法律英语翻译
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法律英语翻译技巧(二)法学语言与法学语言翻译例1:The law holds that the individual is responsible for his acts. The law also indicates what is good and right, and what may and should be done. It also indicates what is evil and wrong, and should not and may not be done. The law further holds that what is evil and wrong is a crime and may not be done, and if done, renders the doer liable to punishment. The law also recognizes the principle that man has free will and that, with certain exceptions, he exercises free will in commission of any crime that he may commit.译文1:法律认为公民应对自己的行为负责。
法律还规定什么是美好的和正确的,规范了哪些事是允许做或应该做的。
同样,法律规范了什么是邪恶的和错误的。
法律还进一步明确规定哪些邪恶的错误的事是不能做的犯罪行为看,如果某人做了这样的事,那么该行为就要受到惩罚。
同样,法律还承认这样一个原则,每个公民除犯罪自由外都具有自由意志,如果某人在各种违法活动中实施其自由意志,那么他就可能触犯法律。
译文2:法律规定人人应对自己的行为承担责任,分清善良和正义,规范了人们的行为准则;法律还认为,作孽枉法即是犯罪,法不可恕,谁要以身试法,必将受到严惩。
法律所主张的原则是:人人享有自由意志的权利;同时也认为,除特殊情况外,人们的自由往往表现在因泛滥自由意志而受到惩罚的行为上。
Legal English (revised version for the students)Ch.1 The Main Features of Legal English一、法律英语的英译:David Mellinkoff(加州大学洛杉矶分校法学院教授):《The Language of the Law》19631.legal English---Lawful EnglishLegal parlance(说法、用语)/legal lingo(行话、隐语)/legal jargon(行话、黑话)/legalese( 法律八股文)/language of jurisprudence(法理语言)2. the English Language of the Law or shortened as “the language of the law”3. 法律英语与法学英语二、法律英语的范围:是否凡是涉及法律的英语(词汇、表达方法、句子结构……)都是法律英语?英美法学界所公认的法律英语主要是指普通法国家(common-law countries)的法律人所用的习惯语言(customary language),包括某些词汇、短语,或具有特色的一些表达方法(mode of expressions)。
三、法律英语的主要特点:I. precise or exact (准确)正常情况下,起草法律文件时,用词造句务必十分精准(with great exactness),因为一旦笔者的思想、观点、企图落实成文字,即成为法庭判断是非的重要依据,因为按严格解释原则(principle of strict construction)或唯名论原则(principle of nominalism),尽管实践中还存在推测意图原则(principle of presumed intent),但其不占主导地位,书面文字仍然是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据。
法律英语用词:ADJOURNMENT英汉-汉英词典是做翻译或传译的必备工作伴侣。
不过,在传译的过程中,会偶尔遇到一些单词在翻译上是不可参照英汉词典的。
其中一个例子就是Adjournment。
在许多法律英汉/汉英词典都把adjournment翻译作“休庭”。
其实,也许有些律师会把“休庭”理解为“押后”或“延期”。
事实上,休庭不是一个太恰当的翻译。
思其义,“休庭”就是“法庭休息”,不审理案子的意思。
但是,adjournment是一种postponement。
换言之,该词表达的是某种事情的延后或者押后。
在法院里所用的adjournment, 是指案件押后或者延期再审理(或聆询),比如“The court will adjourn this case to next Tuesday.”或“Case adjourned to Tuesday”。
如果把 adjournment 翻译为“休庭”,那是误导的。
因为在法院里,如果提到adjournment,所指的是案子的延期、押后,择日继续审理或议论。
例如,在初审法院里,法官准许adjournment后,各方开始退下;接下来,法官并不是退庭休息,而是继续审理其他的案件。
“休庭”,应该是court in recess或者俗话中的“The court(courtroom) is down.”。
曾经有位法院传译员与我分享她的亲身经历。
当法官说“Adjourned”的时候,该传译员想起她看到的词典译意,于是告诉她身旁的华人被告说“休庭”。
当时身旁的被告很紧张,愣着问:“我的案件就到此为止了?法官不审了?”结果,该传译员连忙改口说:“法官说的是案件押后再审” 。
听到这话,被告方才松了口气,连忙说“谢谢”。
因此,adjournment这个单词应该翻译为“押后”或者“延后”,甚或“(案件)押后”,而不该翻译为“休庭”。
Criminal LawCriminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes, establishes punishments, and regulates the investigation and prosecution of people accused of committing crimes. Criminal Law includes both substantive law, and criminal procedure, which regulates the implementation and enforcement of substantive criminal law.Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.•司法权•writ of certiorari•开庭•Circuit court•求偿法院•petition•仲裁者•felony•上诉法院•conviction•轻罪•legal consequence •严格责任•mistake of fact •未成年人•crime of negligence •民事损害赔偿•material matter •动机•specific intent •犯意•Put the following terms into Chinese:•grading systems•first degree murder•retributive sentence•aggravated assault•peremptory challenges•presumption of innocence•case at bar•case of first impression•verdict of acquittal•verdict of guilty•Translate the following sentences into Chinese• 1. Under Model Penal Code, intent has the meaning as follows: a person acts with intent with respect to a material element when (1)if the element involves the nature of his conduc or a result thereof, it is his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature or to cause such a result; and (2) if the element involves the attendant circumstances, he is aware of the existence of such circumstances or he believes or hopes that they exist.•根据《标准刑法典》的规定,故意的意思是:当(1)若一个要件含有行为人行为的性质或结果,他的主观目的则是从事该性质的行为或造成该结果;以及(2)若一个要件含有若干伴随情形,他则意识到该等情形的存在并且相信或希望该等情形存在时,一个人的行为构成针对一重要要件的行为意图。
常用法律英语词汇翻译大全:民事法律法律渊源source of law 制定法statute 判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law 特别法special law 固有法native law; indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 英吉利法English law 衡平法equity; law of equity 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm 命令性规范commanding norm 民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality 自愿原则principle of free will 公平原则principle of justice 等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith 行为act 作为act 不作为omission 合法行为lawful act 违法行为unlawful act 民事权利权利能力civil right 绝对权absolute right 相对权relative right 优先权right of priority 先买权preemption 原权antecedent right 救济权right of relief 支配权right of dominion 请求权right of claim 物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation 撤销权right of claiming cancellation 否认权right of claimingcancellation 解除权right of renouncement 代位权subrogated right 选择权right of choice 承认权right of admission 终止权right of termination 抗辩权right of defense 一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense 永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right 不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right 同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right 期待权expectant right 专属权exclusive right 非专属权non-exclusive right 人身权利personal right 人权human right 人格权right of personality 生命健康权right of life and health 姓名权right of name 名称权right of name 肖像权right of portraiture 自由权right of freedom 名誉权right reputation 隐私权right of privacy 私生活秘密权right of privacy 贞操权virginity right 身份权right of status 亲权parental power; pa。
法律英语翻译-法律英语特点法律英语(Legal English)措辞严谨,句式冗长,结构复杂,甚至一句话能长达一篇文章。
在做好法律英语(Legal English)翻译(translation)之前,清楚认识法律英语(Legal English)的特点(characteristics)至关重要。
同样汉语中的法律用语也同样严谨,结构复杂,清楚的掌握两种语言的法律用语特点(characteristics)在翻译(translation)中会更加有章可循。
法律英语(Legal English)是以英语共同语为基础,在立法和司法等活动中形成和使用的具有法律专业特点(characteristics)的语言。
因此,在法律英语(Legal English)中不仅有众多的具有法律专门意义的特殊词汇(words),而且由于规定人们权利和义务的法律、法令或契约等法律文书所表述的内容必须准确、严密、客观和规范,不容许丝毫的引伸、推理或抒发和表达感情,因而在法律英语(Legal English)中又形成了许多其特有的句法特点(characteristics),这些词法和句法特点(characteristics)在翻译(translation)过程中必须受到充分重视。
下面我们从词汇(words)、词类使用和句型结构三方面来考察法律英语(Legal English)的文体(style)特点(characteristics):一、法律英语(Legal English)的文体(style)特点(characteristics)之一:法律英语(Legal English)词汇(words)1.1法律英语(Legal English)用词特点(characteristics):庄重、规范、书面语较多法律是掌握国家政权的阶级、集团的意志体现,它有鲜明的政策性,权威性。
为了维护法律的严肃性,法律、法规遣词造句力求准确,用词正式,语意严谨。
法律英语文本中情态动词shall的用法及翻译情态动词shall是英语法律文本中重复率很高的法律用词,其具有指示性和施为性的法律含义,与普通英语中的含义有很大不同。
能否正确的理解和准确的翻译shall的用法和意思对于强调准确性的英汉法律法规及法律合同意义重大,本文旨在探讨法律英语中shall的基本用法。
标签:shall;法律英语;法律翻译一、引言Shall是构成英文法律文体的一个最主要的情态动词。
当shall作为情态动词与第三人称一起使用时,它表示义务、职责、权利、命令、特权和许诺等。
这是法律英语界人士和英语语法专家所公认的。
在大陆法系(包括中华法系)中没有一个完全对等的词汇能翻译shall。
在法律英语中shall的作用相当于must, have to, be to (do), be required to,is等。
但在将其翻译成中文时,不但英语系翻译专业的学生感到难以把握,就连从事英语法律翻译的老师、专业人员也觉得该词难译,常常下笔踌躇,莫衷一是。
二、Shall的用法及翻译Shall在英文法律文本中主要表示“指示性”、“施为性”和“命令”、“义务”和“权利”等。
《兰登书屋法律词典》(Random House Webster’s Dictionary of the Law)对shall的法律解释如以下三项:a,在特指法规或司法解释中,表示命令、必要性和强制性(expressing mandate, necessity or compulsion, especially in statutory or judicial directives)。
b,表示决心、肯定和强调(expressing determination, certainty and emphasis)。
c, 表示计划、意愿和预期(expressing futurity, especially plan, intention or expectation)。
美国:SEC.(b) Consideration of promotion of efficiency, competition, and capital formation.—Whenever pursuant to this title the Commission is engaged in rule making and is required to consider or determine whether an action is necessary or appropriate in the public interest, the Commission shall also consider, in addition to the protection of investors, whether the action will promote efficiency, competition, and capital formation.为提高效率、促进竞争、及资本形成的考虑。
在根据本法制定具体规则、需要考虑或决定某项行动对公共利益是否必要或适当时,证券交易委员会除了要考虑保护投资者之外,还应该考虑行动是否会将提高效率、促进竞争及资本形成。
中国:《证券法》第一条为了规范证券发行和交易行为,保护投资者的合法权益,维护社会经济秩序和社会公共利益,促进社会主义市场经济的发展,制定本法。
Article 1 This Law is enacted for the purpose of regulating the offering and trading of securities, protecting investors 'legal rights and interests , maintaining social economic order and public interests, and promoting the development of the socialist market economy.诚实信用原则:《合同法》当事人行使权利、履行义务应当遵循诚实信用原则。
Article 6 The parties shall observe the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and performing obligations.《公司法》公司从事经营活动,必须遵守法律、行政法规,遵守社会公德、商业道德,诚实守信,接受政府和社会公众的监督,承担社会责任。
Article 5 When engaging in business and operation, the company must abide by laws and administrative regulations, stick to social morality and business ethics, honesty and fiduciary , accept the supervision by the government and the general public, and owe social responsibilities.股份有限公司股东大会由全体股东组成,股东大会是公司的权力机构,依照本法行使职权。
Article 98 Shareholder's Meeting of joint stock companies is composed by all shareholders,which as the company's organ of authority ,shall exercise its duties and powers in accordance with this law. 董事、监事、高级管理人员应当遵守法律、行政法规和公司章程,对公司负有忠实义务和勤勉义务。
董事、监事、高级管理人员不得利用职权收受贿赂或者其他非法收入,不得侵占公司的财产。
Article 148 Directors, supervisors and senior managers shall abide by laws, administrative regulations and the articles of association,and owe the duty of loyalty and care. Directors, supervisors and senior managers shall not abuse their authorities by accepting bribes or receiving other illegal income, and shall not convert company assets.《证券法》证券发行、交易活动的当事人具有平等的法律地位,应当遵守自愿、有偿、诚实信用的原则。
Article 4 All parties involved in the offering and trading of securities have equal legal status and shall observe voluntary,compensatory and fiduciary.3. Avoidance of provision excluding liability for misrepresentation.排除错误陈述或责任的条款无效If a contract contains a term which would exclude or restrict—(a) any liability to which a party to a contract may be subject by reason of any misrepresentation made by him before the contract was made; or(b) any remedy available to another party to the contract by reason of such a misrepresentation, that term shall be of no effect except in so far as it satisfies the requirement of reasonableness as stated in section 11(1) of theUnfair Contract Terms Act 1977; and it is for those claiming that the term satisfies that requirement to show that it does.如果合同某一条款排除或限制以下责任或救济:(a)合同任何一方因其在缔结合同前所做的任何错误陈述可能承担的任何责任;(b)合同相对人因该错误陈述可能享有的任何救济;则该条款无效,但满足1977年《不公平合同条款》第11 条(1)款之规定的合理性要求的除外。
pensation for statements in listing particulars or prospectus招股说明书中陈述相关赔偿(1)Any person responsible for listing particulars is liable to pay compensation to a person who has—(a)acquired securities to which the particulars apply; and(b)suffered loss in respect of them as a result of—(i)any untrue or misleading statement in the particulars; or(ii)the omission from the particulars of any matter required to be included by section 80 or 81.对上市说明书承担责任的责任人,对以下人员应当承担赔偿责任:(a)获得该说明书的相关证券者;(b)并且由于以下任何原因,遭受了该证券相关损失的人(i)该上市说明书中任何不真实或误导性陈述(ii)该上市说明书中遗漏了本法第80条或81条要求的任何事项ξ345. JUDICIAL REMEDIES AVAILABLE345条(可获得的司法救济)The judicial remedies available for the protection of the interests stated inξ344 include judgment or order(a)awarding a sum of money due under the contract or as damages,(b)requiring specific performance of a contract or enjoining its non-performance,(c)requiring restoration of a specific thing to prevent unjust enrichment,(d)awarding a sum of money to prevent unjust enrichment(e)declaring the rights of the parties, and(f)enforcing an arbitration award.为保护第344条所述利益而可以提供的司法救济,包括以下判决或者判令:(a)授予合同项下应得的款项或者授予损害赔偿,(b)要求特定履行合同或者禁止不履行合同,(c)要求恢复特别事项以防止不当得利,(d)授予一定的金额以防止不当得利,(e)宣告双方当事人的权利,以及(f)强制履行仲裁裁决。
§ 344 Purposes of RemediesJudicial remedies under the rules stated in this Restatement serve to protect one or more of the following interests of a promisee:(a) his "expectation interest," which is his interest in having the benefit of his bargain by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract been performed,(b) his "reliance interest," which is his interest in being reimbursed for loss caused by reliance on the contract by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract not been made, or(c) his "restitution interest," which is his interest in having restored to him any benefit that he has conferred on the other party.本法所述规则规定的司法救济,旨在保护承诺人的下列一种或多种利益:(a) “期待利益”,即倘契约得以履行,自磋商中所能得之利益;(b) “信赖利益”,即倘未签订契约,免于因信赖契约而遭受的损失之利益;(c) “回复利益”,即取回让与对方当事人权益之利益。