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第二章翻译的过程——理解与表达第一节翻译过程翻译的过程主要分为两个阶段：理解和表达。
翻译上的不足之处主要出在理解上，如果译者完全理解了源语文本和有足够的能力驾驭目的语，那么翻译过程就会变得自然，而且几乎是一个自动的过程（Nida）。
理解是表达的前提和先决条件，表达是理解的结果。
在实际的翻译过程中，两个阶段是在译者的潜意识中同时进行的，理解中有表达，表达中有理解。
翻译的基本过程：翻译过程中的各种相关因素：翻译的类型（一）：表层翻译Source Language (X) Target LanguageX=interlanguage翻译的类型（二）：深层翻译(Source)(Target)(Analysis)(Restructuring)X(Transfer)翻译的类型（三）篇章翻译 PlaneT extual Processing PlanesT extual PlaneT SL =source-language text; T TL =target-language text第二节 理解与翻译要做到完全透彻的理解决非易事，而是一个极其复杂的过程。
“理解原作十分不易，需要语言修养，文化修养，各方面的知识”。
除了语言文化的差异之外，翻译中理解的复杂性主要表现在以下方面： 一、 口语与书面语的差别 二、语言与思想的不一致 三、时间因素的介入 四、文化障碍理解的步骤：1. 分析原语文本的词汇和语法特征He didn ’t come to the hospital because he was ill. Here lies one whose name was writ in water.2. 结合篇章语境进行分析I crossed the street to avoid him, but he saw me and came running towards me. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Bert Dykes.3. 分析原语文本的交际语境If you’re looking for a good job, we’re offering a thousand a week.An American journalist describes his first experience in learning Chinese as fo llows: “Mandarin, the dialect I’m wrestling with, has four tones. The first is spoken…with a high-pitched sound. The second tone rises. I think of calling to shore while wading into the waters of Maine.4. 结合原语的文化语境进行分析Milky Way It is a wet summer.第三节表达与翻译理解是表达的前提，表达是理解的结果。
第二章翻译的过程The Process of Translation1.理解：1语义方面：1.1.1根据在句中的词类来选择.1)Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸.2)Like knows like.3)I like translation more than writing.4)In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.1.1.2. 根据上下文1)He was the last man to come, but he wasn’t late for the meeting..他是最后来的2)He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事情的3)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你.Take off:1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或穿鞋对她一样痛苦,但这已是多年以来的痛苦了.2)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子边上,好象随时都会站起身来的样子.1.1.3 根据搭配来选择：light music轻音乐，light loss小损失，light car轻型汽车，light heart不专一的心，light step轻快的脚步，light manners轻浮的举止，light voice 轻声delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤/delicate upbringing娇生惯养/delicate living奢侈的生活/ delicate vase容易碰碎的花瓶/delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交问题/delicate difference/讲不大清楚的差别delicate ear for music对音乐有鉴赏力/ delicate touch/妙笔生花delicate features清秀的五官/delicate food美味的食物1.1.4 词语引申意1.1.4.1 具体形象引伸为该形象的代表属性1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of that smuggler毒枭的性格既残暴又狡猾1.1.4.2 抽象变具体1)there had been too much violence in that region那个地区发生了许多暴力事件2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .停下了,错过了绿灯.3)Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了.字旗取代了六角星旗.反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天.1.1.5 complimentary or derogative terms1)Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the peoples who struggle against terrorism.。
英语笔译基础（英译汉）教学大纲（2013年6月修订）兰州商学院陇桥学院二○一三年六月一、课程基本信息课程名称：英语笔译基础（英译汉）课程编码：0411056课程类别：专业主干课，必修课程计划总学时：54学时课程学分：3适用专业：英语专业（翻译方向）课程归属系（部）：外国语言文学系本课程是否有单独的实验（实训、实习）教学大纲：无二、课程性质、目的和任务《英语笔译基础（英译汉）》是为英语专业翻译方向高年级学生的一门专业必修课。
课程力求理论与实践相结合，传授基本的翻译知识及常用的方法和技巧，通过反复实践培养学生的翻译熟练技能。
以翻译知识为先导，英汉语言的对比为基础，翻译技巧为主干，通过讲解、范文赏析、译文对比、练习和讲评等具体措施为学生打开思路，提高双语的转换能力，使学生们掌握必要的翻译知识与技能。
通过介绍汉英两种语言的对比与分析以及不同翻译方法，结合大量实践对所学内容进行练习和巩固，使学生能够掌握翻译的基本技巧，培养学生英汉翻译基本技能。
同时，还要注重培养学生严谨的学风，避免不求甚解、逐词死译和望文生义，从而切实提高学生的翻译水平，将学生培养成合格的翻译人才。
三、本课程与相关课程的关系后续课四、课程考核方式本课程为院级考试课；本课程考采用形成性评价和终结性评价相结合的考核方式。
总评成绩由平时成绩和期末考试成绩两部分构成，其中平时成绩占40%（含考勤、作业、课堂表现、测验等），期末考试成绩占60%。
五、学时分配一览表六、建议教材及教学参考书目（一）建议教材王恩冕.大学英汉翻译教程(第三版)[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社，2009.（二）教学参考书目[1] 冯庆华.实用翻译教程(修订版)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社，2006.[2] 许建平.英汉互译实践与技巧[M].北京:清华大学出版社，2000.[3] 程永生.汉译英理论与实践教程(第一版)[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，2005.七、课程教学内容第一章翻译概论教学目的与要求：使学生基本了解我国翻译简史，并掌握翻译定义与分类、翻译的悖论和翻译的标准。
Unit 2 Marrakech马拉喀什见闻1、As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later.尸体被抬过去的时候，成群的苍蝇嗡嗡地飞离了餐馆的饭桌，尾随尸体去，几分钟后又嗡嗡地飞了回来。
2、The little crows of mourners – all me and boys, no women – threaded their way across the marker place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, wailing a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flied is that the corpses here are never put into coffins; they are merely wrapped in a piece of ray and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole afoot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth. Like a derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried.一支人数不多的送葬队伍-其中老老小小全是男的，没有女人——挤过一堆堆的石榴，穿行在出租车和骆驼之间，迂回着穿过市场，嘴里还一遍遍地哀号着一支短促的悲歌。
英译汉（Unit1、2、3、5课文翻译）Unit 1 A Kind of Sermon 一番说教1、第一段：①It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.也许老师比学生更容易理解，为什么学生在掌握了英语基本结构和句型后英语学习反而变得越来越困难了。
②Students are naturally surprised and disappointed to discover that a process which ought to become simpler does not appear to do so.学生们自然感到惊奇并失望地发现本来应该变得越来越容易的学习过程却完全不是那么回事。
2、第二段：①It may not seem much consolation to point out that the teacher, too, becomes frustrated when his efforts appear to produce less obvious results.在知道老师在其努力所产生的效果似乎不及一开始明显也会灰心丧气时，学生们并不感到多少安慰。
②He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded inputting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks.他发现那些学生很容易去教，因为他们能把所学的知识很快地用于实践。
第二章翻译的过程The Process of Translation1.理解：1语义方面：1.1.1根据在句中的词类来选择.1)Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸.2)Like knows like.3)I like translation more than writing.4)In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.1.1.2. 根据上下文1)He was the last man to come, but he wasn’t late for the meeting..他是最后来的2)He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事情的3)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你.Take off:1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或穿鞋对她一样痛苦,但这已是多年以来的痛苦了.2)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子边上,好象随时都会站起身来的样子.1.1.3 根据搭配来选择：light music轻音乐，light loss小损失，light car轻型汽车，light heart不专一的心，light step轻快的脚步，light manners轻浮的举止，light voice 轻声delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤/delicate upbringing娇生惯养/delicate living奢侈的生活/ delicate vase容易碰碎的花瓶/delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交问题/delicate difference/讲不大清楚的差别delicate ear for music对音乐有鉴赏力/ delicate touch/妙笔生花delicate features清秀的五官/delicate food美味的食物1.1.4 词语引申意1.1.4.1 具体形象引伸为该形象的代表属性1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of that smuggler毒枭的性格既残暴又狡猾1.1.4.2 抽象变具体1)there had been too much violence in that region那个地区发生了许多暴力事件2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .停下了,错过了绿灯.3)Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了.字旗取代了六角星旗.反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天.1.1.5 complimentary or derogative terms1)Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the peoples who struggle against terrorism.。
视频2 翻译的基本步骤汉译英基本步骤一、合并原则如果多个小句子的汉语句子，考虑句子之间的连接。
我们要抓住新的机遇（1），迎接新的挑战（2），采取更加有力的措施（3），以更为积极的姿态扩大对外开放（4），力争在对外贸易和吸收外资上有新的增长（5）。
A.并列关系1 and 2Seasons come and go. 只有并列关系才能用and。
B.目的关系3 and4 to5 ( in order to/ so as to)C.因果关系（as, since, because, for）转折关系（though, although, even though）总分关系（分述可用ing体现）Americans have long snickered(看不起) Latin America countries, calling them banana republics.二、主干原则（main structure）中美之间建立在平等互利基础上的劳动分工是最为合理和实用的国际关系修饰语放在中心词后面三、转序原则（modifier）劳动分工（中美之间）（建立在平等互利基础上）劳动分工Between China and America based on equality and mutual benefit修饰语往后放。
汉译英过程中，从后往前推，找出中心词四、转译原则劳动分工divide labor → the division of labor 表示中文中的动宾结构追逐利润Chase profit → the chase of profit废除奴隶制度abolish slavery → the abolition of slavery五、时态原则英文16种时态中国的教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的意义。
完成时态有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日，尤其是经典著作。
过去时通过阅读，人们能更好的学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作，而教育的目的正式要培养这些基本素质。
