英语三大从句语法讲解

英语三大从句

在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句、形容词性从句即定语从句、副词性从句即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等;

定语从句

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等;常见的关系代词有：who, that, which;它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：

先行词 主格 宾格 所有格

人 who whom whose

物 which which \

人或物 that that \

一关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法

who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语;

An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人;

whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略;

Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗

whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语;

The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学;

Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,正式用法应该用of which;whose

window=the window of which,意思是：the window of the hotel;

二关系代词which的用法

which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略;

I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.

我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说;which可以换成that

三关系代词that的用法

that既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略;： Is

she the girl that sells newspapers

她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗that可以换成who

Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge

放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了that可以换成which

Is this the book that you want to buy 这是你要买的那本书吗 that可以换成which,在定语从句作宾语,还可以省略

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语;

一关系副词when的用法

关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语;

In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.

北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份;when先行词是months

二关系副词where的用法

关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语;

During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.

春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡;where的先行词是town

三关系副词why的用法

关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语;

The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.

我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件;why先行词是reason, 当代英语里why可以用that替代,这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词,还可以将why省略

三、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句

一在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引导定语从句

You may take as many books as you want.

你想要拿多少书就拿多少;第一个as是副词,修饰many的；第二个as才是关系代词,代替先行词books,在定语从句中作宾语

二独立于主句之外,as引导定语从句

As we know/ As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球围绕太阳旋转;

As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句,as分别作宾语和主语,替代后面的主句;

Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.

你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分;关系代词as指代整个主句,在定语从句中作宾语;

四、关系代词who, which与that的区别

一关系代词who与that的区别

1. 当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格who;He who loses hope loses all.

失去希望的人就失去一切;先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时,多用who

I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.

我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语;在非限制性定语从句中,用who

2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom,不用that;

The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.

我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师;介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾格whom,不可用主格who

注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格who,也可用that,还可以省略关系代词;因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：

1 The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

2 The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

3 The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

4 The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

3. 当关系代词泛指人时,多用that;

He is a man that is never afraid of failure.

他是个从不怕失败的人;that用来泛指人

4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时,应用that;例如： Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English

用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁避免重复使用who,以免造成误解或语义含混不清

二关系代词which与that的区别

1. 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时,关系代词多用that;

All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金;

She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我;

2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时,关系代词一般都用that;

This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说;

He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人;

3. 当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时,应用that;

Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which

4. 在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词一般只用which;

Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic

Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都,将主办2008年奥运会;

5. 介词后的关系代词用which,而不用that;

She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600张邮票,其中60％是德国邮票;

五、定语从句的位置

如前所述,定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后;有时候,定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语,这样它们被分隔了,这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句;

There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.

楼上有一个女孩,大喊大叫;很明显,她疯了;定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl,被upstairs所隔开

A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了;定语从句置于句末以示强调