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世界贸易组织国际贸易课件-(增加多场景) 世界贸易组织（WTO）国际贸易课件一、引言世界贸易组织（WTO）作为全球贸易领域的重要国际组织，自1995年成立以来，一直致力于促进全球贸易自由化、公平化和可持续发展。
本课件旨在对WTO的基本情况、职能、运作机制以及我国在WTO中的地位和作用进行梳理，以帮助大家更好地了解国际贸易体系，提高参与国际竞争的能力。
二、世界贸易组织基本情况1.成立背景世界贸易组织的前身是1947年成立的关税和贸易总协定（GATT）。
随着全球贸易的发展，GATT逐渐暴露出组织结构不健全、规则体系不完善等问题。
为了适应全球化发展趋势，1994年GATT成员国在摩洛哥马拉喀什举行部长级会议，决定成立世界贸易组织，以取代GATT。
2.成员国三、世界贸易组织职能1.制定和监督国际贸易规则世界贸易组织负责制定和监督国际贸易规则，确保成员国之间的贸易行为符合公平、透明、非歧视的原则。
主要规则包括：（1）最惠国待遇：成员国在进出口贸易中对所有成员国给予同等待遇。
（2）国民待遇：成员国在进口产品与本国产品征收相同税费。
（3）市场准入：成员国应降低关税和非关税壁垒，扩大进口。
（4）公平竞争：禁止成员国采取倾销、补贴等不公平竞争手段。
2.解决贸易争端世界贸易组织设立争端解决机制，为成员国提供解决贸易争端的平台。
争端解决机制具有强制性和约束力，有助于维护成员国合法权益。
3.贸易政策审议世界贸易组织定期对成员国的贸易政策进行审议，以提高政策透明度，促进成员国之间的贸易合作。
4.技术援助与培训世界贸易组织为发展中国家提供技术援助和培训，帮助其提高贸易能力，融入多边贸易体系。
四、我国在世界贸易组织中的地位和作用1.我国加入世界贸易组织的意义加入世界贸易组织，有助于我国深化改革、扩大开放，推动经济全球化进程。
同时，我国在国际贸易中的地位得到提升，为维护国家利益提供了有力保障。
2.我国在世界贸易组织中的贡献作为世界第二大经济体，我国积极参与世界贸易组织的各项工作，推动全球贸易自由化进程。
世界贸易组织概论世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization，简称WTO）是一个负责管理国际贸易规则的组织，成立于1995年1月1日，总部位于瑞士日内瓦。
WTO的成立旨在推动国际贸易自由化，促进全球经济发展和经济合作，维护世界贸易秩序，成为国际贸易领域最重要的国际组织之一WTO的前身是关税与贸易总协定（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade，简称GATT），它于1947年签订，并在1995年转变为WTO。
GATT的目标是减少关税和贸易壁垒，促进全球贸易的自由化。
而WTO在此基础上进一步扩展了其职能和权力。
WTO的主要职责包括：（1）制定和执行国际贸易规则，包括贸易自由化、非歧视性、公平竞争和透明度等方面；（2）监督各成员国的贸易政策，确保贸易政策的合规性和透明度；（3）解决成员国之间的贸易争端，公正处理贸易争端，并促进成员国之间的合作和协商解决争端；（4）为发展中国家提供技术援助和能力建设，帮助其更好地参与全球贸易。
WTO采取决策的原则是一国一票，所有成员国都有平等的权利和义务。
WTO的决策是通过成员国之间的协商和一致达成的。
在决策中，发达国家和发展中国家之间的利益平衡是一个重要考虑因素。
WTO每两年举行一次部长级大会，讨论和决定相关重要事项，并通过工作组和委员会开展具体的工作。
WTO的工作涵盖了广泛的领域，包括农业、制造业、服务业、知识产权等。
例如，在农业领域，WTO通过减少关税和贸易壁垒，提高农产品市场准入的自由化；在知识产权领域，WTO通过制定和执行知识产权保护的国际标准，促进创新和技术转让。
然而，WTO也面临一些挑战和争议。
一方面，由于成员国的利益差异和发展水平不平衡，成员国之间的贸易争端日益增多，解决争端的程序和机制也面临压力。
另一方面，一些非政府组织和发展中国家批评WTO在一些问题上偏向发达国家，对发展中国家不够关注。
此外，全球贸易保护主义的抬头也对WTO的工作产生了影响。
国际贸易课程教案一、课程简介1.1 课程背景随着全球化进程的不断推进，国际贸易在我国经济发展中地位日益重要。
掌握国际贸易的基本原理、政策法规和实务操作，对于培养具备国际视野的人才具有重要意义。
1.2 课程目标通过本课程的学习，使学生了解国际贸易的基本概念、基本原理和基本政策，掌握国际贸易实务操作，培养学生具备国际视野和跨文化沟通能力。
1.3 课程内容本课程共分为十五个章节，主要包括国际贸易基本概念、国际贸易政策、国际贸易实务等内容。
二、教学方法2.1 讲授法通过讲解国际贸易的基本概念、原理和政策，使学生掌握相关理论知识。
2.2 案例分析法通过分析具体的国际贸易案例，使学生了解国际贸易实务操作，提高学生的实际操作能力。
2.3 讨论法组织学生就国际贸易相关话题进行讨论，培养学生的思辨能力和团队合作精神。
三、教学安排3.1 课时安排本课程共计32课时，每课时45分钟。
3.2 教学进度安排第一章：国际贸易基本概念（2课时）第二章：国际贸易政策（3课时）第三章：国际贸易实务（4课时）第四章：国际贸易方式（3课时）第五章：国际贸易条约与协定（3课时）四、教学评价4.1 平时成绩（30%）包括课堂表现、作业完成情况等。
4.2 期中考试（30%）考察学生对国际贸易基本概念、原理和政策的掌握。
4.3 期末考试（40%）考察学生对国际贸易实务操作的掌握。
五、教学资源5.1 教材《国际贸易》（第4版），作者：张晓亮。
5.2 辅助资料国际贸易相关法规、政策、案例等。
5.3 网络资源国际贸易相关网站、论坛、学术论文等。
六、教学内容6.1 第六章：国际贸易促进（3课时）国际贸易展览与博览会广告与宣传电子商务与国际贸易6.2 第七章：国际金融与贸易（4课时）国际金融市场国际货币体系国际贸易融资外汇管制与汇率制度6.3 第八章：国际物流与贸易（3课时）国际物流概述国际运输方式贸易物流单证6.4 第九章：国际贸易合同与结算（3课时）国际贸易合同的种类与内容国际贸易术语（如FOB、CIF等）国际贸易结算方式（如T/T、L/C等）6.5 第十章：国际贸易管理与协调（3课时）世界贸易组织（WTO）国际贸易管理与协调机制贸易救济措施（如反倾销、反补贴等）七、教学方法7.1 讲授法通过讲解国际贸易促进、国际金融与贸易、国际物流与贸易等内容，使学生掌握相关理论知识。
（国际贸易）世界贸易组织规则世界贸易组织规则第壹章从关税和贸易总协定到世界贸易组织1.GATT产生背景：20世纪爆发的俩次世界大战和1929-1933年空前的世界经济危机。
国际社会认识到战争的重要起因之壹是各国之间存于经济、贸易关系上的矛盾，国际社会逐将建立国际货币基金组织、国际复兴和开发银行和国际贸易组织作为调节世界经济贸易关系的三大支柱。
2.1946：美国草拟《国际贸易组织宪章草案》提请联合国理事会通过。
1946-1947：形成《关税和贸易总协定》（GATT）的雏形，将贸易谈判和关税减让的条款具体化。
1947：日内瓦会议，分三部分，完善宪章草案；于互惠基础上进行多边关税减让协议谈判；起草和关税义务关联的壹般义务条款。
合且修改后的草案称为GATT（GATT从1948年诞生，比WTO早了47年）3.GATT规定了六方面基本原则：非歧视原则、互惠原则、关税减让原则、公平贸易原则、壹般取消数量限制原则和透明度原则。
非歧视原则是GATT中最为重要的，即于缔约方中实施最惠国待遇且给缔约方产品和本国产品相同的待遇；公平贸易原则主要是指反对倾销和出口补贴等不公平贸易行为。
4.历史地位：1）GATT通过多边贸易谈判，大幅度地削减关税、取消壹半数量限制以及对非关税壁垒进行控制，促进缔约方之间的贸易自由化，继而推动世界贸易和经济发展。
2）强化多边贸易体制的法律规则，力图为世贸发展提供壹个稳定的基础。
3）同时GATT较公正合理地解决国际贸易领域的纠纷和争端，避免贸易战争。
4）重视发展中国家利益。
5.不足：不具备国际法主体资格，限制了其功能的发挥。
涉及范围狭隘。
6.GATT回合谈判：1947-1994进行了八轮多边贸易谈判（43年）。
前五次关于关税减让，接着是肯尼迪回合关于关税和反倾销措施（解决了反倾销的问题）、东京回合关税非关税措施和“框架”协议（解决了非关税壁垒问题）、乌拉圭回合（GATT的最后壹轮谈判。
涉及关税，非关税，规则，服务贸易，知识产权，补贴和反补贴，争端解决，纺织品和服装，农产品以及建立世界贸易组织等。
第十五章关税与贸易总协定第十五章关税与贸易总协定（GATT）是一个国际经贸协议，旨在促进全球贸易自由化和减少贸易壁垒。
它于1947年签署，并在1955年正式生效。
本章将介绍GATT的起源和发展，以及其对国际贸易的影响。
GATT的起源可以追溯到第二次世界大战结束后，各国为恢复战争破坏并推动经济发展而进行的国际合作。
在这个背景下，GATT作为一项重要的经贸协议迅速得到了广泛的认可和支持。
GATT的目标之一是降低和消除国际贸易中的关税和非关税壁垒。
为了实现这一目标，GATT成员国之间达成了一系列互惠贸易协议，逐步减少彼此之间的关税税率和贸易限制。
这种互惠贸易的原则为全球贸易自由化奠定了基础。
GATT的第十五章对关税进行了详细的规定和限制。
根据该章的规定，各成员国应尽量避免采取新的关税壁垒措施，并逐步降低已存在的关税税率。
此外，GATT还规定了特殊关税方案，允许发展中国家在国内经济发展的需要下，对一些特定商品征收较高的关税。
GATT的贸易自由化原则在全球范围内产生了积极的影响。
经过几十年的发展和实施，各国之间的关税壁垒得到显著降低，贸易自由度大幅提高。
这促进了全球贸易的繁荣和经济增长。
然而，GATT也面临着一些挑战和批评。
一些发展中国家认为，GATT对其发展经济和保护关键产业的政策空间存在限制。
他们认为，特殊关税方案并不足够保护他们的利益。
此外，GATT的规则可能给一些发展中国家提供了有利于发达国家的贸易待遇。
为了解决这些问题，GATT于1995年进一步演变为世界贸易组织（WTO）。
WTO继承了GATT的原则和规则，并扩大了其范围。
WTO的目标是实现更加公平和有利于所有成员国的国际贸易。
WTO致力于通过谈判、争端解决和政策监督等方式促进全球贸易的平衡和发展。
总之，GATT第十五章关税与贸易总协定是国际贸易自由化的重要里程碑。
它通过减少关税和贸易壁垒，促进了全球贸易的繁荣和经济增长。
然而，它也面临着一些挑战和批评，需要进一步完善和发展。
《世界经济概论》教学大纲及教案全套第一章：世界经济导论1.1 世界经济的基本概念1.2 世界经济的发展历程1.3 世界经济的组成部分1.4 世界经济的研究方法第二章：国际分工与贸易2.1 国际分工的定义与形式2.2 国际贸易的理论与实证2.3 贸易政策与国际贸易2.4 贸易自由化与保护主义第三章：国际金融市场3.1 国际金融市场的概述3.2 国际货币体系3.3 外汇市场与汇率决定3.4 国际资本流动与金融监管第四章：国际经济组织4.1 国际经济组织的概述4.2 世界贸易组织（WTO）4.3 国际货币基金组织（IMF）4.4 世界银行集团（WBG）第五章：区域经济一体化5.1 区域经济一体化的概念与类型5.2 欧洲联盟（EU）5.3 北美自由贸易区（NAFTA）5.4 亚洲太平洋经济合作组织（APEC）第六章：全球产业分布与跨国公司6.1 全球产业分布的特点与趋势6.2 跨国公司的角色与影响6.3 跨国公司的组织结构与经营策略6.4 跨国公司与全球经济一体化第七章：国际转移定价与税收7.1 转移定价的概念与方法7.2 跨国公司转移定价的策略7.3 国际税收体系与税收协定7.4 转移定价对国家税收的影响及应对措施第八章：国际政治经济关系8.1 国际政治经济关系的基本理论8.2 国家利益与国际合作8.3 国际冲突与经济制裁8.4 发展中国家在国际政治经济中的地位与作用第九章：全球环境问题与可持续发展9.1 全球环境问题的现状与挑战9.2 可持续发展理论及其内涵9.3 国际环境治理与合作9.4 绿色经济和低碳发展第十章：世界经济前景与挑战10.1 世界经济发展趋势分析10.2 全球经济面临的挑战与风险10.3 全球化进程中的政策选择10.4 我国应对全球经济挑战的策略与展望第十一章：国际金融市场与衍生品11.1 国际金融市场的基本构成11.2 金融衍生品市场概述11.3 利率、汇率和股票市场的衍生品11.4 金融衍生品的风险与管理第十二章：国际能源市场12.1 世界能源资源分布与消费12.2 国际能源市场的基本机制12.3 能源价格的决定因素12.4 能源政策与国际合作第十三章：国际劳动力流动13.1 国际劳动力流动的类型与原因13.2 劳动力流动对迁入国和迁出国的影响13.3 国际移民政策与管理13.4 全球化背景下的国际劳动力市场第十四章：国际旅游产业14.1 国际旅游产业的基本特征14.2 旅游需求、供给与国际旅游市场14.3 旅游业的可持续发展14.4 旅游政策与国际合作第十五章：世界经济与中国15.1 中国经济在世界经济中的地位15.2 中国参与国际经济合作与竞争15.3 中国对外经济政策与发展战略15.4 中国与世界经济未来的展望重点和难点解析第一章：世界经济导论重点：理解世界经济的基本概念、发展历程和组成部分。
第十五章世界贸易组织一、名词解释题1、世界贸易组织、关贸总协定、交叉报复二、简述题1、简述关贸总协定的作用。
2、关贸总协定多边贸易谈判有何特点？3、乌拉圭回合谈判有何特点？4、简述《与贸易有关的投资措施协议》的主要内容。
5、简述《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》中关于版权、商标和专利权的保护规定。
6、简述世界贸易组织的主要特点。
7、我国复关和加入世界贸易组织的主要原则是什么？三、论述题1、试述《服务贸易总协定》关于义务和原则的规定。
2、联系实际论述中国加入世界贸易组织的重要意义。
3、世界贸易组织新一轮多边谈判的重要议题和前景分析。
四、热点问题HOW WTO to affect China-US relationsOpportunities and challengesco-exist in bilateral tradeBY JAMES ZUWALTFirst secretary of US Embassy to ChinaThe United States warmly welcomes China’s imminent accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Scheduled to join officially in 2002, China will become one of the last major trading nations to join the WTO. And the message to the world will be clear: China is prepared to become a fully vested player in the global economy. WTO membership will generate tremendous benefits for China: spearheading further economic reform, attracting even higher levels of foreign investment, and fostering the rule of law.At home, WTO membership will undoubtedly thrust significant responsibilities and challenges on the Chinese leadership and the Chinese people. Abroad, it will fundamentally enhance, if not redefine, China’s relations with other countries, especially with its most significant export market, the United States.One thing is certain: The changes wrought by China’s WTO accession will reach far beyond just the trade-related aspects of the US-China relationship, engendering many benefits and mitigate the risks remains a subject of much debate among American and Chinese policy planners, business people, and consumers. China needs the WTOChina’s explosive economic expansion over the past 20 years is a well-known success story. Fuelled by vigorous reform efforts, growth rates averaging nearly 10 per cent annually have created a vast array of new job and investment opportunities, making China ever more prosperous. The effect of China’s transformation from aninward-looking, planned economy to a more market-oriented, trading powerhouse has reverberated throughout the global economy, influencing everything from con sumers’ choices to investment flows.Rapid-fire growth has not been cost-free, however. In particular, it has cast a harsh light on some of the structural weaknesses of China’s economic system, in agriculture, finance, and state-owned enterprise reform. The dilemma for China has been, and will continues to be, how best to keep the dual momentum of economic growth and structural reform going.In many respects, WTO membership is China’s best option for staying the course, for ensuring that neither the pace of economic growth nor of reform falters. As the world economy has become vastly more complex and interconnected, China’s participation in it , according to the rules of international trade , has become that much more critical not only for China, but for the United States, Asia, and the world.As a WTO member, China will be able to participate in the formulation of rules that govern international trade and investment. Similarly, it will be able to defend its trade interests using the WTO dispute-settlement system. Chinese exporters will benefit from the certainty that their trading partners must obey WTO rules. This means, for example, that WTO members will not be able to discriminate against Chinese products in their home markets. WTO membership will make China even more attractive to foreign investors. And more money invested in China means more high-paying jobs, more government tax receipts, and more technology transfers.WTO rules are designed to facilitate increased competition in every sector of the economy. Chinese consumers will be the direct beneficiaries, as competition encourages a large range of choices, lower prices, and higher quality, not to mention a greater awareness, and appreciation for, intellectual property rights and consumer rights. Global competition will foster gains in efficiency and productivity, which will strengthen China’s economy over time, and enhance the ability of Chinese firms to take on the best multinationals in any market , in any part of the world, China’s economy will benefit from the expanded range of services—insurance, finance, distribution—which foreign companies want to bring into China after its WTO accession. Competition in this area will in turn stimulate China’s home-grown services sector, giving companies and consumers an even broader range of choices. China’s responsibilitiesWhile China is poised to benefit greatly from WTO, it is important to keep in mind that WTO membership does not only convey certain rights, but also specific responsibilities. China laboured through 15 years of tough negotiations, particularly with the United States and the European Union, to achieve WTO membership. The time and effort involved stands as a testament to China’s determination to become a fully-integrated player in the rules-based global trading regime. Although the battle to achieve the victory of WTO accession was hard-fought, in many respects another equally worthwhile but difficult challenge confronts the nation. China is in the process of making enormous changes to meet its WTO obligations—restructuring industries, publishing previously internal laws and regulations, establishing formal procedures to adjudicate disputes, and levelling the playing field for foreigncompanies. It has agreed to slash tariffs and to eliminate import quotas, to dismantle export subsidies, and has promised to open service industries to foreign competition. Some of these changes will come immediately upon China’s accession; others will be phased in over a period of a few years.WTO and US-China tiesHow well China fulfils its obligations of WTO membership will have a direct bearing on the future direction of US-China relations. It is in the interests of both countries to avoid a scenario in which trade frictions are exacerbated by an inability or unwillingness to meet the many commitments China has made to join the WTO. That said, trade frictions between the US and China will not go away with WTO accession. If anything, they might increase, at least initially. That is only natural as the size and scope of our trade relationship grows. China already enjoys a burgeoning trade surplus with the US.The US and other governments are playing a vital role in trying to avoid just such a scenario by offering China assistance in meeting its WTO obligations. Our Consulate General in Shanghai, for example, has worked with the US-China Business Council to put together a video-conferencing programme in which American trade-law experts speak to Chinese officials. Similarly, our Embassy in Beijing is working with Beijing University and a local distance-learning institution to provide on-line WTO training opportunities in communities throughout China. The European Union has allocated approximately US$23 million to bring Chinese officials up to speed on WTO rules and concepts, including translations for use in domestic legislation.WTO rules can protect ChinaChina’s handling of trade disputes with Japan proves the country isn’t skilled enough in using rules and regulations of the world Trade Organization (WTO) to protect its own interests, said an article in the Japanese Studies Magazine.The latest trade dispute was provoked by Japan in April when it slapped import curbs on shiitake mushrooms, spring onions and rushes tatami mats from China .In June, China imposed punitive tariffs on Japanese-made cars, mobile phones and air conditioners.The dispute can be viewed as an early test of how China will meet challenges brought about by its pending WTO entry, the article said.One problem exposed is China’s slow response to Japan’s action .The Japanese Government, in fact, started relevant investigations for possible import curbs in as early December. These investigations were conducted in an open manner.Yet there was no Chinese response until March 27, when Japan announced its non-tariff protection measures and intensified its quarantine of imported farm produces.Another problem demonstrated is China’s weakness in collecting information.When the Japanese government began investigations on certain products and made relevant statistics, the Chinese government should have conducted their owninvestigations on the targeted products.With the materials collected, China could have clarified misinformation published by Japan. Furthermore, the effect would have helped China work out efficient countermeasures.Today’s trade wars, to a great extent, are information wars. A country can not convince the international community by talking abstract theories and must instead rely on concrete data to justify protective measures.In the trade dispute, between China and Japan, Japan flooded the media with statistics. Chinese media also had to quote figures released by Japan while talking about China’s export of these three products.There was no proof as to whether those figures are accurate.WTO entry means both opportunities and challenges to China. But people are placing more expectations on gains than on necessary preparations to meet challenges, the article warned.After it becomes a WTO member, China will encounter similar, unavoidable trade disputes with other countries. To gain an upper hand in handling disputes, it is a pressing task for China to become familiar with rules and regulations of WTOBeing blind to the game rules for the WTO will make China ill-prepared itself and lead it to unintentionally break laws, the article said.While China has been out of the WTO, the nation has suffered discrimination. But fair treatment within the WTO depends on the skilled use of relevant rules and regulations.Chinese enterprises also must become more responsible, the article urgedIn the current China-Japan trade dispute, it was the Japanese non-governmental agricultural organizations that put forward the problem first. Japanese politicians later imposed pressure on the Japanese Government, which finally took the protective measures.Chinese enterprises, still stuck in the shadows of the old planned economic system, have depended heavily on the government. This situation must be changed, the article said.After joining the WTO, China must use both government and enterprises to assure international trading justice. The government is responsible for maintaining the stability of the domestic market and protecting infant industries must realize first that their sectors are threatened by similar products overseas or unfair treatment abroad.If enterprises find foreign companies are dumping their products on the local market or resorting to unethical competitive means, they should report to the government so a probe can commence at once.After entering the WTO, China must also diversify its exports to avoid reliance on exports of the same products to one or two particular countries. China could easily run afoul of WTO rules without meaning to do so. For example, if China’s export exceeds 3 per cent of a country’s total import of a certain product, the important country, in line with WTO rules, may curb the import of that Chinese products.In some circumstances, even if its exports are curbed, the punished countryhas no right to take countermeasures within the first three years, the article said.An old ailment afflicting China’s export is the price war among Chinese enterprises. To try to win foreign orders, enterprises vie with each other in cutting prices. As a result, they suffer great losses in profit.At the same time, foreign producers may accuse Chinese producers of dumping their products.Attention must be paid to this problem after China becomes a WTO member, the article said. It cannot be China’s response to every challenging market.Finally, the government and non-governmental trade associations should play a more active role in providing information to enterprises.It is difficult for any single enterprise to have a grasp of the kind of information a government or private agency can collect, but having this knowledge will help China immeasurablyWTO prompts better business environmentChina’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) will prompt the nation to revise its current laws and regulations and, subsequently, improve the environment for foreign trade and foreign investment, an article in Beijing Review said.China has approved a series of obligations to open its social system. Chinese leaders have said many times that China will strictly abide by WTO rules and earnestly fulfill its pledges.The six major obligations China is to bear following its WTO entry are as follows:●China is to treat each WTO member equally. All individuals andorganizations involved in foreign investment, including individuals andorganizations that have never invested or registered in China, will enjoyat least the same treatment as Chinese enterprises regarding the rights oftrade.●China is to abolish the practice of double track pricing as well asdifferent treatments for domestically sold goods and exported goods.●Price control will not aim to provide protection to domesticmanufacturers and service companies.●China is to modify existing domestic legislation and draft new laws in aunified and effective manner in line with the WTO Agreement so as tomeet requirements of the WTO Agreement.●Three years after China’S WTO entry, expect for a handful of cases, allenterprises will have the right to import and export goods and conducttrade within the customs territory.●Farm products will have no export subsidies of any sort.After China fulfils all its pledges, its average tariff on farm products will drop to 15 per cent, while tariffs of industrial goods will drop to 8.9 per cent.Subsequent to China’s WTO accession, foreign companies involved in services will be allowed to establish equity joint ventures in China which, no longer limited in number, can provide services in some cities.Five years after WTO accession, foreign financial institutions will be allowedto provide renminbi services to all Chinese customers. Foreign insurance companies can set up nonlife insurance subsidiaries or joint ventures in China, and foreign businesses will be allowed to establish solely foreign-owned subsidiaries.To suit the needs of joining the WTO, China has been revising and improving laws and regulations involving foreign trade and economic cooperation. It is expected that by 2010, a legal system of market economy in conformity with China’s national conditions will take shape.Numerous decrees, regulations and rules still need to be revised for the sake of china’s WTO entry, said Zhang Yuqing, director of the Department of Laws and Regulations under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation (MOFTEC). More than 2,000 bits of regulations need to be revised, one by one.Among those laws that have undergone the most revisions are the Law on China-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law on Chinese-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures and the Law on Foreign-Capital Enterprises, said Hu Jingyan, director of MOFTEC’s Forei gn investment department.Hu revealed that China would abolish three inflexible rules required of foreign-funded enterprises after its WTO accession, regarding local proportion, foreign exchange balance and exporting proportion.Exporters forecast that Chi na’s WTO accession will lead to a new round of foreign investment in China and that WTO entry marks the full linkage of China with the international community.The Chinese economic system and Chinese policies, laws and regulations regarding foreign investment will become less ambiguous. This will strengthen the confidence of foreign investors in the Chinese market, the article said.But before this can happen, China’s current policies aiming to attract foreign investment need revisions. For instance, there are some inappropriate restrictions on foreign-funded enterprises regarding buying imported goods.After the WTO entry, these practices will be changed gradually.The current system for examining and approving foreign investment also will be reformed to increase the transparency of examination and approval.After its WTO entry, China will regularly report its changes in foreign investment policies to the world trade body. It will establish a mechanism for issuing policies related to foreign investment, and designated media will publicize the related policies.Examination and approval of foreign investment will be conducted in accordance with promulgated laws and regulations. The procedures of examination and approval will be simple but effective and the process shall be open.Implementation of national treatment following WTO entry is also expected and will exempt foreign-funded enterprises from many problems. This will greatly boost foreign investment in China.The opening of finance, insurance, telecoms, commerce, tourism, foreign trade, shipping, construction, education, public health and publishing will hasten. The absolute value and ratio of foreign investment attracted by the service sector will experience an obvious increase, which is expected to push up the total amount of foreign direct investment.WTO entry will force China to adopt universally accepted channels forattracting foreign investment, such as mergers and acquisitions and securities investment. That will further expand the scale of foreign investment.In a step-by-step way and under the prerequisite of guaranteed supervision, China may gradually allow foreign investors to participate in the A-share market by means of securities investment.五、案例分析案例一印度申诉土耳其对纺织品与服装的限制违背了非歧视原则案例概述根据土耳其及欧盟成立关税同盟的协议，土耳其在纺织品与服装产品上与欧盟一样实行“大体上相同”的贸易政策。
