双语分子生物学复习资料

分子生物学复习资料分子生物学是研究生命体内分子结构和功能的一门学科，其研究范围包括基因表达和调控、蛋白质结构和功能、DNA重复和修复、细胞信号传递等多个方面。

以下是分子生物学复习资料，帮助大家复习此学科。

DNA1. DNA是双螺旋结构，由磷酸、核糖和四种碱基（腺嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶、鸟嘌呤和胞嘧啶）组成。

2. DNA的复制包括三个步骤：解旋、合成和连接。

3. DNA合成是通过DNA聚合酶进行的，这些酶在模板链上添加互补碱基。

4. DNA可以通过DNA甲基化调节基因表达。

5. DNA可以被DNA锁蛋白等转录因子识别和结合。

RNA1. RNA是由核糖、磷酸和四种碱基 （腺嘌呤、尿嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶和鸟嘌呤）组成。

2. RNA主要分为三种类型：mRNA （信使RNA）、rRNA （核糖体RNA）和tRNA （转运RNA）。

3. 基因表达分为两个步骤：转录和翻译。

4. 转录过程分为三个步骤：启动、延伸和终止。

5. tRNA担任将氨基酸与相应的密码子匹配的角色。

蛋白质1. 蛋白质是由氨基酸组成的长链。

2. 氨基酸有20种类型，它们是由不同的侧链区分的。

3. 蛋白质折叠形态对其功能至关重要。

4. 蛋白质可以通过转录调节子的活性来控制基因表达。

5. 蛋白质可以通过磷酸化、甲基化和泛素化等方式进行修饰，从而调节其功能。

细胞信号传递1. 细胞信号传递是细胞中信号分子相互作用的过程。

2. 细胞信号分为内部信号和外部信号。

3. 细胞膜可以通过受体蛋白与外部信号相互作用。

4. 内部信号分子可以通过传递信号的级联反应来控制基因表达等生物过程。

5. 蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶是关键的信号传递分子。

总结以上是分子生物学的复习资料，包括DNA、RNA、蛋白质和细胞信号传递等方面的知识点。

学习分子生物学需要积累大量的概念和实验技术，以便理解分子间相互作用和影响它们在细胞和生物中的功能。

希望此资料对大家的复习有所帮助。

Section C - properties of nucleic acids1．The sequence 5'-AGTCTGACT-3' in DNA is equivalent to which sequence in RNA?A 5'-AGUCUGUGACU -3'B 5' -UGTCTGUTC -3'C 5' -UCAGUCUGA-3'D 5'- AGUCAGACU-3'2. Which of the following correctly describes A-DNA?A a right-handed antiparallel doublehelix with 10 bp/turn and bases lyingperpendicular to the helixaxis.B a left-handed antiparalleldouble-helix with 12 bp/turn formedfrom alternating pyrimidine-purinesequences.C a right-handed antiparallel doublehelix with 11 bp/turn and bases tiltedwith respect to the helix axis.D a globular structure formed by shortintramolecular helices formed in asingle-strand nucleic acid.3. Denaturation of double stranded DNA involves.A breakage into short double-stranded fragments.B separation into single strands.C hydrolysis of the DNA backbone.D cleavage of the bases from the sugar-phosphate backbone.4. Which has the highest absorption per unit mass at a wavelength of 260 nm?A double-stranded DNA.B mononucleotides.C RNA.D protein.5. Type I DNA topoisomeraes ...A change linking number by士2B require ATP.C break one strand of a DNA double helix.D are the target of antibacterial drugs. Section D - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromatin structure1．Which of the following is common to both E. coli and eukaryotic chromosomes?A the DNA is circular.B the DNA is packaged into nucleosomes.C the DNA is contained in the nucleus.D the DNA is negatively supercoiled.2．A complex of 166 bp of DNA with the histone octamer plus histone HI is known as a . . .A nucleosome core.B solenoid.C 30 nm fiber.D chromatosome.3．In what region of the interphase chromosome does transcription take place?A the telomere.B the centromere.C euchromatin.D heterochromatin.4．Which statement about CpG islands and methylation is not true?A CpG islands are particularly resistant to DNase I.B CpG methylation is responsible for the mutation of CpG to TpG in eukaryotes.C CpG islands occur around the promoters of active genes.D CpG methylation is associated with inactive chromatin.5．Which of the following is an example of highly-repetitive DNA?A Alu element.B histone gene cluster.C DNA minisatellites.D dispersed repetitive DNA.Section E - DNA replication1．The number of replicons in a typical mammalian cell is . . .A 40-200.B 400.C 1000-2000.D 50000-100000.2. In prokaryotes,the lagging strand primers are removed by . . .A 3' to 5' exonuclease.B DNA ligase.C DNA polymerase I.D DNA polymerase III.3. The essential initiator protein at theE. coli origin of replication is . . .A DnaA.B DnaB.C DnaC.D DnaE.4. Prokaryotic plasmids can replicate in yeast cells if they contain a cloned yeast. . .A ORC.B CDK.C ARS.D RNA.Section F - DNA damage, repair and recombination(此章不考)1. Per nucleotide incorporated, the spontaneous mutation frequency in E. coli is . . .A 1 in 106.B 1 in 108.C 1 in 109.D 1 in 1010.2. The action of hydroxyl radicals on DNA generates a significant amount of . . .A pyrimidine dimmers.B 8-oxoguanine.C O6- methylguanine.D 7-hydroxymethylguanine.3. In methyl-directed mismatchrepair in E. coli, the daughterstrand containing the mismatchedbase is nicked by . . .A M utH endonuclease.B U vrABC endonuclease.C A P endonuclease.D3' to 5' exonuclease.4. The excision repair of UV-inducedDNA damage is defective inindividuals suffering from ...A hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer.B Crohn's disease.C classical xeroderma pigmentosum.D xeroderma pigmentosum variant. Section K - Transcription in prokaryotes1. Which two of the following statements about transcription are correct?A RNA synthesis occurs in the 3' to 5' direction.B the RNA polymerase enzyme moves along the sense strand of the DNA in a 5' to 3' direction.C the RNA polymerase enzyme movesalong the template strand of the DNA in a 5' to 3' direction.D the transcribed RNA is complementary to the template strand.E the RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides to the 5' end of the growing RNA chain.F the RNA polymerase adds deoxyribonucleotides to the 3' end of the growing RNA chain.2. Which one of the followingstatements about E. coli RNA polymerase is false?A the holoenzyme includes the sigma factor.B the core enzyme includes the sigma factor.C it requires Mg2+ for its activity.D it requires Zn2+ for its activity.3. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?A there are two αsubunits in the E. coli RNA polymerase.B there is one β subunit in the E. coli RNA polymerase.C E. coli has one sigma factor.D the β subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase is inhibited by rifampicin.E the streptolydigins inhibit transcription elongation.F heparin is a polyanion, which binds to the β’ subunit.4. Which one of the following statements about transcription in E. coli is true?A the -10 sequence is always exactly10 bp upstream from the transcription start site.B the initiating nucleotide is always a G.C the intervening sequence between the -35 and -10 sequences is conserved.D the sequence of the DNA after thesite of transcription initiation is notimportant for transcriptionefficiency.E the distance between the -35 and -10 sequences is critical for transcription efficiency.5. Which one of the following statements about transcription in E. coli is true?A loose binding of the RNA polymerase core enzyme to DNA is non-specific and unstable.B sigma factor dramatically increasesthe relative affinity of the enzymefor correct promoter sites.C almost all RNA start sites consist of a purine residue, with A being more common than G.D all promoters are inhibited by negative supercoiling.E terminators are often A-U hairpin structures.Section L - Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes1. Which two of the following statements are correct?A the double stranded DNA sequencethat has the upper strand sequence5'-GGATCGATCC-3' is apalindrome.B the double stranded DNA sequencethat has the upper strand sequence5'-GGATCCTAGG-3' isapalindrome.C the Lac repressor inhibits binding of the polymerase to the lac promoter.D the lac operon is directly induced by lactose.E binding of Lac repressor to allolactose reduces its affinity for the lac operator.F IPTG is a natural inducer of the lac promoter.2. Which one of the following statements about catabolite-regulated operons is false?A cAMP receptor protein (CRP) andcatabolite activator protein (CAP)are different names for the sameprotein.B when glucose is present in the cell cAMP levels fall.C CRP binds to cAMP and as a result activates transcription.D CRP binds to DNA in the absence of cAMP.E CRP can bend DNA, resulting in activation of transcription.3. Which one of the following statements about the trp operon is true?A the RNA product of the trp operon is very stable.B the Trp repressor is a product of the trp operon.C the Trp repressor，like the Lac repressor, is a tetramer of identical subunits.D the Trp repressor binds totryptophan.E tryptophan activates expression from the trp operon.F the trp operon is only regulated by the Trp represso4. Which two of the following statements about attenuation at the trp operon are true?A attenuation is rho-dependent.B deletion of the attenuator sequenceresults in an increase in both basaland activated levels of tran- scriptionfrom th~ trp promoter.C the attenuator lies upstream of the trp operator sequence.D attenuation does not require tight coupling between transcription and translation.E pausing of a ribosome at twotryptophan codons in the leaderpeptide when tryptophan is in shortsupply causes attenuation.F a hairpin structure called thepnti-terminator stops formation ofthe terminator hairpin, resulting intranscriptional read-through into thetrpE gene, when tryptophan isscarce.Section M - Transcription in eukaryotes1. Which one of the followingstatements about eukaryotic RNApolymerases I, II and III is false?A RNA Pol II is very sensitive to α-amanitin.B RNA Pol II is located in th~ nucleoplasm.C RNA Pol III transcribes th~ genes for tRNA.D eukaryotic cells contain other RNApolymerases in addition to RNA PolI, RNA Pol II and RNA Pol III.E each RNA polymerase containssubunits with homology to subunitsof the E. coli RNA polymerase aswell as additional subunits，whichare unique to each polymerase.F the carboxyl end of RNA Pol IIcontains a short sequence of onlyseven amino acids which is calledthe carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD)and which may be phosphorylated.2. Which two of the following statements about RNA Pol I genes are true?A RNA Pol I transcribes the genes for ribosomal RNAs.B human cells contain 40 clusters of five copies of the rRNA gene.C the 185, 5.85 and 285 rRNAs aresynthesized as separate transcripts.D RNA Pol I transcription occurs in the nucleoplasm.E RNA Pol I transcription occurs in the cytoplasm.F rRNA gene clusters are known as nucleolar organizer regions.3. Which one of the following statements about RNA Pol I transcription is false?A in RNA Pol I promoters the coreelement is 1000 bases downstreamfrom the upstream control element(UCE).B upstream binding factor (UBF)binds to both the UCE and theupstream part of the core element ofthe RNA Pol I promoter.C selectivity factor SLl stabilizes the UBF-DNA complex.D SL1 contains several subunitsincluding the TATA-binding protein TBP.E in Acanthamoeba there is a single control element in rRNA gene promoters.4. Which two of the following statements about RNA Pol III genes are true?A the transcriptional control regions of tRNA genes lie upstream of the start of transcription.B highly conserved sequences in tRNA gene coding regions are also promoter sequences.C TFIIIC contains TBP as one of its subunits.D TFIIIB is a sequence specific transcription factor on its own.E in humans 5S rRNA genes are arranged in a single cluster of 2000 copies.Section 0 - RNA processing and RNPs 1. Which ribonucleases are involved in producing mature tRNA in E. coli?A RNases A, D, E and F.B RNases D, E, F and H.C RNases D, E, F and P.D RNases A, D, H and P.2. Most eukaryotic pre-mRNAs arematured by which of the followingmodifications to their ends?A capping at the 3’-end cleavage and polyadenylation at the 5'-end.B addition of a GMP to the 5'-end，cleavage and polyadenylation to create the 3'-end.C addition of a guanine residue to the5'-end cleavage and polyadenylationto create the 3'-end.D addition of a GMP to the 5'-end，polyadenylation，then cleavage to create the 3'-end.3. Which one of the followingstatements correctly describes thesplicing process undergone bymost eukaryotic pre-mRNAs?A in a two-step reaction, thespliceosome removes the exon as alariat and joins the two intronstogether.B splicing requires conservedsequences which are the 5ιsplicesite，the 3' -splice site thebranch-point and the polypurinetract.C the U1 snRNP initially binds to the5'-splice site，U2 to the branchpointsequence and then the tri-snRNP, U4,US and U6 can bind.D in the first step of splicing the G atthe 3'-end of the intron is joined tothe 2’-hydroxyl group of the Aresidue of the branchpoint sequenceto create a lariat.Section P - The genetic code and tRNA 1. Which of the following list of features correctly apply to the genetic code?A triplet degenerate nearly universal, comma-less, nonoverlapping.B triplet universal, comma-less, degenerate, nonoverlapping.C overlapping, triplet, comma-less, degenerate nearly universal.D overlapping, comma-less nondegenerate nearly universal triplet. 2. Which of the following statementsabout tRNAs is false?A most tRNAs are about 76 residues long and have CCA as residues 74, 75 and 76.B many tRNAs contain the modifiednucleosides pseudouridinedihydrouridine ribothymidine andmosme.C tRNAs have a common L-shapedtertiary structure with threenucleotides at one end able to basepair with an anticodon on amessenger RNA molecule.D tRNAs have a common cloverleafsecondary structure containing threesingle stranded loops called the D-,T- and anticodon loops.3．Which three statements are true? The aminoacyl tRNA synthetase reaction...A joins AMP to the 3’-end of the tRNA.B is a two step reaction.C joins any amino acid to the 2'- or 3' -hydroxyl of the ribose of residue A76.D is highly specific because thesynthetases use identity elements inthe tRNAs to distinguish betweenthem.E joins AMP to the amino acid to produce an intermediate.F releases PPi in the second step. Section Q - Protein synthesis1. Which statement about the codon-anticodon interaction is false?A it is antiparallel and can include nonstandard base pairs.B inosine in the 5' -anticodon position can pair with A,C or U in the 3'-codonpositionC inosine in the 3’-anticodon position can pair with A, C or U in the 5’-codon position.D A is never found in the 5'-anticodon position as it is modified by anticodon deaminase.2．Which one of the following statements correctly describes initiation of protein synthesis in E.coli?A the initiator tRNA binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.B three initiation factors are involved and IF2 binds to GTP.C the intermediate containing IF1, IF2,IF3, initiator tRNA and mRNA is called the 30S initiation complex.D binding of the 50S subunit releases IF1, IF2, GMP and PPi.E the initiation process is completewhen the 70S initiation complex is formed which contains the initiator tRNA in the A site of the ribosome and an empty P site.3．Which statement about elongation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes is false?A elongation can be divided into threesteps: peptidyl-tRNA deliverypeptide bond formation andtranslocation.B the peptidyl transferase center of thelarge ribosomal subunit isresponsible for peptide bond for-mation.C in the EF-Tu-Ts exchange cycleEF-Tu-GTP is regenerated by EF-Tsdisplacing GDP.D EF-G is also known as translocaseand uses GTP in its reaction.4．Which two of the following statements about initiation ofeukaryotic protein synthesis aretrue?A eukaryotes use a mRNA scanning method to locate the correct start codon.B there are at least nine eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs).C eukaryotic initiation uses N-formylmethionine.D the 80S initiation complexcompletes the initiation process andcontains the initiator tRNA base-paired to the start codon in the Asite.E ATP is hydrolysed to AMP and PPi during the scanning process.F the initiator tRNA binds after the mRNA has bound to the small subunit.。

1. （核酸性质—减色性，双链DNA，单链DNA,寡核苷酸）Which has the highest absorption per unit mass at a wavelength of 260 nm? ( B )A RNA.B mononucleotides.C double-stranded DNA.D protein.减色性跟紫外最大吸收峰Nucleotides（260）〉RNA〉ssDNA>double-stranded DNA4.（RNA的转录时，DNA的模板链和编码链（有义链和反义链））mRNA互补（）的链是模板链（或称反义链，与反义链互补的是有义链）。

The sequence 5’-AGTCTGACT-3’ in DNA is equivalent to which sequence in RNA?( C )——给你DNA序列，找到对应的RNA序列，给你RNA序列，找到对应的DNA序列。

A5’-AGUCUGACU-3’B5’-UGTCTGUCT-3’C 5’-UCAGUCUGA-3’D 5’-AGUCAGACU-3’DNA双链维持的结构是什么？A H-bonds and disulfide bonds（二硫键）B base stacking interaction（碱基堆积力）and peptide bondsC hydrophobic interaction（疏水相互作用）and H-bondsD base stacking interaction and hydrophobic interaction 碱基堆积和疏水相互作用10.Which one of following statements about telomere（端粒）and teromerase（端粒酶）is false?( B )A Telomere contains up to hundreds copies of a short repeated sequence.B Teromerase is a typical DNA polymerase. （端粒酶不是经典的DNA聚合酶）C The activities of telomerase are related to the development stages and tissue types.D The telomere is synthesized by the enzyme telomerase and DNA polymerase.11. Which one of the following statements about telomere（端粒）and telomerase （端粒酶）is true? ( C)（概念）A The activity of telomerase is very low in cancer and germ cell.B Telomere is long stretches at the ends of the chromosome and rich in G-C.C Telomerase is the reverse transcriptase responsible for the extension of telomeric repeatD Telomerase is complex of DNA, protein and RNA.8种必须氨基酸14.Which is the major forces between the amino acids in the polypeptides(多肽链)? ( )A H-bonds and disulfide bonds（二硫键）B base stacking interaction（碱基堆积力）C hydrophobic interaction（疏水相互作用）D peptide bonds （肽键）核酸是3，5磷酸二酯键21. Which one of the following statements about DNA secondary structure is not true? ( D )A The basic features of DNA double helix were deduced by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in 1953l.B The structure identified by James D. Watson and Francis Crick is known as B-form DNA which is right-handed form（右手螺旋）.C Under conditions of low humidity, DNA can be induced to form A-form DNA .D Z-form DNA is right-handed like the B-form DNA .（是左手）For example: telomere replication 端粒复制1．bp base pairs碱基对2．GMO Genetically modified organism 基因修饰生物3．The approximate purity of dsDNA preparations may be estimated by determination of the ratio of absorbance at 260 and 280 nm (A260/A280), pure dsDNA has an A260/A280 of 1.8, and pure RNA one of around 2.0.4. mononucleotide 单核苷酸5. 核酸Nucleic acid6. 染色体chromosome7.Gly and pro(脯氨酸) often occur in the beta-turn of protein secondary structure8. 核苷酸Nucleotide, ，核苷Nucleoside ，核小体Nucleosome2. Which one of the following statements about transcription in E.coli is true? ( D )A the–10 sequence is always exactly 10 bp upstream from the transcription start site.B the initiating nucleotide is always a G.C the intervening sequence between the –35 and –10 sequences is conserved.（保守的）.D the distance between the –35 and –10 sequences is critical for transcription efficiency.3. E.coli release factor1 (RF1) recognizes which codons?( D )RF2识别UGA and UAAA UAA only.B UAG only.C UGA and UAA.D UAG and UAA.5. Which topoisomerase is to segregate daughter DNA after replication in prokaryote? （ D ）原核生物DNA复制好后怎么把酯链的DNA分开？A topoisomerase (拓扑异构酶) IB topoisomerase IIC topoisomerase IIID topoisomerase IV8.In eukaryotes, the leading and lagging strands are synthesized by DNA polymerase(B ), respectively.A DNA pol a and DNA pol δB DNApolδand DNA pol aC DNA polεand DNA pol δD DNA pol a and DNA pol βδ70因子非常重要10.In eukaryotes, mtDNA(线粒体DNA) is replicated by the ( C ).A DNA pol aB DNA polδC DNA polγ（DNA聚合酶γ）D DNA pol β14. The following replication factors（复制因子）bind DNA in the initiation of bacterial （细菌）DNA replication except ( A ).A DnaAB DnaBC DnaGD RPABCD在起始的时候发挥作用15.The yeast（酵母）replication origin is called autonomously replicating sequence (自主复制序列ARS), also called ( D ).A Ori AB Ori BC Ori C （细菌的起始序列）D Ori R改下题目：在真核生物里面酵母菌的复制起始点Ori C和Ori R 又叫什么ARS 1．RF replicative form 复制叉2．In lactose operon, the lacZ gene expression is induced by rather than（而不是）lactose itself, however, in our experiment, is used to add to themedium（培养基）for induction of lacZ gene expression.异乳糖比乳糖诱导作用更强3．primer 引物4. replication复制5. tanscription转录6.The operon model consists of 启动子、操纵子、structrure gene and regulation genes（调节基因）.1. Which one of the following statements about PCR is false? ( C )A PCR uses thermostable（热稳定的）DNA polymerases.B ideally, PCR primers should be of similar length and G+C content.C PCR optimization usually includes varying the magnesium（镁离子）concentration and thepolymerization temperature（聚合温度）.镁离子浓度非常重要，不能随意调整浓度，一般恒定。

生命基本特征（本质）：生命是生物体所表现出来的复合现象，包括：自身繁殖，生长发育，新陈代谢，遗传变异，对刺激产生反应等生物学Biology：是一门研究生命的现象与本质及活动规律的科学。

它包揽了生命的各个方面，从生命的化学组成，细胞的结构与功能，个体生物学，生物的多样性，到生物的遗传、进化及生态等方面的完整知识体系。

分子生物学Molecular Biology：它是研究核酸、蛋白质等生物大分子的结构与功能，并从分子水平上阐述蛋白质与核酸、蛋白质与蛋白质之间相互作用的关系及其基因表达调控机制的学科，是人类从分子水平上真正揭开生物世界的奥秘，由被动地适应自然界转向主动地改造和重组自然界的基础学科。

Is a subject to understand the five basic cell behavior patterns (growth, division, specialization, movement, and interaction) in terms of the various molecules that are responsible for them.That is, molecular biology wants to generate a complete description of the structure, function, and interrelationships of the cell’s macromolecules, and thereby to understand why living cells behave the way they do.分子生物学的研究内容Research Contents of Molecular Biology ：生物大分子的结构功能研究（结构部分，又称结构分子生物学）：包括基因、基因组的结构；DNA 复制、转录、翻译（功能部分）；基因表达调控研究（调控部分）；DNA重组技术（又称基因工程）Structure and Function of Macromolecules (Structural Part, Also Known as Structural & Molecular Biology)；DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation (Functional Part)；Regulation of Gene Expression (Control Section)；Recombinant DNA Technology (Genetics)F.Miescher就发现了核素（nuclein）；Boyer 和Berg等发展了重组DNA技术，完成了第一个细菌基因的克隆；Sanger 等发明了DNA测序技术；Sanger、Maxam和Gilbert先后发明了三种DNA序列的快速测定法；Mullis等发明的聚合酶链式反应（PCR）；90年代全自动核酸序列测定仪问世；生物芯片技术是生命科学研究中继基因克隆技术、PCR技术、基因自动测序技术后的又一次革命性技术突破；分子遗传学基本理论建立者Jacob和Monod最早提出的操纵元学说分子生物学的3条基本原理：构成生物体各类有机大分子的单体在不同生物中都是相同的；生物体内一切有机大分子的建成都遵循共同的规则；某一特定生物体所拥有的核酸及蛋白质分子决定了它的属性。