definition1. Canon2. Validity3. A premise4. Disillusionment5. the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or correctness of something6. a mode of thinking based on guessing rather than on knowledgeIII. Mosaic1. 1) / / illusion dis-=not -ment=noun ending2) / / science pseudo-=false3) / / conscious -ness=noun ending4) / / question -able=adjective ending5) / / extenuate -ation=noun ending6) / / indict -ment=noun ending7) / / rebut -al=noun ending8) / / perpetrate -ion=noun ending9) / / problem -ic=adjective ending10) / / dissolute -ion=noun ending2. Para. 13: Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can aclosed view of the world pretend to scientific validity –and then it is a falsevalidity.Para.14: Out of dissatisfaction with all the separate bits of knowledge is born the desire to unite all knowledge.Para. 15: Only superficially do the modern and the ancient atomic theories seem to fit into the same theoretical mold.1) Para. 13: Only + adverbial clause of time + inverted orderPara. 14: Prepositional phrase + inverted orderPara. 15: Only + adverb + inverted order2) Inverted order is used to emphasize.3. C4. B5. A6. CIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. At present there exist two conflicting tendencies towards the development of science andtechnology. The opponents of science hold that the development of modern science has not brought blessings to human beings, instead it has brought human beings to the very edge of disaster and peril. On the other hand, the proponents of scientific and technological progress maintains that the crises facing human beings today—such as environmental pollution, ecological unbalance, natural resource exhaustion—are the natural consequences of the development of science, and the solution to which lies in the further development of science. Both of the above tendencies are reasonable in a sense with their respective one-sided view. If we view the development of modern science and technology from the point of view of our times and with dialectic viewpoints, we can find out that the problem facing modern science and technology is not how to understand the progress of modern science and technology, but how to find out the theoretical basis for the further development of science and technology in order to meet the needs of the times.V. GroupingA.Attitudes toward science:expect to be helped by science and only by science, the superstition of science, the hatred of science, the one great landmark on the road to truthB.Characteristics of science:powerful authority, solve all problems, thoroughly universalC.Scientific knowledge:a concrete totality, cannot supply us with the aims of life, cannot lead usD.Contrast between ancient and modern science:progress into the infinite, making particulars absolute, not as an end in itself but as a tool of inquiry1. corruption2. totality3. inquiry4. superstition5. landmarkVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • GENERALIZATION AND SPECIFICATIONWRITING • STRATEGY • COMBINATION OF WRITING STRATEGIES (Omitted)Unit Two EngineeringText 7 Engineers’ Dream of Practical Star FlightI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. C7.CII. Definition1. Annihilation2. A skeptic3. A cosmic ray4. Anti-matter5. A workshop6. the curved path in space that is followed by an object going around another larger object7. any one of the systems of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, heldtogether by gravitational attractionIII. Mosaic1. 闭音节, 字母u 发/ / 的音，如A, C and D.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. C6. B7. A8. BIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Human beings have long been attempting sending unmanned devices, called interstellarprobes, into the outer space to understand the changes of climates, geological structures and the living beings on the stars and planets out there. A probe is usually sent into the orbit of the earth by “riding” a spacecraft or carrier rockets. After its orbital adjustments are made, the rocket engine is ignited and the probe continues its journey to the orbit of the other star or planet. With the rocket engine broken off, the probe immediately spreads its solar-cell sails and antenna, controlling its posture with sensors. When convinced that it is in the orbit of the targeted star, the probe starts its propeller and flies to the preset destination.V. GroupingA.Astronomical phenomena:interstellar medium, a wind of particles, galaxy, reserves of comets, the Kuiper Belt,orbit, Pluto, the Oort Cloud, the bombardment photonB.Space equipment:interstellar probe, gravitational lens, chemical rocket, thruster, reflective sailC.To explore the universe:scoop, bend, sampleD.Challenges and solutions in interstellar flights:carry its own supply of propellant, matter-antimatter, nuclear power1. gravitational2. propulsion3. probed4. interstellarVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • RHETORIC • SIMILE AND METAPHORI. Complete the following similes with the words given, using one word once only.1. as drunk as a ___ bear 11. as cool as ___ cucumber______2. as faithful as a ___ dog_____ 12. as white as ____ snow ________3. as greedy as ____Jew_____ 13. as cunning as a ____ fox__________4. as rich as _____ king_____ 14. to fight like a ____ _lion_________5. as naked as a ___ frog_____ 15. to act like a stupid __ ass_________6. as red as a _ _lobster_ 16. to spend money like __ water_______7. as beautiful as a _ butterfly__ 17. to eat like a _ wolf________8. as busy as a ____ bee______ 18. to sleep like a _____ log ______9. as firm as a ____ rock _____ 19. to swim like a ____ fish________10. as rigid as a ___stone____ 20. to tremble like a _____ _ leaf_________II. Explain the following metaphors.1. Creaking doors hang the longest.creaking door: anything or anybody in a bad condition2. I could hardly put up with his acid comment.acid comment: bitter remark.3. Her eyes were blazing as she stormed at me.blazing: filled with angerstormed: shouted; screamed4. She burnt with love, as straw with fire flames.burnt with love: extremely excited with love5. The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters.a red flag: a danger signal (that might stop the support of many voters)6. The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of bellows.glowed and dimmed: became bright and gloomy7. The city is a jungle where nobody is safe after the dark.a jungle: a disorderly place8. To me he is power—he is the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, thestinging centipede.the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, and the stinging centipede: the most terrifying creatureText 8 Blinded By The LightI. Vocabulary1. A2. C3. A4. C5. D6. A7. BII. Rhetoric1. riveted2. pack3. pours4. creepsIII. Mosaic1. 开音节发字母读音, 如A, B and C.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. D6. D7. C8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The energy released from nuclear fusion is much more than that from nuclear fission, andthe radioactivity given out from fusion is only one hundredth of that from fission. The major fuel used for nuclear fusion is hydrogen and its isotopes, deuterium and tritium, among which deuterium could be directly extracted from sea water. The energy of deuterium contained in one liter of sea water is equal to 300 liters of petroleum. In the ocean there are about 35,000 billion tons of deuterium, which could be used for more than one billion years. Compared to the fission energy, the fusion energy on the earth is nearly limitless.V. GroupingA. Nuclear-fusion:the doughnut-shaped hollow, reactor, the Tokamak Fusion reactor, fusion, generate, consumeB. Verbs related to nuclear-fusion reaction:ignite, release, stickC. Excitement and cool-down:not a few tears, The experiment is an important milestone, but fusion power is still along way . . . , But no one knows for sure whether…, Even then it will take decades of engineering before…1. nuclear fusion2. repel3. blastVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)W RITING • R HETORIC • METONYMY AND SYNECDOCHEI. Study the uses of metonymy in the following sentences and then put them into Chinese.1.The election benched him in the district court.他在这次竞选中当上了地区法官。

大学物理实验的英语教材University Physics Laboratory: English TextbookIntroduction:The aim of this English textbook is to provide comprehensive guidance and instructions for university physics laboratory experiments. The textbook covers a wide range of topics, including fundamental laws and principles, experimental techniques, data analysis, and safety precautions. By following this textbook, students will enhance their laboratory skills, develop a deeper understanding of physics concepts, and improve their English proficiency.Chapter 1: Introduction to Laboratory Equipment1.1 Laboratory Safety1.2 Basic Laboratory Equipment1.2.1 Glassware and Containers1.2.2 Measuring Instruments1.2.3 Electrical Equipment1.2.4 Advanced EquipmentChapter 2: Measurement Techniques2.1 Units and Dimensions2.2 Uncertainty and Error Analysis2.3 Measurement Tools and Techniques2.3.1 Length Measurement2.3.2 Time Measurement2.3.3 Mass Measurement2.3.4 Temperature Measurement2.3.5 Other Important MeasurementsChapter 3: Experiments on Mechanics3.1 Introduction to Mechanics3.2 Experimental Procedures for Newton's Laws3.2.1 Experiment 1: Force and Motion3.2.2 Experiment 2: Frictional Forces3.3 Experiment on Gravitation3.3.1 Experiment 3: Gravitational Force and Acceleration due to Gravity 3.4 Experiment on Simple Harmonic Motion3.4.1 Experiment 4: Pendulum MotionChapter 4: Experiments on Optics4.1 Introduction to Optics4.2 Experiments on Geometrical Optics4.2.1 Experiment 5: Reflection4.2.2 Experiment 6: Refraction4.3 Experiments on Wave Optics4.3.1 Experiment 7: Interference of Light4.3.2 Experiment 8: Diffraction of LightChapter 5: Experiments on Electricity and Magnetism 5.1 Introduction to Electricity and Magnetism5.2 Experiments on DC Circuits5.2.1 Experiment 9: Ohm's Law and Resistors5.2.2 Experiment 10: Kirchhoff's Laws and DC Circuits 5.3 Experiments on Magnetism and Electromagnetism 5.3.1 Experiment 11: Magnetic Fields and Forces5.3.2 Experiment 12: Electromagnetic Induction Chapter 6: Experiments on Modern Physics6.1 Introduction to Modern Physics6.2 Experiments on Atomic and Nuclear Physics6.2.1 Experiment 13: Radioactivity and Half-Life6.2.2 Experiment 14: Atomic Spectra and Energy Levels 6.3 Experiments on Quantum Mechanics6.3.1 Experiment 15: Wave-Particle Duality6.3.2 Experiment 16: Photoelectric EffectChapter 7: Data Analysis and Error Propagation7.1 Data Collection and Recording7.2 Data Analysis Techniques7.3 Graphing and Curve Fitting7.4 Error Propagation and ReportingChapter 8: Laboratory Reports and Presentation8.1 Structure of a Laboratory Report8.2 Writing Style and Language8.3 Presenting Experimental Results8.4 Peer Review and FeedbackConclusion:This English textbook for university physics laboratory experiments offers a comprehensive guide for students to conduct practical experiments effectively. With a strong emphasis on safety, accurate measurements, data analysis, and clear reporting, the textbook equips students with the necessary skills to excel in the laboratory. By using this textbook, students will enhance their understanding of physics concepts, improve their English proficiency, and become adept researchers in the field of physics.。

⼤学物理实验教案英⽂版PhysicsManualCONTENTSHealth & Safety/Rules i General Introduction ii Marking Scheme iii Writing up your lab report ivSelf Assessment Check-list vIntroductory Lab vi1st Semester ExperimentsExperiment 1-1Newton’s Second Law (16)Experiment1-2Viscosity (20)Experiment1-3Archimedes’ Principle (24)Experiment1-4Acceleration due to gravity (28)Experiment 1-5Young’s Modulus (32)Experiment 1-6Simple Harmonic Motion (36)Experiment1-7 Radioactive Decay (40)Experiment 1-8Freefall (45)Experiment 1-9Centripetal Force (47)Experiment 1-10Transit of Venus to measure 1AU (50)Experiment 1-11The Classification of Stellar Spectra (57)2nd Semester ExperimentsExperiment 2-1Melde’s Experiment (58)Experiment 2-2Sound Waves (63)Experiment 2-3 Wheatstone Bridge (68)Experiment 2-4 Alternating Current (72)Experiment 2-5Basic Electricity (76)Experiment 2-6Grating Spectrometer (80)Experiment2-7Lenses (84)Experiment2-8A Digital Spectrometer.......... .. (90)Experiment2-8B Beta Absorption.......... . (100)Experiment2-9Resonance (104)Appendices 1-6 Background Information ................ . (108)Health and Safety statement for 1st Year LabThe safety of everyone working in the undergraduate laboratories is of prime importance and your co-operation in this matter is obligatory. Laboratories are potentially dangerous environments but the dangers can be minimised and safety ensured if all working there behave in a mature and responsible manner.The Department of Experimental Physics has prepared our own local safety statement, documenting hazards, risks, risk control measures and arrangements, and resources for ensuring a safe and healthy working environment. This document is available in the laboratory to all students, staff and visitors, and you can download this document in pdf format from http://physics.nuim.ie/SafetyStatement.shtml.At the beginning of the first laboratory session, an outline will be given of the material contained in the Department of Experimental Physics Safety Statement. Students should contact the lab supervisor if they did not attend training or if they have any questions in regard to Health & Safety. Please observe the following rules.Be aware of the location of Emergency Exits, Fire Extinguishers and First Aid kits and keep access to these items clear. If the fire alarm is activated there will be a continual ringing of bells throughout the building. Please evacuate the laboratory in an orderly manner and comply with all directions of staff. All staff, students, visitors and contractors in Experimental Physics are required to assemble at Assembly Point G, situated across the road from the entrance closest to Arts Building.Eating, drinking and smoking are strictly forbidden in all laboratories.A penalty of -50% in lab mark for that day will be invoked for failure to comply with instructions in regard to no food/drink in the labAlways co-operate with staff on duty in the laboratory.All accidents, however trivial must be reported to a member of staff immediately who will inform the Head of Department. The University accident report form must be completed without delay and all persons must co operate with the University in any subsequent investigation.Please report any breakages, faulty equipment or any other hazards you may become aware of immediately to the demonstrator or any member of staff.Never use an item of equipment until you know how to operate it. If you are unsure, always ASK a member of staff.Turn off and disconnect electrical equipment from the mains or the 12 V supply when you are finished working. Always leave the apparatus and your workplace, in a safe and tidy condition before leaving the laboratory.Always wash your hands after laboratory work and before eating.Unsupervised work in the laboratories is forbidden. Undergraduate students have no access to laboratories except during scheduled practicals or tutorials.Do not run or play about in laboratories. Anyone not behaving in a mature and responsible manner will be asked to leave and may be excluded from the laboratory.Any student who shows persistent disregard for matters of safety is warned that this is a disciplinary offence, and the matter will be reported to the Laboratory Supervisor and Year Coordinator.Derek Gleeson (Safety Officer) Dept. of Exp Physics, September 2018Laboratory RulesAttendance is mandatory. If you cannot attend a laboratory session, you should notify the year course coordinator/Lab Supervisor — if possible in advance, otherwise as quickly as possible afterwards.You are not allowed to leave the laboratory without showing your final results and analysis to your demonstrator. At the end of the session you should leave your bench tidy for the next user. Switch off and disconnect all apparatus.If your partner is absent you have to do the experiment on your own or speak to demonstrator.Stick to assigned timetableStrictly no eating, drinking, or smoking in the laboratory, but you are allowed to takea brief break during the laboratory session. A penalty of -50% in lab mark for that daywill be invoked for failure to comply with instructions in regard to no food/drink in the labBags must be left at the wall close to the doors to avoid tripping hazard on the floor & to keep the benches clear.Ethical behaviourEvery student is expected and requiredto respect the rights of fellow students and the authority of the University academic and other staff in the performance of their dutiesto observe the rules and regulations of the Universityto conduct themselves in a manner conducive to the academic environment of the University and the promotion of its objectives.PlagiarismPlagiarism is the representation of another person’s work as one’s own, and includes unacknowledged use of material from books or periodicals, from the internet, from teachers and tutors, or from other students, without full acknowledgement of the sources.At all times, and in particular in relation to written reports and assignments, students are expected to comply with the statement on Plagiarism in the NUI Maynooth Calendar: https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/sites/default/files/assets/document/Plagiarism%20Sept%202015_0.pdfFor the lab, your Continuous Assessment mark is based on your experimental report written in each lab session. Even though you work with a lab partner to carry out the experiment your report should be an independent piece of work written by you and should not be the same report your partner writes. Your conclusions/remarks on the experiment are required and should differ from your partner.GENERAL INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of a laboratory course is:To explore interesting and important physical phenomenato obtain an increased understanding of physical principlesto become familiar with laboratory instrumentsto acquire skill in the manipulation of apparatusto develop skills in observation and in the accurate recording and reporting of resultsExperimentation is the cornerstone of scientific knowledge. A full appreciation of many of the concepts you meet in lectures can only be achieved by exploring their consequences in laboratory experiments. This manual contains detailed instructions for carrying out each experiment; read the section on your next experiment before each session. Some students may have considerable experience of laboratory work, and will feel at home in the lab. In contrast, other students may not have any previous experience at all of doing their own experiments. Those students may find the first few weeks a learning curve: they may have some difficulty completing their experiments in the allotted time, or may find near the end of an experiment that they have misinterpreted the instructions etc. Remember that such ‘disasters’ do not necessarily mean a bad mark for that experiment. Every allowance will be made for initial inexperience and genuine oversight. No allowance will be made for attempts to cover up mistakes or failure to admit mistakes. If you pluck the “right answer” out of thin air you immediately arouse our suspicion. In fact, there is rarely a “right answer”,only well or badly executed experiments. You should make use of the laboratory demonstrators but do not rely on them totally - use your own brains to think your way out of a problem, and ask for help only when you cannot solve the problem yourself. Remember: the lab is a learning experience, not an examination.A good experimental outcome achieved through frequent recourse to the demonstrators will not merit a good mark - it is your contribution that is marked, not that of the demonstrators. Bear in mind that showing steady improvement during the year is the best sign that you are learning. You are not expected to do your experiments perfectly at the beginning of the year but you are expected to improve as the year passes. The appendices contain details on the preparation of a written report for each experiment. Additional information is included there on units and dimensions, graphs, errors and certain items of laboratory equipment.This is an opportunity for every student to obtain a significant continuous assessment mark before entering the examination hall at the end of the term. With diligent effort and steady work, every student should be able to do well in the laboratory.Dr. Neil Trappe First Year Course Director September 2018Writing Up Your Lab Report1. Preparation for each Practical Session(a) Read the laboratory manual and consult the recommended texts beforecoming to the laboratory. Make notes and bring those with you.2. Practical Report(a)The report should be prepared in an A4 hard-backed notebook with lined paperon one side and graph paper on the other supplied by the Department.(b)The report should be submitted on the Monday following the lab by 1pm in theassociated slot outside the first year laboratory(b) The record for each experiment should start on a fresh page. The followingtopics should be covered in the reportDate, Title, and Aim.Brief overview and context of the experiment and main related theory(Show you understand what ideas are being tested and how it is done and what you expect to show)Tables of Results - the results of your experiments should be recorded in ink immediately they are made. The laboratory manual suggests how the tablesof results might be laid out. Give yourself plenty of room in the layout.Clarity is very important. If you have cause to re-measure a certain quantity,record this fact below the table of results. Record the ‘experimentaluncertainties’ as you enter each item on the table.Any relevant graphs should be drawn on the graph paper in the notebook using pencil.Calculations - give the relevant formula and show how you arrived at your answer. Do not hold on to unjustifiable decimal places in your results. Usescientific notation e.g. write 7.43 10-3 instead of 0.00743.Error analysis is only required in 2nd term. Relevant calculations to estimate the accuracy of the experiment must be written in you laboratory notebook.Conclusions (not more than 100 words)-Summarise the aim and method of the experiment.State your main resultsComment on how your results compare with the expectedvalues and explain any discrepanciesSELF ASSESSMENT CHECK-LISTTo help you write a good report, the following questions try to guide you through the items you should include and also avoid common mistakes. Always write all data into your hardback note book not on your lab manual or on scraps of paper!1. Have you written the title and date of the experiment?2. Have you stated the aim of the experiment with a shortdescription of the procedure and apparatus used? (don’ttranscribe manual procedure, just summarise what you did briefly . (Most marks are for results/graphs/calculations and conclusions)3. Is your report written in a clear manner maybe with asimple clear diagram (if required)4. Have you written a good overview of the experiment?(Should be brief & concise)5. Your experimental results.Have you reported a full set of results? Yes No Are they presented clearly with correct units? Yes No Have you checked significant figures of results reported? Yes No5 Graphs (always on graph paper side of book) Do you need a graph to present data? Yes No Are the axes labelled and of correct scale? Yes No Have you drawn a best fit line? (see page 81 manual) Yes No Did you need to calculate a slope? Yes No6 Calculations Did you write down the formula you used? Yes NoDoes your calculation make physical sense – Think! Yes No Have you checked significant figures calculated? Yes NoHave you calculated what was asked for? Yes NoDoes the result seem sensible? Yes No7 Error analysis/UncertaintyHave you calculated error/uncertainty associated with experiment? Yes No Does this look reasonable? (Think of possible sources) Yes No8 Conclusions (100 words or so)Did you summarise the aim and method of experiment? Yes NoDid you state your main results Yes NoWas your experiment successful? Yes No Have you commented on accuracy of results? Yes No Have you stated discrepancies and possible sources of error? (less important in TERM I) Yes NoIntroductory Lab Experiment 1st Lab Session Reading Vernier scalesThe Vernier caliper is a precision instrument that can be used to measure internal and external distances extremely accurately. It is a very ingenious device for obtaining accuracy of a greater order than that obtainable by eye-estimation was invented by P. Vernier (1580 - 1637), and is known by his name. The example shown below is a manual caliper. Measurements are interpreted from the scale by the user. This is more difficult than using a digital Vernier caliper which has an LCD digital display on which the reading appears. The manual version has both an imperial and metric scale. How do we correctly read a Vernier scale? This is often an issue for 1st year students so let’s look at the method to read the Vernier scales and a few examples. The main scale works just like a ruler: the 0 mark on the vernier is compared to a main scale and the result is written down. Use the mark next to the zero, not the mark next to the edge of the vernier. Be sure to record the value of the main scale mark that is just to the left of the vernier zero mark.To take a reading:Look where the zero mark on the Vernier scale meets the main scale. This gives us our course reading, between 1.3 and 1.4cm (13 – 14 mm) in the example below.Now look to find the mark on the Vernier scale which most closely meets a mark on the main scale. In this example it is the 21st mark along (not counting the zero mark), which gives us our value for the most precise digit, in this case 0.42mm.The thickness is 13.42 mm in this example. Each small division of the Vernier scale is 0.02mmAnswer = ____________Answer = ____________Example:Main ScaleVernier ScaleReading A: 9 mmReading B: 0.26mmTotal: 9.26mmNotice that ‘B’ represents thirteen 0.02mm divisions on the vernier scale.Vernier circular scales (consider when required)The same concept can be applied to a circular scale. In the image below, the main outer scale is graduated in intervals of 30 minutes. Each interval on the vernier scale has an arc measure of 29 minutes. Again, count graduations up to the point at which a mark aligns with one on the lower scale. This will show the number of minutes to add to the direct reading.This scale is a bit more complex because the older-style instruments could read angles either right or left. There are two sets of numbers on the outside, stationary scale. The top numbers give the angle right, which is actually read to the left. This may be counterintuitive, but from this perspective the vernier moves to the left as the instrument turns to the right. There was a time (never to return) when I could read a one-minute scale without a magnifying glass. Verniers have also been used for a least-count precision of 30, 20, or 15 seconds. The scale is read with a magnifying glass, often attached to the instrument itself.The Micrometre Screw Gauge.The Micrometre Screw Gauge is an instrument which can measure accurately to ±0.001mm. However, it is limited to objects less than 25mm in size. This instrument also has a ‘vernier scale’.Close the micrometre fully using the ‘rachet stop’ (also known as the friction drive) to avoid over-tightening. Generally, the micrometre will not read zero and this ‘zero correction’ must be added to, or subtracted from the final reading as appropriate. Place the object to be measured between the ‘anvil’ and ‘spindle’. Tighten the micrometre using the ‘rachet stop’ (friction drive). An example is given below of how to read the micrometre. Adjust this reading for the ‘zero correction’.Read the barrel 8.500 mmRead the thimble 0.050 mmRead the vernier 0.008 mm8.558 mmIntroductory Lab Experiment Calculating DENSITY1. AimTo gain experience with Vernier scales in determining the densities of varioussubstances using samples of regular shape and a quick examination of the uncertainty in taking measurements in a lab. 2. TheoryREAD: Cutnell and Johnson - Chapter 11.1. The quantity of density is a measure of how much mass (“stuff”) is contained in a certain volume (length breath height) of a material. For example, Styrofoam would have a low density compared to a metal like gold or iron. Its formula is given by Density Mass in kg Volume in mkg /m 333. ProcedureThere are a number of example materials available in this lab to be analysed:-a rectangular block of wood (oak) an aluminium cylinder a steel ball bearing a brass welding rodEach sample should be weighted on the electronic balance - ‘zero’ the balance by pressing the appropriate button - select the relevant mass scale (200 grams for these samples) and place the sample on the pan. Determine the dimensions of the sample using either the Vernier calipers or the Micrometer Screw Gauge - the micrometer is the more accurate instrument but can only measure up to 25 mm (0.25 10-1 m).See the appendices for details on how to use these instruments. Calculate the volume using one of the formulae:-Rectangular shape - Length Breadth HeightCylindrical shape - (Diameter) Height4Spherical shape -Diameter 2 36Fill out the various rows in the table below which apply to your sample under study. Calculate the various densities for the materials you use.4. Error Analysis (for you information at this stage)Before we go into details of error analysis later in the term it is important to understand the meaning of errors in physics. Error in a scientific measurement does not mean a mistake or blunder. Instead, the terms "error" and "uncertainty" both refer to unavoidable imprecision inmeasurements – the inherent small uncertainty that exists when taking measurements.Density ()Mass () Volume ()M VThe % error in density ( %) is related to the % errors in mass ( M %) and volume ( V %) as follows:-% = M % + V %M %.0011010013Mass in kg The electronic balance on the ‘200gram’ scale is accurate to 001103. kg.V % depends on the shape - using L for length, B for breadth, H for height and D for diameter, calculate V % as follows:-RectangularV L B H %%%% Cylindrical V H D %%% 2 SphericalV D %% 3L0021010013.Length in metres Similarly for B and H (measured with the Vernier calipers whose accuracyis 0022105. mm or m).D 00011010013.Diameter in metresThe Micrometer Screw Gauge is accurate to 0001106. mm (m). Note that the % error in D , the diameter, is doubled for a cylinder and tripled for a sphere.EXPERIMENT 1 – 1 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW____________________________________________________________________ 1.Aim- To verify Newton’s Second Law of Motion.2.TheoryREAD: Cutnell and Johnson – Chapter 4.3When a net external force F is applied to an object of mass m, the acceleration a that results is directly proportional to the net force and has a magnitude that is inversely proportional to the mass. The direction of the acceleration is the same as the direction of the net force. F and a are vector quantities, while m is a scalar quantity.F = m aF is measured in newtons (N), a is measured in metres per second squared (m/s2) and m is measured in kilograms (kg).3.Procedure4. Experimental MethodThe air-track arrangement is similar to that shown above. Unhook the Mass Holder from the Glider and level the track carefully using the adjustable feet. With the air-blower turned on, the Glider will sit on a level track without moving in either direction. Transfer 100 grams from the weight box onto the Mass Holder. Record the mass of the Mass Holder and the added mass as m a. The gravitational force due to m a causes the gilder to be accelerated. This acceleration can be measured electronically using the Smart Timer.Turn on the Smart Timer with the photogate connected to plug 1 on the Smart Timer. Set the Smart Timer to acceleration and to linear pulley. Pressing the start/stop button will make a star appear on the screen. This star indicates that the timer is ready for a measurement to be made.Pull the Glider approximately 90cm from the pulley allowing the mass holder to hang up to about 30cm below the pulley. Turn on the air supply. When the Glider is in place with the air supply on, the start/stop button can be pressed and the Glider released. Press the Start/Stop button such that the star appears and simultaneously release the glider so that it runs the track for an accurate result.Record the figure on the screen of the Smart Timer as the acceleration in cm/s2 due to the combined mass of the 100 g mass and the Mass Holder. Repeat this measurement five times until a consistent set of results is obtained, making sure that the Total Mass of the system remains constant.The Glider does not need to travel the length of the whole track to take the reading and should be stopped manually once a figure appears on the screen and before hitting the damper at the pulley.(Ensure that the laser photogate is accurately being interrupted by the spokes of the wheel pulley by observing the blinking red LED as the glider travels the system)The table below should be copied into your lab notebook and used to record your results. The value of the acceleration due to gravity is g = 9.81m/s2Weigh the Mass Holder, the Glider and the added masses and record this as M T., the total mass of the system.5. Experimental Results:Mass transferred from the Glider to the Mass HolderRunnumber100 grams 90 grams 80 grams 70 grams 60 grams 50 grams1.2.3.averageTransfer another 10 g from the Mass Holder to the Glider and repeat the measurements taken above. Continue to transfer 10 g masses from the Mass Holder to the Glider untilyou have measured the average acceleration caused by having a 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50 gon the Mass Holder.M T – Total system mass = ________ (kg)Total mass of Mass Holder & added masses –m a (kg) Average acceleration causedby the total mass recorded incolumn 1.a (m/s2)Gravitational force due tototal mass recorded incolumn 1 .F a = m a × 9.81 N(This is the ‘applied force’referred to below.)6. Calculations:Draw a graph of the applied force, F a , versus the average acceleration a of the whole system (Glider plus added masses plus Mass Holder), i.e. plot F a on the y axis and a on the x axis.Since Newton’s Second Law states that the acceleration is proportional to the applied force, i.e., F = m a, your data points should lie on a straight line.Measure the slope of your graph and compare your measured slope to the expected value, which is the total mass of the system, M T.7. ConclusionsIn no more than 100 words write a succinct summary of what you have done. State the goal and method of the experiment. State your main results, i.e., Did you find that the acceleration is proportional to the applied force, or not? What value did you get for the constant of proportionality ? Are your results consistent with Newton’s Second Law? If your results are not consistent with Newton’s Second Law, can you suggest why not?8. Sample ConclusionsA horizontal air track apparatus was used to measure the acceleration of a mass of450grams in response to an applied force. The applied force was due to gravity acting on part of the 450 grams. We have found that the acceleration of the mass is indeed proportional to the applied force and that the slope of a graph of force versus acceleration gave a straight line with slope 0.440 kg. This is close to the expected value of 450 grams, and in reasonable agreement with Newton’s Second Law.。

实验室英文IntroductionThe laboratory is an important facility in many fields such as medicine, biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, and environmental science. Laboratories are used for conducting various scientific experiments, research, and analysis. It is a place where scientists, researchers, and students work together to investigate, discover, and solve problems related to various scientific fields. A well-equipped laboratory provides a unique environment for research and development, where the latest tools and techniques are available for carrying out experiments and analysis. In this report, we will discuss the characteristics of a well-equipped laboratory and the essential equipment required in a laboratory.Characteristics of a well-equipped laboratory1. SafetySafety should be the top priority of any laboratory. The laboratory should have safety protocols in place to ensure that the environment is healthy and safe for everyone working there. Safety measures include well-ventilated areas, fire extinguishers, safety goggles, fire alarms, and first aid kits.2. OrganizationA well-equipped laboratory should be organized and clean. Equipment should be stored and labeled properly to avoid confusion and reduce the chance of accidents. A clean laboratory also ensures that experiments are not contaminated.3. Adequate workspaceA well-equipped laboratory should have adequate workspace for conducting experiments. The workspace should be large enough to accommodate all the required equipment and provide enough room for researchers to work comfortably.4. Appropriate lightingA well-equipped laboratory should have appropriate lighting to ensure that researchers have clear visibility when conducting experiments. Lighting should be sufficient and not be too bright, as it can interfere with some reactions.Essential equipment required in a laboratory1. MicroscopesMicroscopes are essential equipment in many fields, including medicine, biology, and microbiology. It provides researchers with the ability to see microscopic structures.2. CentrifugesCentrifuges are essential for separating components in a mixture or solution. It is commonly used in biochemistry and molecular biology.3. SpectrophotometersSpectrophotometers are used in chemistry and biochemistry to measure the intensity of light absorbed by a compound. It is a powerful tool for determining the concentration of a substance.4. pH metersA pH meter is used to measure the level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is a critical tool in many scientific fields, including chemistry and biology.5. BalancesBalances are used to measure mass and weight accurately. It is crucial in various fields such as pharmacology, biochemistry, and analytical chemistry.6. AutoclavesAutoclaves are used for sterilization of equipment and materials used in laboratory experiments. It is essential in microbiology and other fields where contamination is a risk.7. IncubatorsIncubators are used to grow and maintain bacteria and cells in a controlled environment. It is a critical tool in microbiology and cellular biology.ConclusionIn conclusion, a well-equipped laboratory is crucial for effective scientific research and analysis. A safe, organized, and well-lit laboratory environment is essential to minimize the risk of accidents and ensure that experiments are not contaminated. The laboratory equipment discussed in this report is only a sample of many tools required in a laboratory. Scientists, researchers, and students must understand the importance of each equipment and how it is used in various fields. A well-equipped laboratory enables researchers to make significant discoveries and contributes to the advancement of scientific knowledge.。

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Franc法郎219. seminar研讨班220. departure离开221. forward 向前222. person人223. violence暴力224. basketball篮球225. gas气体；汽油226. fox狐狸227. advance提前228. majority多数229. credit 信用230. relief减轻231. prefer更喜欢232. qualification 资格；合格证书233. sand沙子234. lift 举起235. attain实现236. fantasy 幻想237. trap陷阱238. interesting 令人感兴趣的239. nothing没有东西240. civilian平民241. besides而且242. homework家庭作业243. container容器244. fireworks 烟火245. toy玩具246. focus 集中247. decide下决心248. frighten 使惊恐249. cleaner保洁员250. autumn秋天251. beneath在下面252. hostess女主人253. climb攀登254. expert专家255. super极好的256. significance意义257. hair头发258. phrase短语259. authority权力；官方260. agricultural农业的261. explore探究262. framework构架263. café咖啡264. consequence后果265. geography地理学266. your你的267. match比赛268. hall礼堂269. ship船270. suppose猜想271. signature签名272. borrow借273. create创造274. companion同伴275. direction方向276. except把…除外277. big大的278. nutrition营养279. anecdote轶事280. string一系列281. breast胸膛282. flashlight 手电筒283. unconscious 失去知觉的284. champion冠军285. funeral 葬礼286. since自从287. how如何288. jacket 夹克289. robot机器人290. like 喜欢291. pleasant令人愉快的292. airport机场293. compensate补偿294. more更加295. sandwich三明治296. boring无趣的297. seldom很少298. jazz 爵士乐299. mile英里300. apologize道歉301. shout喊叫302. commit犯罪303. can 能够；罐头304. institution 惯例；建立305. upstairs在楼上306. abortion流产；失败307. storage贮存308. bravery勇气309. envelope信封310. amazing令人惊异的311. disappoint使失望312. advantage有利条件313. lab=laboratory 实验室314. foreign 外国的315. conduct引导316. prison监狱317. agreement协议；同意318. botany植物学319. famous 著名的320. mix混合321. level 水平322. go走323. urgent急迫的324. scholar 奖学金获得者；学者325. jet 喷气飞机326. cottage小屋327. sigh叹气328. maid女仆329. pop=popular流行的330. advertisement广告331. western西方的332. course课程333. wound伤口334. together在一起335. reservation预订336. because因为337. realise意识到338. grateful感激的339. huge巨大的340. turn转向341. knowledge理解；学问342. arrive到达343. seaside海边344. assessment评估345. kilometre千米346. plug插头347. impress 给…印象深刻348. else另外349. fail失败350. discuss谈论351. temporary临时的352. volcano火山353. call叫354. asleep睡着的355. amateur业余的356. material材料357. fragrant；物质的358. slave奴隶359. itself 它自己360. stupid笨的361. central中心的362. evening傍晚363. collision碰撞；冲突364. highway公路365. staff全体职员366. Asia亚洲367. medicine医学368. shop商店369. pump泵370. discourage使气馁371. political政治的372. continent大陆373. bless保佑374. jeep 吉普车375. account帐户376. zoom猛涨377. content 满足；容量378. trousers裤子379. tonight今晚380. spend花钱381. astronaut宇航员382. belt腰带383. yet还384. result 结果385. gravity万有引力；重力386. worth价值387. prize奖金388. up向上389. quarrel争吵390. born出生的391. ring 戒指392. guard保护393. driver驾驶员394. otherwise否则395. repair 修理396. back背397. reasonable合理的398. could表示请求399. disappear消失400. shy害羞的401. questionnaire 调查卷402. cheers干杯403. interview面试404. kindness亲切405. gold金406. gradual渐渐的407. quit离去408. medical医学的409. waste浪费410. airmail航空邮件411. expensive昂贵的412. wisdom智慧413. favourite 特别喜欢414. attitude态度415. touch接触416. soil泥土417. especially尤其418. who谁419. suck吮吸420. breath呼吸421. rice大米422. stout结实的423. version译文；看法424. oxygen氧425. grey灰色426. humorous幽默的427. burn燃烧428. regard注视429. seaweed海草430. tremble发抖431. pillow枕头432. garlic大蒜433. straw稻草434. pineapple菠萝435. hot热的436. tradition 传统437. rescue营救438. again再一次439. violent暴力的440. as同样地441. terror恐怖442. fortune 机会；命运443. until到…为止444. pride自豪445. foster 培养446. home家447. peace和平448. shorts短裤449. vertical垂直的450. jam 果酱451. hatch孵化452. atmosphere大气；气氛453. stadium体育场454. main主要的455. people人们456. light 光457. injure 伤害458. witness目击者459. component成分460. weekly周刊461. right正当的；向右462. dialogue对话463. audience观众464. acquire获得465. store贮存；商店466. decline下降467. very十分468. user用户469. spit口水470. undertake着手471. terrible可怕的472. vacation假期473. much非常474. handbag手提包475. saucer茶托476. officer军官477. whisper低声说478. pleased自鸣得意的479. greedy贪吃的480. horse马481. little 小的482. cloudy多云的483. mainland大陆484. fee 费485. taste 尝486. alternative两者择一的487. opening开张488. toothache牙痛489. universal普遍的490. cow母牛491. wheel轮子492. pipe管子493. profession职业494. dig挖495. conversation交谈496. gain获得497. subjective主观的498. thunder 打雷499. clay黏土500. hill小山501. give给予502. budget预算503. against逆着504. cage笼子505. on在…上506. unfit身体不适的507. scene背景508. pint品脱509. freezing严寒的510. oilfield油田511. onion洋葱512. seed种子513. outstanding突出的514. wool羊毛515. crazy发疯的516. sew缝517. shelf架518. freeze 结冰519. speed速度520. behaviour（behavior）行为521. TV=television电视522. chest胸腔；箱子523. knock敲524. something谋事525. directory电话本526. platform平台527. sightseeing观光528. bay湾529. foreigner外国人530. another另一个531. oh哎呀532. zero零533. boy男孩534. handsome英俊的535. rest休息536. study学习537. front前面538. rely信任539. aside在旁边540. appeal呼吁541. competence能力542. fresh新鲜的543. question问题544. south南方545. annoy打扰546. pretty漂亮的547. conference会议；讨论548. communist共产主义者549. sunlight阳光550. cure治疗551. slide滑落552. glance一瞥553. paint涂料554. wine葡萄酒555. dive跳水556. admire称赞557. existence生存558. bureaucratic官僚的559. price价格560. skill技能561. nor也不562. enthusiastic热情的563. volleyball排球564. dam坝565. delicate 易碎的；微妙的；脆弱的566. someone某人567. post 张贴；邮件568. father 父亲569. disgusting 令人作呕的；极坏的570. radioactive放射性的571. offense进攻572. passer-by过路人573. what什么574. human人类575. guarantee保证576. husband丈夫577. island 岛578. painting绘画作品579. nowadays现在580. hardship艰难困苦581. counter柜台；对抗582. collar衣领583. appropriate适当的584. thriller令人兴奋的585. repeat重述586. perform执行587. unbelievable 不可相信的588. dozen一打589. Easter复活节590. noisy嘈杂的591. see看见592. idea 想法593. uncomfortable 不舒服的594. load 负担；装载595. reception接待596. look 看；面向597. value价值598. chess国际象棋599. thunderstorm 雷电交加的暴风雨600. convenient方便的601. kilo千克602. cassette盒式录音带603. toward(s)向；朝604. wood木头605. theft偷窃606. chef厨师长607. businessman商人608. silly蠢的609. tomato番茄610. brunch早午餐611. laugh 笑612. suitcase手提箱613. coin硬币614. spade铲子615. mental精神的616. comfort舒适的617. receiver接受者618. Africa非洲619. percentage百分比620. wrong不正确的621. correspond相符合622. reflect反射623. spy间谍624. somebody某人625. religious宗教的626. last 最后的；上一次627. shade遮光物628. perfume香水629. pity怜悯630. trouble困难631. necklace项链632. pancake薄煎饼633. interest 兴趣634. hen母鸡635. dynasty朝代636. single单一的637. puzzle使迷惑638. head头部639. mean 本意是640. break 打破641. among是…中之一642. certificate证明书643. crowd人群644. wander漫游645. box箱子646. fix 修理647. clinic诊所648. grammar语法649. ball球650. translate翻译651. delete删除652. cheat欺骗653. adjust校正654. ill 有病的655. swing摇摆656. privilege特权657. quarter四分之一658. brain脑659. orbit轨道660. attach贴上661. blind失明的662. wild野生的663. plastic塑料664. adaption适应；改编665. lively 充满活力的666. reply回答667. yours你（们）的668. assume假设669. saying俗话670. composition创作671. sunshine阳光672. union联合673. angle角度674. legal 合法的675. death死亡676. observe观察677. splendid极好的678. scar伤疤679. buy购买680. kill杀死681. rent租金682. distinguish辨别683. lead 指挥684. vest背心685. effect影响686. mud泥687. refer提到；关系到688. globe地球；世界689. zip拉链690. power权利691. marriage结婚692. brilliant明亮的693. pick采694. speech说话695. ancient古代的696. director主管697. replace取代698. pig猪699. autonomous自治的700. red红色的701. output产量；输出702. die死亡703. gifted有天赋的704. station车站705. apple苹果706. teamwork 协力配合707. revision修订708. revolution革命709. surgeon外科医生710. link 连接711. average平均的712. section部门713. fluency流利714. underground底下的715. number数字716. amusement娱乐717. develop开发718. sword剑719. star星720. greengrocer 水果蔬菜商721. lucky 幸运的722. eraser橡皮723. rainbow彩虹724. anxious焦虑的725. beyond在另一边726. news新闻727. waitress女服务生728. reference提及729. switch开关730. caption标题731. rough粗糙的732. rail责备733. photo=photograph相片734. parrot鹦鹉735. must必须736. instant 立即的737. centre中心点738. determine使下决心739. street大街740. voyage航行741. Ms.女士742. patient 耐心；病人743. wake醒744. worker工作者745. Internet 因特网746. coast海岸747. benefit有益于748. with在一起749. already已经750. face 面孔751. none没有人752. broad宽的753. feed 喂养754. shoot射击755. across穿越756. male男性的757. Antarctic南极的758. zone区域759. continue继续760. blackboard黑板761. join 参加762. defend保护763. tentative试验的764. channel海峡765. technical技术的766. snow雪767. difficult困难的768. bird鸟769. widespread 分布广的770. war战争771. pear梨772. lot 许多773. excuse原谅774. actress女演员775. tablet 药片776. score分数777. pronunciation发音778. such这样的779. accent口音780. chat聊天781. deer鹿782. memorial纪念碑783. within不超出784. tent帐篷785. microwave微波786. success成功787. luggage 行李788. ending结局789. noodle面条790. vain自负的；徒劳的791. dentist牙科医生792. district地区793. control控制794. bill账单795. professor教授796. indicate 指示797. gentle温和的798. helicopter直升机799. airplane飞机800. please请801. allowance津贴802. forehead 前额803. stable稳定的804. fast 快的805. lake 湖806. quilt被子807. agenda议事日程808. command命令809. photographer 摄影者810. monitor监视器811. gift礼物812. middle中间的813. means方法814. glare瞪眼815. breakfast早餐816. mad发疯的817. currency货币818. detective侦探819. VCD=visual compact disk视频高密光盘820. prisoner犯人821. dinner正餐822. helmet头盔823. handwriting字迹824. thankful感谢的825. enough充足的826. psychology心理学827. skin皮肤828. amuse逗乐829. cut 剪；割830. poisonous有害的831. hearing听力832. praise称赞833. flight 飞行834. ash灰835. crime罪836. troublesome 引起麻烦的837. coke焦炭838. circulate使循环839. address地址840. numb麻木的841. drunk醉的842. resign辞职；放弃843. menu菜单844. congratulate祝贺845. gay欢乐的；男同性恋846. plain清晰的；平原847. affair事件848. chicken鸡肉849. deed行为850. pure纯的851. cover覆盖852. error错误853. relationship关系854. snowy多雪的855. ticket票；标签856. subject学科；话题857. throughout在…期间858. applicant申请人859. ceiling天花板860. manner方法861. type类型862. remark 评论863. mop擦掉864. smog烟雾865. lid 盖子866. topic题目867. literature 文学作品868. garment衣服869. squirrel松鼠870. aloud大声地871. next接下去872. barrier栅栏873. sharp锋利的874. declare宣布875. headline大字标题876. appreciation 赏识；感谢877. vivid生动的878. well 好879. a.m./am,A.M./AM上午880. thief小偷881. skirt裙子882. wildlife野生生物883. cater提供；迎合884. tissue组织；一套885. leader 领袖886. hide 隐藏887. bit少量888. pioneer开拓者889. nation国家890. disagree不同意891. relevant有关的892. drawer抽屉893. dip浸894. treatment处理895. regular有规律的896. duty职责897. metre米898. download下载899. canal运河900. vague模糊的901. foot 脚902. letter 信903. sadness悲伤904. skate溜冰905. motherland祖国906. dress连衣裙907. some一些908. major主要的909. lie 谎话910. tractor拖拉机911. plus加号912. honour尊重913. bow鞠躬914. public公众的915. reform改革916. fill 满足917. mathematics=math/maths数学918. admission 准许进入；承认919. throat喉咙920. civil公民的921. goat山羊922. watch看923. environment环境924. taxpayer 纳税人925. whether是否926. anxiety焦虑927. carrier搬运人928. captain船长929. apology认错930. broadcast广播931. compete竞争932. matter物质；麻烦933. decision决心934. unwilling不愿意的935. Europe欧洲936. coincidence巧合937. circle圆938. oppose反对939. forty 午睡940. arrest逮捕941. shore岸942. unit单元943. origin起点944. use使用945. inn 小旅馆946. electronic电子的947. volunteer志愿者948. team队949. burst爆发950. thread线；线索951. innocent 清白的952. skyscraper摩天大楼953. hero英雄954. twin 双胞胎955. tiny极小的956. expense花费957. surface表面958. swift速度的959. thermos热960. tutor导师961. dimension尺寸；方面962. god上帝963. behave表现964. jog 慢跑965. wax蜡966. bad坏的967. outside在外面968. vital极重要的969. leaf 叶子970. Asian亚洲人971. pet宠物972. each每一个973. no不974. theater剧院975. think想976. storm暴风雪977. neighbourhood邻居978. clock钟979. dare敢980. explode使爆炸981. peaceful和平的982. pale苍白的983. assumption假定984. typewriter打字机985. concentrate专注于986. several几个987. bell钟988. bitter有苦味的989. reason理由990. dance跳舞991. pest有害的992. shame羞愧993. bored无聊的994. point要点995. analysis分析996. bus公交车997. identification 鉴定998. need需要999. spoon匙1000. nephew外甥1001. physician 内科医生1002. judgment判断1003. gallon加仑1004. meeting会议1005. tobacco烟草1006. wash洗1007. relation关系1008. breathe呼吸1009. clean清洁的1010. chart图表1011. faith 信任1012. hook钩子1013. percent百分比1014. instruction 命令1015. daughter女儿1016. intention 意图1017. yourself你自己1018. booth小房间1019. secure牢固的1020. semicircle 半圆形1021. voice说话声1022. food 食物1023. strait 海峡；困难1024. addicted 上瘾的1025. cartoon卡通1026. prepare准备1027. shave削1028. fight 战争1029. apparent 显然的1030. metal金属1031. pink粉红色1032. passive被动的1033. lovely 可爱的1034. transparent 透明的1035. click单击1036. outward(s)外出的1037. adolescent青春期的1038. than 与…相比较1039. fire 火1040. sick不舒服的1041. grasp抓住1042. ashamed 惭愧的1043. black黑色的1044. interpreter口译1045. weed杂草1046. from 从…1047. beauty美丽1048. schoolboy男生1049. towel毛巾1050. beg乞讨1051. biochemistry生物化学1052. into 到…里1053. symptom症状1054. subscribe订购；捐助1055. shrink收缩1056. allow允许1057. accountant 会计师1058. disturb打扰1059. avenue大街1060. meet遇见1061. message信息1062. bread面包1063. sheet纸片1064. secret秘密1065. whenever任何时候1066. pardon宽恕1067. physical物质的1068. athlete运动员1069. requirement 要求1070. glory光荣1071. surround包围1072. violin小提琴1073. aluminium铝1074. birthplace出生地1075. nuclear核的1076. equal平等的1077. most最1078. often常常1079. soup汤1080. rigid僵硬的；严格的1081. adjustment 调节1082. blue蓝色；忧郁1083. abstract抽象的1084. steady稳定的1085. rope绳索1086. sink 下沉1087. goose鹅1088. place地方1089. truck 卡车1090. job 职业1091. wide宽的1092. compromise 妥协1093. arrival到达1094. rooster公鸡1095. tick滴答声1096. intelligence 智力1097. theme主题1098. wait等候1099. postpone延期1100. hole洞1101. deserve应得1102. institute 建立1103. surrounding 环境1104. twice两倍1105. coal煤块1106. draw绘画1107. yard场院1108. destroy毁灭1109. rag破布1110. correction 改正的1111. ownership所有权1112. predict预言1113. agency代理行1114. I 我1115. automatic 自动的1116. guess猜1117. lunch 午餐1118. rugby橄榄球1119. burden重负1120. enter进入1121. discussion讨论1122. struggle打斗1123. editor编辑1124. reduce减少1125. prohibit禁止1126. persuade说服1127. day天1128. sharpener削刀1129. research研究1130. greet欢迎1131. educator教员1132. penny便士1133. get得到1134. cheap廉价的1135. lose 失去1136. customs海关1137. salty含盐的1138. height高度1139. find 找到1140. above在…上方1141. aid帮助1142. 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Olympic奥林匹克1567. confuse使困惑1568. preference偏爱1569. artificial人造的1570. expression表示1571. drink 喝1572. check检查1573. ban禁止1574. interrupt 打断1575. divorce 离婚；分离1576. variety种类1577. altogether全部地1578. anniversary 周年纪念1579. herb药草1580. jump 跳1581. foolish 愚蠢的1582. quick快的1583. he他1584. deposit 放置；存款1585. at在；于1586. train 火车1587. shabby卑鄙的1588. ripen成熟1589. worldwide全世界1590. computer 计算机1591. sob哭1592. kick踢1593. thirst渴1594. partly部分地1595. upset使心烦1596. chalk粉笔1597. diagram图解1598. appear出现1599. lamp 灯1600. if 如果1601. lorry 卡车1602. congratulation祝贺1603. forgetful 健忘的1604. castle城堡1605. skatebroad 滑板1606. toothpaste牙膏1607. ordinary普通的1608. piano钢琴1609. collection收集1610. emperor皇帝1611. remove移走1612. unlike不同的1613. encouragement鼓励1614. bungalow平房1615. lazy 懒惰的1616. measure测量1617. perhaps大概1618. native本国的1619. ought应该1620. wag摇摆1621. become变为1622. astronomer 天文学者1623. contemporary当代的1624. villager 村民1625. rewind倒回1626. when在那时1627. receive收到1628. other其他的1629. salary薪水1630. potential 潜在的1631. compass罗盘；圆规1632. animal动物1633. ear耳朵1634. pension退休金1635. annual每年的1636. salesman 销售员1637. month月份1638. behind 在…后面1639. drug药物1640. creature生物1641. hire雇用；工钱1642. respect尊重1643. granddaughter孙女1644. partner搭档1645. jaw 闲谈1646. mind想法1647. total 总计1648. alarm警告1649. aggressive 好斗的1650. mobile 可移动的1651. attention专心1652. require 命令；需求1653. air空气1654. basement 地下室1655. belong属于1656. equipment设备1657. recite 背诵；列举1658. standard标准1659. straight直的1660. chief首领1661. decade十年1662. shot开枪1663. earthquake 地震1664. scare恐吓1665. PC=personal computer个人电脑。

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以4，5-咪唑-二羧酸为配体的金属锌配合物的制备及性能研究作者：周健左明辉姜鹤项双龙来源：《牡丹江师范学院学报（自然科学版）》2021年第02期摘要：采用水热法制备金属锌配合物[Zn（Himdc）2（H2O）2]（1）.以4，5-咪唑-二羧酸（H2imdc）和硝酸锌为原料，在水热条件合成金属锌配合物[Zn（Himdc）2（H2O）2].X-射线单晶衍射分析表明，合成的配合物为单核配合物，分子间氢键将单核配合物联接成三维氢键超分子网络结构.关键词：水热合成法;氢键;配合物;咪唑4，5-二羧酸[中图分类号]O623.6 [文献标志码]ASynthesis and Properties of Zinc Complex Based on4，5-imidazole-dicarboxylic AcidZHOU Jiana，ZUO Minghui*b，JIANG Heb， XIANG Shuanglongb（Mudanjiang Normal University Mudanjiang a.Superhard Materials Physics Laboratory，b.College of physicsand Electronic Engineering，Mudanjiang 157011，China）Abstract：A zinc metal complex [Zn（Himdc）2（H2O）2]（1） have been obtained by hydrothermal method.The metal zinc complex [Zn（Himdc）2（H2O）2] was synthesized from 4，5-imidazole-dicarboxylic acid （H2imdc） and Zn（NO3）2·6H2O under hydrothermal conditions.The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the complexes was a mononuclear complex.The mononuclear complexes were connected by intermolecular hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional hydrogen bond supramolecular network.Key words：hydrothermal synthesis method;hydrogen bonding;complex;4，5-Imidazoledicarboxylic acid咪唑-4，5-二羧酸是含氮杂环配体，可以通过配位键、氢键以及π-π堆积等协同作用与金属离子组装出各种结构新颖、功能独特的咪唑类金属配合物.[1-6]这类配合物因具有特殊的光学性质、磁性、催化活性、生命科学和生物活性，成为配合物研究领域的热点之一.本文采用水热法，以咪唑-4，5-二羧酸（H2imdc）作为主配体制备含有中心锌的配合物[Zn（Himdc）2（H2O）2]（1）（Himdc-=4，5-咪唑二甲酸单阴离子）——含咪唑配体的金属配合物，并研究氢键在构建超分子结构中的作用.[7-12]1 实验部分1.1 实验仪器Vario EL Ш型元素分析仪，Perkin-Elmer TGA7热重分析仪，D/max-2200PC型X射线衍射仪，F-7000荧光分光光度计，Frontier LR64912C傅里叶红外光谱仪.1.2 金属配合物[Zn（Himdc）2（H2O）2]的制备称取Zn（NO3）2·6H2O（0.2 mmol，0.069 g），咪唑-4，5-二羧酸（0.1 mmol，0.018 g），量取5 mL混合溶液（水/DMF=3∶2），装入25 mL内衬聚四氟乙烯的不锈钢高压反应釜中，搅拌5 min.24 h内，采用线性升温法将温度升至100 ℃.在此温度下恒温48 h后，24 h 降温至30 ℃.在釜底收集到深橘色规则长方形块状透明晶体，抽滤并用蒸馏水洗涤，自然干燥，得到配合物1，产率为67%.C10H10N4O10Zn元素分析（%）：C，29.15;H，2.42;N，13.60.实验值（%）：C，28.16;H，1.59;N，12.71.1.3 X-射线晶体学研究Smart Apex CCD衍射仪进行单晶X射线分析：296（2）K，石墨单色化Mo-Kα射线（λ=0.1073），ω扫描技术.采用洛伦兹极化效应因子对数据进行吸收校正[13]，直接方法求解结构，全矩阵最小二乘法对其结构进行精修[14]，各向异性位移参数对配合物的所有非氢原子进行精修.配合物1主要晶体学数据见表DC号为1967488.2 结果与讨论2.1 晶体结构配合物1为单核配合物，如图1所示，金属锌离子为反演中心.配合物1的不对称单元含有一个Zn（II）离子，一个4，5-咪唑二甲酸单阴离子（Himdc-），一个配位水分子.Zn1离子处于扭曲的八面体N2O4环境中，赤道方向有两个位于反式位置的Himdc-，通过羧基氧原子（O4和O4A）和邻位咪唑环的氮原子（N1和N1A）五元螯合与Zn（II）配位，形成四个配位位点.轴向方向由两个水分子的氧（O1W和O1WA）配位，从而形成八面体六配位模式，具有常规的Zn-O （2.1477（17） -2.155（2） nm）和Zn-N键长（2.0753（19） nm）（见表2）.值得注意的是，在单核配合物1中为未配位的O3和未去质子化O1存在分子内氢键O1-H1…O3，Himdc-中N2原子作为氢键给体与4位上的羧酸基团的两个氧原子（O1B和O2B）通过分子间氢键N2-H2…O1B和N2-H2…O2B将单核配合物联接成一维氢键超分子链（表3和图2a），每个单核配合物中Himdc-又可以通過分子间氢键与四个邻近的单核配合物相连接（图2b），形成二维氢键超分子层.配位水分子作为氢键给体分别与两个不同核的5位上的羧基氧原子（O3C和O4D）形成分子间氢键，这样层与层通过分子间O1W-H1WA…O3C和O1W-H1WB…O4D链接成三维超分子氢键网（图3和表3）.除了分子間氢键相互作用外，相邻层中的咪唑环之间还观察到短的π-π相互作用.这些作用也导致配合物1具有稳定的三维结构.2.2 XRD分析在室温下测量配合物1的PXRD数据（图4），以检查相纯度.1的粉末XRD谱图与X-射线单晶数据模拟谱图吻合较好，表明两种化合物的相纯度较高，差异不显著.强度的不同可能是由于结晶粉末样品的择优取向.2.3 热重分析用傅里叶变换红外光谱研究配合物1的化学结构，结果见图5.在3 460 cm-1的吸收峰是由于O-H键伸缩振动引起的，表明配合物1中存在水分子.3 127 cm-1为咪唑环的N-H振动吸收峰.在1 430，1 577，1 653 cm-1处出现的特征振动峰对应的是羧基.在1 078，1 154，1 250 cm-1处的特征峰可归因于C-N键伸缩振动的结果.880～847 cm-1是C-H键的面外弯曲振动峰.分析结果与晶体结构一致.配合物1的TGA曲线见图6.在38～266 ℃时，失重对应配位水分子的失去，质量损失率为8.23%，与理论值8.7%基本相符.在266～346 ℃时，失重对应于一个4，5-咪唑二羧酸单阴离子的分解，质量损失为37.21%（理论值为37.68%）.随着温度的升高，在346～620 ℃时，失重对应于咪唑环的分解，质量损失为16.45%，理论值为16.03%，基本相符.样品继续加热，在700 ℃时分解完全，曲线趋于平稳.最终产物为ZnO（实验值为27.72%，理论值为19.77%）.ZnO的实验值高于理论值，表明有部分配合物未分解完全，表明由氢键构筑的超分子结构配合物有良好的稳定性.DTG曲线呈现三个峰，表明245 ℃为配位水分子的分解温度，290 ℃为4，5-咪唑二羧酸单阴离子的分解温度，600 ℃为咪唑环的分解温度.2.4 荧光光谱分析配合物1在激发波长为290 nm时，在504 nm处显示出较强的发射峰，见图7.由于Zn （II）离子，其d10电子构型难以氧化或还原，配合物1的发射带在性质上既不是金属对配体电荷转移，也不是配体对金属电荷转移，由于发射光谱与自由配体相似，它的发射很可能归属于以配体为金属中心的电子跃迁，即π*→n或π*→π电子跃迁.3 结论采用水热法，以4，5-咪唑-二羧酸（H2imdc）和硝酸锌为原料，合成了金属锌配合物[Zn （Himdc）2（H2O）2].X-射线单晶衍射分析表明，配合物为单核配合物，Zn（II）与来自两个Himdc-中的两个氮原子、两个羧基氧原子以及两个水分子配位，形成六配位八面体构型.配合物中同时存在分子内氢键和分子间氢键.每个单核配合物的Himdc-中N2原子作为氢键给体与邻近核中4位上羧酸的两个氧原子形成分子间氢键，将单核配合物联接成二维氢键层.配位水分子与5位上的羧基氧原子形成氢键，将二维氢键层超分联结成三维氢键超分子网络结构.荧光光谱测量显示，配合物的最大发射波长为504 nm.热重分析显示，配合物热稳定性较好，在700 ℃才能分解完全.分子间氢键能有效地构建新型单核金属配合物.参考文献[1]Shimizu E，Kondo K，Fuwa Y，et al.Synthesis and crystal structures of metal complexes with 4，5-imidazole-dicarboxylate chelates：self-assembl ed structures via NH…OC intermolecular hydrogen bonds [J].Inorganic Chemistry Communications，2004，7（11）：1191-1194.[2]Desiraju G R.Hydrogen bridges in crystal engineering：interactions without borders [J].Acc.Chem.Res.，2002，33（7）：565-573.[3]Kondo M，Nabari K，Horiba T，et al.Synthesis and crystal structure of [Ni{bis（2，5-dihydroxysalicylidene）ethylenediaminato]：a hydrogen bonded assembly of Ni（II）–salen complex [J].Inorganic Chemistry Communications，2003，6（2）：154-156.[4]Tadokoro M，Kanno H，Kitajima T，et al.Self-organizing super-structures formed from hydrogen-bonded biimidazolate metal complexes [J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences，2002，99（8）：4950-4955.[5]Choi H J，.Soon L T，.Paik S M，Self-Assembly of a Molecular Floral Lace with One-Dimensional Channels and Inclusion of Glucose [J].Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.，1999，38（10）：1405-1408.[6]Atwood J L，Barbour L J，Jerqa A，Storage of Methane and Freon by Interstitial van der Waals Confinement [J].Science，2002，296 （5577）：2367-2369.除了分子間氢键相互作用外，相邻层中的咪唑环之间还观察到短的π-π相互作用.这些作用也导致配合物1具有稳定的三维结构.2.2 XRD分析在室温下测量配合物1的PXRD数据（图4），以检查相纯度.1的粉末XRD谱图与X-射线单晶数据模拟谱图吻合较好，表明两种化合物的相纯度较高，差异不显著.强度的不同可能是由于结晶粉末样品的择优取向.2.3 热重分析用傅里叶变换红外光谱研究配合物1的化学结构，结果见图5.在3 460 cm-1的吸收峰是由于O-H键伸缩振动引起的，表明配合物1中存在水分子.3 127 cm-1为咪唑环的N-H振动吸收峰.在1 430，1 577，1 653 cm-1处出现的特征振动峰对应的是羧基.在1 078，1 154，1 250 cm-1处的特征峰可归因于C-N键伸缩振动的结果.880～847 cm-1是C-H键的面外弯曲振动峰.分析结果与晶体结构一致.配合物1的TGA曲线见图6.在38～266 ℃时，失重对应配位水分子的失去，质量损失率为8.23%，与理论值8.7%基本相符.在266～346 ℃时，失重对应于一个4，5-咪唑二羧酸单阴离子的分解，质量损失为37.21%（理论值为37.68%）.随着温度的升高，在346～620 ℃时，失重对应于咪唑环的分解，质量损失为16.45%，理论值为16.03%，基本相符.样品继续加热，在700 ℃时分解完全，曲线趋于平稳.最终产物为ZnO（实验值为27.72%，理论值为19.77%）.ZnO的实验值高于理论值，表明有部分配合物未分解完全，表明由氢键构筑的超分子结构配合物有良好的稳定性.DTG曲线呈现三个峰，表明245 ℃为配位水分子的分解温度，290 ℃为4，5-咪唑二羧酸单阴离子的分解温度，600 ℃为咪唑环的分解温度.2.4 荧光光谱分析配合物1在激发波长为290 nm时，在504 nm处显示出较强的发射峰，见图7.由于Zn （II）离子，其d10电子构型难以氧化或还原，配合物1的发射带在性质上既不是金属对配体电荷转移，也不是配体对金属电荷转移，由于发射光谱与自由配体相似，它的发射很可能归属于以配体为金属中心的电子跃迁，即π*→n或π*→π电子跃迁.3 结论采用水热法，以4，5-咪唑-二羧酸（H2imdc）和硝酸锌为原料，合成了金属锌配合物[Zn （Himdc）2（H2O）2].X-射线单晶衍射分析表明，配合物为单核配合物，Zn（II）与来自两个Himdc-中的两个氮原子、两个羧基氧原子以及两个水分子配位，形成六配位八面体构型.配合物中同时存在分子内氢键和分子间氢键.每个单核配合物的Himdc-中N2原子作为氢键给体与邻近核中4位上羧酸的两个氧原子形成分子间氢键，将单核配合物联接成二维氢键层.配位水分子与5位上的羧基氧原子形成氢键，将二维氢键层超分联结成三维氢键超分子网络结构.荧光光谱测量显示，配合物的最大发射波长为504 nm.热重分析显示，配合物热稳定性较好，在700 ℃才能分解完全.分子间氢键能有效地构建新型单核金属配合物.参考文献[1]Shimizu E，Kondo K，Fuwa Y，et al.Synthesis and crystal structures of metal complexes with 4，5-imidazole-dicarboxylate chelates：self-assembl ed structures via NH…OC intermolecular hydrogen bonds [J].Inorganic Chemistry Communications，2004，7（11）：1191-1194.[2]Desiraju G R.Hydrogen bridges in crystal engineering：interactions without borders [J].Acc.Chem.Res.，2002，33（7）：565-573.[3]Kondo M，Nabari K，Horiba T，et al.Synthesis and crystal structure of [Ni{bis（2，5-dihydroxysalicylidene）ethylenediaminato]：a hydrogen bonded assembly of Ni（II）–salen complex [J].Inorganic Chemistry Communications，2003，6（2）：154-156.[4]Tadokoro M，Kanno H，Kitajima T，et al.Self-organizing super-structures formed from hydrogen-bonded biimidazolate metal complexes [J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences，2002，99（8）：4950-4955.[5]Choi H J，.Soon L T，.Paik S M，Self-Assembly of a Molecular Floral Lace with One-Dimensional Channels and Inclusion of Glucose [J].Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.，1999，38（10）：1405-1408.[6]Atwood J L，Barbour L J，Jerqa A，Storage of Methane and Freon by Interstitial van der Waals Confinement [J].Science，2002，296 （5577）：2367-2369.。