DNA损伤和修复

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Chapter 5 DNA damage and repair

1 .主要内容

1)诱变

2 ) DNA损伤

3 ) DNA修复

4 .教学要求:

1)熟悉DNA损伤的原因、类型

2)掌握DNA修复的方式

5.1 Mutagenesis

5.2 DNA damage

5.3 DNA Repair

5.1 Mutagenesis (诱变)

•…

5.1.1 The reasons of mutation •

5.1.2 Types of mutations

5.1.3 Mutagens (诱变剂)

5.1.4 mutagenesis (诱变)

5.1 Mutagenesis (诱变)

Mutation (突变) =Permanent, heritable alteratioins the base sequence of a DNA

molecule(是DNA碱基序列水平上永久性的、可遗传的变化)

5.1.1 The reasons of mutation

Spontaneous errors(自发性错误):in DNA replication or meiotic recombination

Mutagen (诱变物): A consequence of the damaging effects of physical or chemical

mutagens on DNA

Mutagen= mutation causing agent

• Essentially all mutagens are carcinogens(致癌物)

Most carcinogens are mutagens

5.1.2 Types of mutations

• Multisite(多位点):

-Cause gross(严重的)chromosome abnormalities(畸形); -Involve large regions of DNA ;

-Arise during meiosis(在减数分裂期发生)

・ Point mutations (点突变)

-Involve only one or a few nucleotides ;

-Arise during DNA replication

-Require two errors : 1) An error during DNA replication; 2) Failure to correct

that error

Types of point mutations

Inversions: ACBDEF

Duplications ABCDEEF

Deletions: ABCD-F

Insertions: ABCDSEF

Substitutions: ATCDEF

Types of point mutations

The phenotypic effect of point mutation (点突变的表型效应 )

• Missense mutation(错义突变):碱基序列的改变引起了产物氨基酸序列的改变。

Nonsense mutation (无义突变):某个碱基的改变使代表某种氨基酸的密码子 变为蛋白质合成的终止密码子(stop codon,TAG, TAA, TGA)。

Samesense mutation (同义突变):是指未改变产物氨基酸序列的密码子变化。No

effect (silent mutation沉默突变)

Reading frame (阅读框)is one of the three possible ways in which an mRNA sequence of

nucleotides can be read as a series of base triplets 三个一组 to specify the amino acids

in a protein chain.

ORF (open reading frame 开放性阅读框):from start codon to stop codon

What is the first defense against mutations?

• On the one hand, the actual error rate of the polymerase, before editing, is of the order

of 0.1% to 1.0%.

• However, the overall error rate for DNA replication is 1 error in 109 to 1010 base pairs.

• This phenomenal fidelity is achieved in three ways.

Replication fidelity (复制的保真度)

• First, Watson-Crick base pairing • Second, DNA polymerases have the ability to edit ("proofread") their work (3’ to 5’

exonuclease activity of the polymerases).

• Third, post-replication repair of DNA (mismatch repair).

5.1.3 Mutagens (诱变剂)

• Physical mutagens (物理诱变剂)

• High-energy ionizing radiation(电离辐射): X-rays and y-rays f strand breaks (断

链),base/sugar destruction (碱基/核糖损伤)

• Nonionizing radiation (非电离辐射):UV lightf pyrimidine dimers (喀啶二聚 体)

• Chemical mutagens (化学诱变剂)

• Base analogs (碱基类似物):mispair, direct mutagenesis,

• Nitrous acid (亚硝酸):deaminates C to produce U (脱氨基作用)

• Alkylating agents (烷化剂)

• Arylating agents (芳基化剂)

5.1.4 Mutagenesis (诱变)

Direct mutagenesis(直接诱变): results from the presence of stable, unrepaired base

with altered base pairing properties in the DNA.

• Indirect mutagenesis(间接诱变): The mutation is introduced as a result of an error-prone repair (倾向差错的修复).

-Translesion(跨越损伤)DNA synthesis : Insertion of bases opposite the unrepaired

lesion regardless of the original sequence (不顾原始序列如何,在未修复的损伤

序列对面插入碱基)---to maintain the DNA integrity but not the sequence accuracy

(只保证DNA序列的完整性,不保证序列的精确性).

5.2 DNA damage

DNA lesions损伤:

oxidative damage氧化性损伤

Alkylation 烷基化

bulky adducts聚化力口合物

5.2.1 DNA lesions (DNA 损伤) DNA lesions (DNA损伤): An alteration to the normal chemical or physical structure of

the DNA (DNA正常的化学或物理结构的改变)

5.2.3 Alkylation (烷基化作用)

5.2.4 Bulky adducts (聚化加合物)

Bulky lesions such as pyrimidine dimers and arylating 芳基化 agent adducts distort the

double helix and cause localized 局部 denaturation. This disrupts the normal functioning

of the DNA.

喀啶二聚体的形成

喀啶二聚体是如何造成DNA损伤的?

•由于相邻的胸腺喀啶产生二聚体,两个碱基平面被环丁基所扭转,引起双螺旋构

型的局部变化,同时氢键结合力也显著减弱。这样,当有胸腺喀啶二聚体的DNA

作为模板进行复制时,Pollll将两个腺嘌吟核甘酸加上去,但由于不能很好地形成 氢键,然后,又由3'-5,校对功能而将之水解。如此反复发生,而产生了一个空 耗的过程,即大量的dATP被分解,而DNA复制却毫无进展。

喀啶二聚体是如何造成DNA损伤的?

•由于蛋白质仍在不断合成,而DNA不能复制,细胞也就不能分裂,结果出现细丝

状的所谓蛇形细胞,最后导致细胞死亡。

5.3 DNA Repair (DNA修复)

• Direct Repair:

---Photoreactivation (光复活)

---Alkyltransferase (烷基转移酶)

• Exision repair (切除修复)

• Mismatch repair (错配修复)

• Post-Replication Repair (复制后修复)

——recombinational repair (重组修复)

——SOS repair

5.3.1 Photoreactivation (光复活) ・ 在可见光的存在下,DNA光解酶(photolyase,光复活酶)可将 环丁烷二聚体再 分解为单体。 ・ 这些酶含有可吸收蓝光并将能量转移到待切环丁烷环中的辅基。E. coli的光解