Key Chinese Concepts

期末考试范围• 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%）• 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。

（15%）•eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter howpoor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence andvirtue.• 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。

（25%）4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%）5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论（comment)。

（30%）如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。

价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 AUnit10 BUnit1 AKey conceptsreservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神Q1、what is a reserved person like?Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.Q3、what is sportsmanship?Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.Case studyQ、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?Answer: The loud speaking and speaking their native language made the reserved British feel quite unhappy. The Englishman is reserved, he doesn’t show much emotion and seldom gets excited.Unit1 BKey conceptsthe pioneering spirit创业精神trying something new探索精神equality平等national optimism 民族乐观freedom自由the Declaration of Independence独立宣言rags-to-richer白手起家social mobility社会流动性American dream美国梦Comprehension questions1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom. The American is competitive, friendly, spontaneous, adaptable, efficient, energetic, and kindhearted.2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an importantpart of the American character?1). Except for the slaves, immigrants came to America voluntarily in search of greater prosperity and freedom. (para3)2). In the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneering spirit led American settlers to travel westward in search of land and gold. (para4)3). The desire to start a new life in a new place is noticeable throughout the nation. Many Americans change residences every year. (para5) 4). Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. (para7)3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. Impact: Americans are optimistic and adventurous. The typical American believed in trying something new in an attempt to make life better. He had a firm faith in the possibility of progress. Every day in every way I am getting better and better.4. What are the basic roots of American character?The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.Case studyQ;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people.The American did something that he thought is friendly, but the English seemed quite unfriendly to him, so he felt uncomfortable.American is a bit casual, optimistic and outgoing. He called the first names and touched the people on the shoulder.But, English are reserved and conservative. They dislike physical touch and dislike to show much emotion. It’s also not polite to call the first names.Suggestions:1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.Passage C The Chinese CharacterComprehension Questions1.Apart from family, what are other important units in Chinese society? How dothey work?Clan. A clan is the aggregate of kinship. A clan may comprise a whole village or suburb, and counties, provinces and state are conglomerates of a vast number of villages and suburbs with such clan populations.Grouping linked by friendship or marriage is also another important unit in Chinese society. A district may have all its groupings so associated together, and this forms the basis for common action in an emergency.2.Why is China a country with highly complicated social relationship? What aresupposed to be the advantages and disadvantages of it?Chinese society appears as a mass of circles or groupings rather than status or levels. Within each circle or grouping the people are related in clan or closer kinship and offer cooperation and succor to each other. Marriage and friendship created links with other clans and groupings. Therefore, a district may have all its groupings so associated together. So, the social relationship in China is more close and complicated than Western countries.Such kind is good for the steady of a society and peaceful life, good for governing but not good for development, for any new ideas and reformation. It is as personal oriented society. Sometimes it is easy to deal with something, but other times it makes things more complicated and even hinder the development of a society. For example, the complicated social relation becomes a big barrier for the implementation of lawand justice. It may give rise to the unequal of chance and resources. ...(a free answer question)3.Can you list some of the characteristics of the general character of the Chinesepeople based on the text. Try to give the possible reasons for the formation of such character.Chinese people are compromising, patient, mediative, harmonious, obedient, passive, pacific, long-viewing, tolerant, filial, conservative, thrift, friendly, diligent, and so on. They tend to be in low profile, hide their strength and depreciate their success. The character of Chinese is caused by many factors. From the text, we know its closely related to the organization of Chinese society. The Chinese society is organized by clans or friends of close association. It is a big circle of complicated relations. To maintain the steady of the circle, such kinds of character are of significant importance.Case StudyChina is a society of complicated social relation. Friend is a very important factor in society. Chinese people take care of maintaining friendship and tend to avoid direct conflict or making other lose face. In this case, to maintain the face of Jimmy, I would not mention the borrowed money in the face of Jimmy. But Jimmy keeping reminding "I" of the money made "I" feel quite embarrassed, and a bit angry. "I" thought Jimmy was not friendly.America is a society advocates individualism and their social relation is quite loose. They think friend is friend, money is money. What's more, compared with Chinese society, it is one with low-contexted culture, in which people would put everything in words and say it directly. In the case, Jimmy reminded "I" once again about the money lest "I" forget about it. To Jimmy, it was the fault of "I" not mentioning about the borrowed money earlier. So, when "I" asked about it, he said "Why didn't you remind me earlier?"What’s more, Americans don’t readily give money to others, which will most likely render a sense of humiliation about one’s ability to earn one’s own living. So in this case, Jimmy is a bit annoyed for “I” not remind him to pay back the borrowed money. He thought that he had been looked upon by “I”.Unit2 Akey concept:Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想 humanism 人道主义individualism个人主义collectivism集体主义individual's right个人权利1. According to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.”2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism, collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit,an organization or a community .3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values?In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselvesas much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups .(2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals shouldnot be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.(3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisionsfor themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chineseterm for “individualism,”geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.No, I don’t think so .Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism”has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .6. Are all the Westerners individualists? Are all the Chinese collectivists? (P20 para20)Saying that Western culture is individualist does not mean that all Westerners are always individualist. Rather, it means that Westerners are more likely to think and act in individualist ways than people in collectivist cultures are. The difference between individualist and collectivist cultures is relative, not absolute.Case study1.Would you please help Shi Hai interpret the Chinese saying he mentioned? Common fame is seldom to blame; shoot the bird which takes the lead; The outstanding usually bear the brunt of attack.2. Would you please make suitable explanations for his declining the promotion so that Joe would understand him?Chinese people respect collectivism and emphasize cooperation, so individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit .so he thinks he should not receive the honor personally.Unit3 Akey concept:Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults?The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the childis a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so highin the United States?(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?(1)American old people live apart from their children. Some families may place older relatives in nursing homes.(2)Their financial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.4. As a child in a Chinese family, how can you make your parents happy? Answer is open.1). To advance the family as a group and bring honor to the family name as well.2).To show filial duty and responsibility to parents. 3). To emphasize the peace and harmony of a family.case1: Q1：He will feel amazing and sympathy for her ,for which she is old enough but still living alone.Q2:1.In individualist cultures like that of the US, children arealienated from parents because parents chain them to be independent, “push them out of the nest”.2.Because of the cultural emphasis on self-reliance, the mother feelsit is inappropriate to ask for help, and the children may even think it is inappropriate to offer.3.Individualism leads people to feel they should stay out of eachother’s business.Case2:1).It is an offence to slap a child in America, but not in China. In America,ill-treating the children is illegal. The police may arrest the parents and send the children to DCFS shelter.2)In America, a sense of equality often exists in American homes.3). In China, parents regard their children as private prosperity.Chinese think Beating means love, scolding means affection tochildren.Unit3 BKey concepts：A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence暂时Personal goals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities 职责 A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆Stable 稳固 Connection VS contract关系和合约Comprehension questions1.What are the characteristics of American social relationship? Impermanent and loose, individual’s needs come first, contractual and compartmentalized.2.Why is American social relationship impermanent?They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.3.Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese socialrelationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ?what is the difference between each part?○2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○3 the difference between inner and out side is from most important to least important.4.What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese andAmerican?•1). Americans have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few. (para8) •American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized because they are based on a shared activity, event, or experience. (para9) •2). Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. (para10) •5.Do you think friendship shares some common elements in differentcultures? If you do, what are they?Answer is open.Both regard friendship as a very important thing to individuals.Case 1•Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together .•It’s not appropriate for the Americans to use personal connections to help a friend get something hard to obtain.•This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality.Case 2• 1. Not really, just because their children like to play together, these two women plan to get together at each other’s houses.• 2. They are common friends. a). American friendships are based ona shared activity, event, or experience. b). They view themselvesand others as a composite of distinct interests. c). Their children like to play together, so they have some common interests. d). They may get together just because their kids would enjoy that.Case3•Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school.•No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship.•Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is impermanent and based on a shared class, activity or event .If one drop out of it, they may lose contact with the friends with whom they sharedthat activity.Unit5AKey concepts：Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈harmony 和谐violence and cruelty暴力和残酷conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养pragmatism实用主义1.What are the functions of chopsticks?Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knives at dinner?The ancestors of many Western countries lived by hunting. Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staple food. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasized the delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and taste that Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients, herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?Under the influence of pragmatism, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy to Westerners, having little to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the balance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.5.Do you know why vegetables became the staple food of the Chinese, while meat became the main food of Americans?• 1. Historically, China is an agricultural country, while the ancestors of Americans lived by hunting.• 2. Environmentally, China has a large amount of population and lack of land to support a cattle industry. America has an abundance of fertile, flat land for grazing cattle and food production.•Case Study:• 1.Why did Ling Hong’s mother keep on encouraging Susan to eat more even after Susan refused?•In Chinese culture, Ling Hong’s mother kept on encouraging Susan to eat more is to show the hospitality of the host to Susan.• 2.Why did Susan feel embarrassed when Ling Hong’s mother put some food in her bowl with her chopsticks?•Because in western culture, food is usually served separately to each person----partly for hygiene reasons and partly due toindividualism.Unit6 AKey concepts ：1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imagination to produce newideas, make things.2.Exploring:探索1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other peopleOriginality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. thequality of being new and original (not derived from something else)Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can youfind the theories supporting the different teaching methods?2. Answer is open.3. Answer is open. Don’t help the baby stand immediately. Let the baby explore and experience, and try to find the balance to stand by itself.Case1:Firstly, Chinese students are used to take what the teacher's said as authority, and try to memorize what is given in lessons. On the other hand, teaching in China focus more on knowledge than on creation, to make students with the same ideas, the same knowledge. Moreover, to them, it is impolite to challenge the teacher's words, to form different ideas from the teacher. But to the Westerners, things are quite different. The aim of western education is to produce students with different ideas, to develop their creativity. To them, the more questions asked in class means more attention you give to what the teacher says. And more interest you show to the topic and the teacher. So, in this case, Professor Johnson mistook the silence of the students as their no interest in his subject, and felt disappointed.Case21. Because the American teacher thought that I was an adult, I should at least have some ideas about a question, no matter how difficult it is, even the answer is totally wrong.2. Chinese educators are used to “teaching by holding his hand”. So long as the students are shown how to do something, they are less likely to solve a problem effectively by themselves. They may lack of creativity and self-reliance.unit7AKey concepts；1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.4. Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.5. People oriented:以人为方向的do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.Comprehension questions (p82)1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures? Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Difficulties: M-time-oriented person should keep waiting.Feelings: To feel put down, angry and frustrated.4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Difficulties: P-time-oriented person dislikes to squeeze people in . They prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them. Feelings: To feel compelled and uncomfortable.5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?•M. S: stimulating, productive, desirable, punctual• W: without reference to logic and human needs•.•P. S: Being oriented toward people, emphasizing human needs.• W: wasteful and distracting, not punctualCase1(para3)• 1.No , I don't like . Robert is a monochronicpeople , these people see time as being dividedinto fixed elements(seconds ,minutes ,hours ,etc), sequentialblocks that can be organized, quantified, andscheduled .They love to plan in detail, make lists,keep track of activities and organize time into adaily routine. so Robert does things like this.• 2. I'm a polychronic people , I dislike doingthings in haste.Case2(para5)•The director is a polychronic people , peoplein such kind of cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time , they do not perceive appointments as iron-clad commitments ,therefore ,in these cultures, personal interaction an relationship development are more important than making appointments or meeting deadlines. so the director had the behavior toward Katherine .Unit10 B课后四个comprehension questions:Case Study:❖Question 1: Why does the secretary quit her job?❖The manager has made a number of mistakes, by not understanding that in some cultures it is not acceptable to criticize people in front of others.This is because a public telling-off leads to a "loss of face". It can also be unacceptable to show emotion at the workplace. Although there are always going to be times when criticism is necessary, in this cultural context, direct criticism, even in a one-to-one situation, is not acceptable.❖Question 2: Can you give some suggestions to handle the situation?Verluyten, who has carried out research into indirectness and conflict avoidance amongst executives in a range of countries, suggests that there are three ways of dealing with the situation:❖ 1 Blur the sender. This means that you don't criticize the person directly. but do so through a friend or colleague.❖ 2 Blur the receiver. This means that you mention the problem in front of thewhole group, rather than pick out an individual.❖ 3 Blur the message. This could mean talking about a hypothetical case, or asking indirect questions, such as "Do you still live out of town?" or "How is the baby?" It might even involve giving excessive praise-- the secretary would then know that something was wrong.。

69October 2018中国文化核心词 KeY CHInese ConCepts引例 Citations:引例 Citations:Selected from Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.经世致用jīnɡshì-zhìyònɡ Study of Ancient Classics Should Meet Present Needs学术要对国家和社会的治理发挥实际效用。

“经世”即治理国家和社会事务，“致用”即发挥实际效用。

17世纪初思想家顾炎武、王夫之、黄宗羲、李等人倡导学术研究要关注现实，通过解释古代典籍，阐发自己的社会政治见解，解决社会实际问题，以增进国家治理、民生安定、社会改良。

这一思想强调知识的政治价值和知识分子的现实担当，体现了中国传统知识分子讲求功效、务实的思想特点和“以天下为己任”的情怀。

Learning should contribute to good governance. Jingshi (经世) means governance of the coun-try and society, and zhiyong (致用) refers to meeting practical needs. In the early 17th century, thinkers such as Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi, Huang Zongxi, and Li Yong argued that scholarly studies should be geared to meet current needs. They held that while interpreting ancient classics, scholars should expound their views on the social and political issues of their day, solve practical problems, enhance governance of the country, improve people’s livelihood, and promote social reform. This view stressed the practical value of knowledge and the practical responsibilities of intellectuals. It reflects the pragmatic character of traditional Chinese intellectuals as well as their concern for the well-being of the people and eagerness to shoulder responsibility for the whole nation.◎事皆有理，至其理，乃格物也。

外研版八年级上册Module5Unit 2 It descibes the changes inChinese society教案Objective:➢Students will understand and discuss the changes in Chinese society over time.➢Students will learn and use vocabulary related to social changes.➢Students will practice expressing opinions and providing reasons. Materials:✓Textbook: Module 5, Unit 2 "It Describes the Changes in Chinese Society."✓Visual Aids: Graphs, charts, and images illustrating social changes in China.✓Whiteboard and Markers.✓Handout: Worksheets with vocabulary exercises and discussion prompts.✓Audio Clip: A recording featuring dialogues related to expressing opinions on social changes.Introduction :1)Begin with a discussion on the concept of social change, askingstudents about their understanding and perceptions.2)Introduce the unit topic: "The Evolution of Chinese Society."3)Show visual aids such as graphs or images depicting changes inChinese society.Vocabulary Building :(1)Present key vocabulary related to social changes and development inChinese society.(2)Discuss pronunciation and meanings of the new words.(3)Use the whiteboard to list the vocabulary and create sentences usingthe words.Reading and prehension:1)Have students read the text in the textbook describing the changes inChinese society.2)Discuss prehension questions as a class.3)Analyze the text together, identifying key points and supportingdetails.Listening and Speaking Activity :(1)Play an audio clip featuring dialogues expressing opinions on socialchanges.(2)Discuss the content and ask students to express their own opinionson how society has evolved.(3)Conduct pair or group discussions where students use thevocabulary learned to express their views on social changes. Writing Activity :1)Provide a writing task where students pose short paragraphsexpressing their opinions on a specific aspect of social change in China.2)Emphasize the use of vocabulary from the lesson.3)Peer review and discuss the written paragraphs in class.Group Activity: Timeline Creation:(1)Divide the class into small groups and provide each group with atimeline template.(2)Instruct students to research and create a timeline illustratingsignificant social changes in China.(3)Groups present their timelines to the class, explaining the events theychose and their impact on society.Cultural Connection :1)Discuss the cultural and historical context of the social changesmentioned in the lesson.2)Connect the changes to broader cultural, economic, or politicaldevelopments in China.3)Encourage students to explore how these changes have shaped themodern Chinese society.Conclusion and Homework Assignment:◆Summarize the key concepts learned in the lesson.◆Assign homework: Students research and write a short essay on aspecific aspect of social change in China, providing historical context and personal reflections.。

中国时政术语标准英译《中国时政术语标准英译》As China continues to play an increasingly important role in global politics, there is a growing demand for accurate translations of Chinese political terminology. The accurate translation of these terms is crucial for international communication and understanding of China's political system and policies.In response to this need, the Chinese government has established a set of standard English translations for key political terms. These translations are intended to provide a clear and consistent understanding of Chinese political concepts and to promote effective communication with the international community.The standard English translations cover a wide range of political terms, including those related to government, law, economics, and international relations. For example, "人民代表大会" is translated as "National People's Congress", "政府工作报告" is translated as "Government Work Report", and "四项基本原则" is translated as "Four Cardinal Principles".These standard translations are used in official documents, speeches, and communications with foreign governments and organizations. They have been widely adopted by international media and academic institutions as well.The establishment of standard English translations for Chinese political terms represents a significant step towards promoting greater understanding and cooperation between China and the rest of the world. By providing clear and accurate translations, the Chinese government is helping to ensure that international communication about Chinese politics is based on a common understanding of key concepts and principles.In conclusion, the standard English translations of Chinese political terms are an important tool for promoting effective communication and understanding between China and the international community. By providing clear and accurate translations, these standards help to facilitate international cooperation and dialogue on key political issues.。

2023国考申论范文：砥砺中国精神铸就民族之魂2023国考申论范文：砥砺中国精神铸就民族之魂一、引言自古以来，中华民族一直以其卓越的智慧、顽强的精神和不屈的意志闻名于世。

中国精神，作为一种独特的价值追求和文化追求，是中华民族成长壮大的精神力量。

在新时代，我们要砥砺中国精神，铸就民族之魂。

本文将围绕中国精神的内涵、形成原因以及当代中国如何砥砺中国精神展开论述。

二、中国精神的内涵中国精神是中华民族多年来积累的文化智慧的结晶，体现了中华民族的伟大品格、独特精神和价值观念。

首先，中国精神主张“仁爱”和“和谐”。

中华民族崇尚仁爱，弘扬和谐精神，注重人与人之间的互助合作和和谐发展。

其次，中国精神强调“大公无私”和“诚信”。

中华民族秉持公正、无私的原则，诚信为本，坚定不移地追求真理和公正。

再次，中国精神倡导“自强不息”和“创新进取”。

中华民族通过不断自强，克服困难和挑战，创造了众多的世界奇迹。

最后，中国精神崇尚“和而不同”和“开放包容”。

中华民族尊重不同文化和追求多元化，注重开放与包容，积极融入世界。

三、中国精神的形成原因中国精神的形成离不开中华民族的悠久历史和伟大文化传统，以及中国特有的价值观念和道德观念。

首先，中国精神的形成源于古代儒家文化。

儒家思想主张仁爱、和谐和诚信，强调人与人之间的关系和相互依存。

这种价值观念深入人心，影响了中华民族的精神追求。

其次，中国精神的形成也与中华民族的历史经验和磨砺有关。

中华民族历经磨难和挫折，从其中汲取力量，不断崛起和发展。

同时，中国精神的形成与中华民族的生活方式和宗教信仰密切相关，这些因素共同塑造了中国精神的独特内涵。

四、砥砺中国精神的必要性与现实意义在新时代，砥砺中国精神具有重要的现实意义和历史使命。

首先，砥砺中国精神是实现中华民族伟大复兴的需要和要求。

只有坚定信仰，执着追求，中华民族才能够在竞争中保持坚定，迈向更加辉煌的明天。

其次，砥砺中国精神是保持社会稳定和和谐发展的需要和保障。

八下英语期中考试作文福建师大附中Midterm Exams at Fujian Normal University Affiliated Middle School (FJAHS)Fujian Normal University Affiliated Middle School (FJAHS) is renowned for its high academic standards and rigorous assessments. In line with this, the school conducts midterm exams for its eighth-grade students to assess their understanding of the subjects taught during the first semester.The midterm exams at FJAHS cover a wide range of subjects, including English, mathematics, science, history, and Chinese. Each subject is given equal importance, reflecting the school's commitment to providing a well-rounded education to its students.The English exam is particularly challenging, as it tests students' proficiency in reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Students are required to read comprehension passages, write essays, participate in group discussions, and listen to recorded conversations. This comprehensive approach ensures that students have a holistic understanding of the English language.The mathematics exam focuses on problem-solving skills and mathematical concepts. Students are required to solvecomplex equations, analyze data, and apply mathematical principles to real-world scenarios. This exam challenges students to think critically and apply their mathematical knowledge in practical situations.The science exam covers various scientific topics, including biology, chemistry, and physics. Students are required to demonstrate their understanding of key scientific concepts, conduct experiments, and analyze data. This exam encourages students to develop a curiosity for the natural world and explore scientific phenomena.The history exam tests students' understanding of key historical events and developments. Students are required to analyze primary sources, write essays on historical topics, and demonstrate their knowledge of important historical figures. This exam helps students develop a broader perspective on the world and understand the impact of historical events on society.The Chinese exam assesses students' proficiency in reading, writing, and speaking in Chinese. Students are required to read classical Chinese texts, write essays on literary topics, and participate in oral presentations. This exam helps students develop a deep appreciation for Chinese language and culture.Overall, the midterm exams at FJAHS are a rigorous assessment of students' academic skills and knowledge. By challenging students to demonstrate their understanding of various subjects, these exams help prepare students for future academic challenges and instill in them a lifelong love for learning.。

中国哲学简史英文版精读笔记Title: A Brief Introduction to Chinese Philosophy - Summary of English Reading NotesIntroduction:Chinese philosophy has a long and rich history, dating back thousands of years. In this article, we will delve into the key aspects of Chinese philosophy, exploring its fundamental concepts and influential thinkers. This summary aims to provide a concise yet comprehensive understanding of Chinese philosophy.1. Confucianism:1.1 Analects of Confucius:The Analects is a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It emphasizes the importance of ethics, virtue, and the role of the individual in society. Confucius advocated for moral conduct, filial piety, and the cultivation of personal relationships.1.2 Confucian Values:Confucianism places great importance on filial piety, respect for hierarchy, and the pursuit of education and self-cultivation. It promotes the idea of a harmonious society achieved through ethical behavior and moral governance.2. Taoism:2.1 The Tao Te Ching:Authored by Laozi, the Tao Te Ching is a foundational text of Taoism. It highlights the concept of the Tao, often translated as "the Way," which represents the natural order of the universe. Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature and explores the idea of wuwei, or non-action.2.2 Yin and Yang:Yin and Yang are key concepts within Taoist philosophy. Yin represents the feminine, passive, and dark aspects, while Yang symbolizes the masculine, active, and light aspects. The balance between Yin and Yang is seen as critical for maintaining harmony and equilibrium.3. Buddhism in China:3.1 Introduction of Buddhism:Buddhism was introduced to China from India around the 1st century CE. It became one of the three major philosophies in China and greatly influenced Chinese culture, art, and literature.3.2 Key Buddhist Concepts:- The Four Noble Truths: Buddhism teaches that existence is characterized by suffering and offers a path to enlightenment by understanding and overcoming suffering.- The Eightfold Path: This path consists of eight principles, including right understanding, thought, speech, action, and livelihood. It provides a guide for ethical living and personal development.4. Legalism:4.1 The Philosophy of Legalism:Legalism emerged during the Warring States period and advocated strict adherence to the law and centralized state control. It emphasized the use of rewards and punishments as a means of governing society effectively.4.2 Han Feizi:Han Feizi was a prominent Legalist philosopher who believed in the absolute power of the ruler and the importance of strong governance. He argued that a ruler should rely on objective laws rather than subjective morality.Conclusion:Chinese philosophy encompasses diverse schools of thought, each with its own unique contributions and perspectives. Confucianism emphasizes ethics and social harmony, Taoism focuses on natural order and balance, Buddhism offers insights into suffering and enlightenment, while Legalism emphasizes strict governance. Understanding these key philosophies provides profound insights into the Chinese worldview and cultural values.。

高中高考英语作文范文5篇中国传统文化以下是五篇高中高考英语作文范文，主题为中国传统文化。

1. 传统文化的重要性（The Importance of Traditional Culture）China has a long history and a rich cultural heritage. Our traditional culture is an important part of our national identity and has shaped our values and beliefs. In recent years, there has been a growing concern that traditional culture is being lost or forgotten, as young people are increasingly influenced by Western culture and technology.However, I believe that it is important to preserve and promote our traditional culture. Our cultural heritage is a source of pride and inspiration for all Chinese people, and it can help us to understand our place in the world and to appreciate the diversity of human experience. Moreover, traditional culture can provide valuable insights into issues such as ethics, morality, and social harmony, which are relevant to contemporary society.Therefore, we should make efforts to learn and appreciate our traditional culture, and to pass it on to future generations. This can be done through education, cultural events, and media, as well as personal exploration and study. By preserving our traditional culture, we can enrich our lives and contribute to a more harmonious and diverse world.2. 中华传统文化的精髓（The Essence of Chinese Traditional Culture）Chinese traditional culture is one of the world's great cultural treasures, with a history of over 5,000 years. It encompasses a wide range of fields, including literature, philosophy, art, music, medicine, and martial arts, among others. At the heart of this culture are several key concepts and values that have shaped Chinese society and civilization.One of the most important of these is Confucianism, which emphasizes the importance of social harmony, filial piety, and moral integrity. Another key concept is Taoism, which stresses the need for balance and harmony between humans and nature, and the pursuit of simplicity and spontaneity. Buddhism, which was introduced to China from India, has also had a significant impact on Chinese culture, particularly in the areas of ethics, mindfulness, and compassion.Other aspects of Chinese traditional culture include calligraphy, painting, poetry, and music, all of which reflect the beauty and complexity of the Chinese language and artistic traditions. Traditional Chinese medicine is also a unique and valuable contribution to world health, based on holistic principles and a deep understanding of the human body and mind.In conclusion, the essence of Chinese traditional culture lies in its rich and diverse history, its enduring values and concepts, and its contributions to human knowledge and understanding. By studying and appreciating this culture, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the human experience, and contribute to a more harmonious and peaceful world.3. 传统文化与现代社会（Traditional Culture and Modern Society）The rapid development of modern society has brought about many changes in the lives of people around the world. With the rise of technology, globalization, and consumerism, traditional cultures have come under threat, as people turn away from traditional values and practices in favor of new and more exciting experiences.However, I believe that traditional culture still has an important role to play in modern society. While it may not provide all the answers to the challenges we face, it can offer valuable insights and perspectives on issues such as ethics, morality, and social harmony. Moreover, traditional culture can provide a sense of continuity and identity in a rapidly changing world, helping us to understand our place in the world and to appreciate the diversity of human experience.At the same time, it is important to recognize that traditional culture is not static, but constantly evolving and adapting to new circumstances. As such, it can and should be integrated into modern society in ways that are relevant and meaningful. This might involve incorporating traditional values and practices into education, business, and governance, or creating new forms of cultural expression that draw on traditional themes and motifs.Ultimately, the relationship between traditional culture and modern society is a complex and dynamic one, and requires ongoing dialogue and engagement. By valuing and preserving our cultural heritage, while also embracing innovation and change, we can create a more vibrant and inclusive world that respects and celebrates diversity.4. 走近中国传统文化（Getting to Know Chinese Traditional Culture）China is a vast and diverse country, with a rich and varied cultural heritage. For those who are interested in exploring Chinese traditional culture, there are many fascinating and rewarding avenues to explore.One of the best ways to begin is by learning about the history and philosophy of China, which provide a broad and deep foundation for understanding Chinese culture. Key figures and concepts to explore might include Confucius, Laozi, the Tao Te Ching, the Analects, and the I Ching, among others.Another important aspect of Chinese traditional culture is the arts, including calligraphy, painting, poetry, and music. These art forms reflect the beauty and complexity of the Chinese language and artistic traditions, and can provide insights into the values and beliefs of Chinese society.Traditional Chinese medicine is also a unique and valuable contribution to world health, based on holistic principles and a deep understanding of the human body and mind. By exploring this field, one can gain a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of all aspects of life and health.Finally, it is important to experience Chinese culture firsthand, through travel, cuisine, and social interactions. By immersing oneself in Chinese culture, one can gain a deeper understanding and appreciation for its many facets, and develop a greater sense of connection and empathy with the Chinese people.In conclusion, getting to know Chinese traditional culture is a rewarding and enriching experience, one that can broaden our horizons and deepen our understanding of the world around us. By exploring this rich and diverse cultural heritage, we can gain new perspectives on our own lives and values, and contribute to a more harmonious and inclusive world.5. 传统文化的创新与发展（Innovation and Development in Traditional Culture）While traditional culture is often seen as something static and unchanging, it is in fact a dynamic and evolving phenomenon that is constantly being renewed and reinterpreted by new generations. In this sense, innovation and development are essential aspects of traditional culture, as they allow it to remain relevant and meaningful in changing times.One example of this is the development of Chinese martial arts, which has a long and rich history dating back to ancient times. Today, martial arts are practiced by millions of people around the world, and have evolved into a diverse and vibrant art form that reflects the values and aspirations of modern society.Another example is the development of Chinese cuisine, which has a rich and varied history that spans thousands of years. Today, Chinese cuisine is enjoyed by people around the world, and has been adapted and modified to suit the tastes and preferences of different cultures and regions.Similarly, traditional Chinese medicine has been adapted and developed over time to incorporate new scientific knowledge and approaches, while still retaining its holistic and integrated principles.In conclusion, innovation and development are essential aspects of traditional culture, as they allow it to remain relevant and meaningful in changing times. By embracing new ideas and approaches while still honoring our cultural heritage, we can create a more vibrant and inclusive world that respects and celebrates diversity.。