美国人argue范例

开头：(1)It seems that, at first sight, the author’s reasoning is logical to leadto the proposal/recommendation/prediction/assertion that…(2)However, careful scrutiny of the argument reveals that some assumptionsthis argument depends on are problematic (the evidence this argument contains is inadequate) (additional questions need to be asked in order to fullyevaluate this argument) (some alternative explanations also need to beconsidered).(3)Unless the author could provide more accurate information or criticalevidence, this argument will not be convincing enough to reach its conclusion.替换词：作者author/writer/speaker/arguer/“title”文章argument/editorial/article建议suggest/advise/advocate/recommend/propose预测predict/project/forecast/foresee/expect/anticipate承接Therefore/thus/hence/so/consequently/clearly/moreover/furthermore/besides表明show/imply/indicate/illustrate/demonstrate/point out声称assert/allege/state/claim/contend/maintain声明 assertion/statement/claim/implication/indication/illustration/demonstration证实prove/substantiate/corroborate支持 support/bolster可信度validity/credibility/reliability/feasibility推断 infer/deduce/suggest草率的，鲁莽的 hasty/rash/reckless值得怀疑的，没有说服力的unsubstantiated/unconvincing/unpersuasive/unfounded/unwarranted/suspicious/unreliable /groundless/suspectable/doubtable/questionable/problematic/specious1. 类比 (5, 7, 13)(1) Indicating that … (措施在某地或某公司取得了成功), the author implies that … (该措施在另一地也会成功)(2) This comparison between the two areas/companies/towns (analogy), however, might not be very reasonable on the grounds that the circumstances facing the two areas might be very different.(3) …(列举两者之间可能不同的状况) all might influence the effectiveness of …(措施) at the two places.(4) Therefore, the deduction that the success of …(措施) can be definitely achieved at (另一地) is groundless and unreliable.2. 绝对与相对数量(1) The author mentions … (绝对数量) to illustrate that …, but the author does not address… (总数)(2) If … (总数很大/很小), … (绝对数量) would not seem to be surprisingly high/low.(3)The arguer needs to provide more specific statistics regarding the ratio of… (相对数量)(4) Such data would be of much more value in comparing the relative amounts of…3. 没发现不代表没有(1) The argument treats a lack of proof that … (某事物) had ever been found as sufficient evidence that… (某事物) never existed.(2) One possibility is that… which makes it extremely hard to find trace of the existence of… (某事物) It is also likely that current research methods and technologies are not yet advanced enough to identify(detect) potential evidenceinvol ving the possible existence of …(某事物)(3) Also, if researchers could find … (其他事物), these objects might be used as secondhand evidence to infer that …(某事物) once existed.4. 质疑权威性The author’s citation of … could no t lend strong support to this argument, since the authority (accuracy) of … is questionable. … … Apparently, the author should address more background information about… in order to prove that … are just and objective. Otherwise the claim of … would be dubious.段首句：1.One of the underlying assum ptions that needs evaluation is that…2.The author also hastily assumes that…3.Building upon the implication(assumption) that…通用句型：1.… could not lend strong support to the arguer’s claim/propos al2.The argument treats a lack of proof that…was found as sufficient evidencethat… (没发现不代表没有)3.The arguer fails to convince us that…4.All of these different factors need to be taken into consideration beforemaking an assertion that…5.Without evidence that…, the author’s claim that … is dubious at best.6.The claim that… lacks credibility if the author fails to prove…7.To (further) bolster the editorial’s claims, the author must provide clearevidence that reason A was in fact responsible for (a increase/decline in …)8.…cannot be representative enough to reflect the true/univer sal situationregarding调查／数据：1.The author unfairly/fallaciously/falsely assumes that the result of the citedsurvey/statistics is fully genuine and credible.2.The author cites a survey/study of … to report/explain that…3.Failing to indicate the source of the survey, the author could not convince usabout the credibility of the survey.4.The scope/validity/representativeness/reliability of the survey is doubtable.5.T he sample is too limited/not representative, including only those people who…6.The result of the nationwide survey may not be representative enough to reflectthe true situation in… area.7.Does the survey include respondents from different age groups8.The survey does not provide specific statistics (complete information)concerning the effect of…9.Although the total number of … is high, the per … (capita) number might berelatively low.类比：1.Are the two towns/companies fully comparable at every aspect2.The comparison between A and B might not be very reasonable on the groundsthat…the circumstances facing A and B might be very different.3.Without showing that all other conditions in the two areas/universities havebeen essentially the same, the author cannot convince us that…因果关系：1.Although A and B happens at the same time, no evidence was given tosubstantiate the claim that A contribute to B2.Other possible factors should be considered in order to evaluate the realcauses of…列举他因：1.The author overlooks the possibility that (only a small portion of )…2.The arguer ignores other possible factors that may also leads/contribute to…3.Some other possible solutions to the problem of…, such as…, should not beexcluded from consideration.4.段落结尾：1.In short2.In a word结尾：(1)While … might be beneficial to…, this argument is not stronglypersuasive in the absence of additional supporting details.(2)More research should be conducted in order to determine whether the… isa reasonable recommendation/prediction/choice (the appropriateness andeffectiveness of the recommendation provided).难题：1,2,6,74,79,83,85,91论据论点：1.Problems about surveys(1)quantity of the sample(2)the actual meaning or influence of the survey(3)what questions were asked in the survey(4)are the respondents representative2.Problems about statistics or information(1)vague data(2)completeness3.Flaws in the reasoning line(1)false analogy(2)confusing comparison and variation(3)incomplete comparison/selective comparison(4)hasty generalizationA.unrelated conceptsB.changing scopesC.inferring a future condition from a past condition(5)failing to weigh the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly(6)false dilemma(7)cause-effect fallaciesA.confusing the cause and the effectB.non-causal relationshipC.confusing concurrence with causalityD.confusing with the time relationship4.flaws in the conclusion(1)sufficiency and necessity of the solutionfailing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion(3)。

Argument 1212、Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by 30 percent. Potential employers, looking at this dramatic rise in grades, believe that grades at Omega are inflated and do not accurately reflect student achievement; as a result, Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should terminate student evaluation of professors.In this memo Omega University's dean points out that Omega graduates are less successful in getting jobs than Alpha University graduates, despite the fact that during the past 15 years the overall grade average of Omega students has risen by 30%. The dean also points out that during the past 15 years Omega has encouraged its students, by way of a particular procedure, to evaluate the effectiveness of their professors. The dean reasons that this procedure explains the grade-average increase, which in turn has created a perception among employers that Omega graduates are less qualified for jobs. On the basis of this line of reasoning the dean concludes that to enable Omega graduates to find better jobs Omega must terminate its professor-evaluation procedure. This argument contains several logical flaws, which render it unconvincing.A threshold problem with the argument involves the voluntary nature of the evaluation procedure. The dean provides no evidence about the or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that those numbers are insignificant, in which case terminating the procedure is unlikely to haveany effect on the grade average of Omega students or their success in getting jobs after graduation.The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure--rather than some other phenomenon. The dean ignores a host ofother possible explanations for the increase--such as a trend at Omega toward higher or higher quality instruction or facilities. Without ruling out all other possible explanations for the grade-average increase, the dean cannot convince me that by terminating the evaluation procedure Omega would curb its perceived grade inflation let alone help its graduates get jobs.Even if the evaluation procedure has resulted in grade inflation at Omega, the dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha graduates in getting jobs is unjustified. The dean overlooks a myriad of other possible reasons for Omega's comparatively poor job-placement record. Perhaps Omega's career services are inadequate; or perhaps Omega's curriculum does not prepare students for the job market aseffectively as Alpha's. In short, without accounting for other factors that might contribute to Omega graduates' comparative lack of success in getting jobs, the dean cannot justify the claim that if Omega curbs its grade inflation employers will be more likely to hire Omega graduates. 这段话的内容太重复了这个描述不够清晰直接说有调查错误 就好了the survey cited by the author is not reliable. 这篇文章的数据有很多问题，比如30%和average这个因果关系的梳理很好这两个原因列举 的很好划线部分是 让步攻击部分，即使上面这个逻辑 错误不存在，那么 后面这个也有问题Finally, even if the dean can substantiate all of the foregoing assumptions, the dean's assertion that Omega must terminate its evaluation procedure to enable its graduates to find better jobs is still unwarranted, in two respects. First, the dean ignores other possible ways by which Omega can increase its job-placement record--for example, by improving its publicrelations or career-counseling services. Second, the dean unfairly equates "more" jobs with "better" jobs. In other words, even if more Omega graduates are able to find jobs as a resultnot necessarily be better ones.In sum, the dean's argument is unpersuasive as it stands. To strengthen it the dean must provide better evidence that the increase in grade average is attributable to Omega's professor-evaluation procedure, and that the end result is a perception on the part of employers that Omega graduates are less qualified for jobs than Alpha graduates. To better assess the argument I would need to analyze 15-year trends in (l) the percentage of Omega students participating in the evaluation procedure, (2) Omega's admission standards and quality of education, and (3) Omega's emphasis on job training and career preparation. I would also need to know what other means are available to Omega for enabling its graduates to find better jobs. 这是一个非常不明显的偷换概念 -- 可以不做攻击结尾段有些太长了 如果时间有限，那么solutions是可以不写的。

54、Humans arrived in the Kaliko Islands about 7,000 years ago, and within 3,000 years most of the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Kaliko Islands had become extinct. Yet humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions, because there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals. Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humans cannot have hunted the mammals. Therefore, some climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions. In this argument the speaker concludes that humans could not have been a factor in the extinction of large mammal species in the Kaliko islands 3,000 years ago. To justify this conclusion, the speaker points out that no evidence exists that humans hunted or had other significant contact with these mammals. The speaker also points out that while archeologists have found bones of discarded fish in the islands, they have not found any discarded mammal bones there. For three reasons, this evidence lends little credibility to the speaker's argument. First, the argument concludes too hastily that humans could not have had any significant contact with these mammals. In relying on the lack of physical evidence such as bones, the speaker overlooks the possibility that humans exported mammals--particularly their bones--during this time period. Without ruling out this alternative explanation for the disappearance of these species from the islands, the speaker cannot justify the conclusion that humans were not a factor in their extinction from the islands. Secondly, the argument relies on the assumption that without significant contact with these other species humans could not have been a factor in their extinction. But the speaker provides no evidence that this is the case. Moreover, perhaps humans drove these other species away from their natural habitat not by significant contact but merely by intruding on their territory. Or perhaps humans consumed the plants and animals on which these species relied for their subsistence. Either scenario would explain how humans could have been a factor in the extinction of these species despite a lack of significant contact. Thirdly, the speaker assumes that the bones of fish that archeologists have found discarded on the island were discarded by humans, and not by some other large mammal. However, the speaker provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption. Given other possible explanations for these discarded fish bones, this evidence in itself lends little credible support to the speaker's theory about the extinction of large species of mammals.In conclusion, the argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it, the speakermust rule out the possibility that humans exported the bones of these other species. To betterevaluate the argument, we would need more information about the diet of humans and ofthe now-extinct mammals during that time period; particularly, we would need to knowwhether those other mammals also fed on the fish whose discarded bones have been foundon the islands. introduction部分有这两句话就够了这段的攻击不够清晰 作者其实想攻击的是因果关系 因为猎杀，所以没有关系这段是攻击偷换概念，没有明显的联系，不代表没有联系这两个理由都比较合理这个是因果错误鱼骨头不一定是人丢弃的，所以没有找到大型哺乳动物的骨头说明不了任何问题文章整体语言表达流畅但是对逻辑错误的攻击不是特别到位 - 建议大家要从两个细节上来证明作者的逻辑不够清晰同时，对逻辑错误的选择也不是最优的，与其攻击鱼骨头的来源，不如攻击鱼骨头和大型哺乳动物的比较错误：由于骨头特点的不一样，所以人们可能会丢弃鱼骨头，但是会拿大型动物的骨头做武器，或盖房子，所以找不到这篇文章结构是大家需要学习的重点，但是正如我们上课讲到的，逻辑是大家需要提升的重点，所以我们会找出文章中所以的逻辑有点和缺点。

美国人谈判案例范文在美国，谈判是商业和法律活动中不可或缺的一部分。

美国人谈判的风格通常被描述为直接、务实和以结果为导向。

以下是一些美国人常见的谈判案例。

1.劳资谈判：美国劳工关系是由劳工联合会和雇主组织之间的谈判来协商的。

一个著名的案例是1970年代废除制定国家最低工资标准的《汉森-担保勒法案》。

在这次谈判中，劳工联合会和雇主组织就最低工资标准的具体数额进行了激烈的争论，最终达成了十分具有争议的妥协。

2.商业合同谈判：商业合同的谈判往往涉及双方对产品价格、付款方式、交付时间和合同终止条件等方面的讨论。

一个著名案例是2024年标普500指数公司与慕尼黑再保险公司之间的谈判。

这次谈判涉及到衡量金融风险的标准和指标，最终双方达成了一项有关金融衍生品合同的协议。

3.政治谈判：政治谈判是美国国内和国际政治中不可或缺的一部分。

一个具有里程碑意义的案例是1978年以色列与埃及之间通过美国斡旋达成的《坦纳基特协议》。

这项协议结束了1973年阿拉伯国家对以色列的战争，并就交换领土和和平建设等问题达成了共识。

4.公司收购谈判：大型企业的收购往往需要进行谈判和协商。

一个著名的案例是2024年康卡斯特提出收购NBC环球的谈判。

康卡斯特与涉及娱乐、广播和电视制作的NBC环球就价格、股权比例和管理权等问题进行了长时间的谈判，最终达成了一项价值300亿美元的收购协议。

5.离婚谈判：离婚谈判通常涉及财产分割、债务分担、子女抚养权和探望权等问题。

一个典型的离婚谈判案例是美国演员汤姆·克鲁斯和妮可·基德曼的离婚。

这次谈判涉及到千万美元的财产分割和子女抚养权问题，双方最终达成了一项保密的协议。

总结起来，美国人的谈判案例多种多样，从劳资谈判到政治谈判，从商业谈判到离婚谈判，都体现出美国人务实、直接和注重结果的谈判风格。

谈判在美国是实现商业、政治和个人目标的关键步骤，对于美国社会和经济发展起到了重要作用。

英语六级作文对立观点范文English:On the one hand, some people argue that social media brings people closer together by enabling easy communication and access to information. They believe that platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram allow people to connect and share their lives with others, regardless of geographical barriers. Additionally, social media serves as a powerful tool for raising awareness about important social issues and allows for the rapid dissemination of information. On the other hand, there are those who assert that social media has a negative impact on society. They argue that it promotes a shallow and superficial form of communication, leading to a decline in face-to-face interactions. Furthermore, social media has been criticized for facilitating the spread of misinformation and fake news, which can have serious consequences for public discourse and decision-making. Overall, the debate on the impact of social media on society remains contentious and complex.中文翻译:一方面，有人认为社交媒体通过便捷的交流和获取信息，使人们更加紧密地联系在一起。

美国人谈判案例3篇美国是世界上经济技术最发达的国家之一。

美国人在谈判风格上的特点主要是自信心强，自我感觉良好。

下面小编整理了美国人谈判案例，供你阅读参考。

美国人谈判案例篇1我国某冶金公司要向美国购买一套先进的组合炉，派一高级工程师与美商谈判，为了不负使命，这位高工作了充分地准备工作，他查找了大量有关冶炼组合炉的资料，花了很大的精力对国际市场上组合炉的行情及美国这家公司的历史和现状、经营情况等了解的一清二楚。

谈判开始，美商一开口要价150万美元。

中方工程师列举各国成交价格，使美商目瞪口呆，终于以80万美元达成协议。

当谈判购买冶炼自动设备时，美商报价230万美元，经过讨价还价压到130万美元，中方仍然不同意，坚持出价100万美元。

美商表示不愿继续谈下去了，把往中方工程师面前一扔，说：“我们已经作了这么大的让步，贵公司仍不能合作，看来你们没有诚意，这笔生意就算了，明天我们回国了”，中方工程师闻言轻轻一笑，把手一伸，做了一个优雅的请的动作。

美商真的走了，冶金公司的其他人有些着急，甚至埋怨工程师不该抠得这么紧。

工程师说：“放心吧，他们会回来的。

同样的设备，去年他们卖给法国只有95万美元，国际市场上这种设备的价格100万美元是正常的。

”果然不出所料，一个星期后美方又回来继续谈判了。

工程师向美商点明了他们与法国的成交价格，美商又愣住了，没有想到眼前这位中国商人如此精明，于是不敢再报虚价，只得说：“现在物价上涨的利害，比不了去年。

”工程师说：“每年物价上涨指数没有超过6%。

余年时间，你们算算，该涨多少?”美商被问得哑口无言，在事实面前，不得不让步，最终以101万美元达成了这笔交易。

美国人谈判案例篇2国Y公司向中国石家庄工厂销售了一条彩色电视机玻壳生产线，经过安装后，调试的结果一直不理想，一晃时间到了圣诞节，美国专家都要回家过节。

于是全线设备均要停下来，尤其是玻璃熔炉还要保温维护。

美方人虽过节是法定的，中方生产线停顿是有代价的，两者无法融合。

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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The political system in the United States is characterized by a system of checks and balances, which is designed to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful. This system ensures that each branch of government has the ability to limit the power of the other branches, thereby preventing any one branch from becoming too dominant.The legislative branch, which is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, is responsible for making laws. The executive branch, headed by the President, is responsible for enforcing the laws. The judicial branch, which is made up of the Supreme Court and other federal courts, is responsible for interpreting the laws.The system of checks and balances ensures that no one branch of government can become too powerful. For example, the President can veto legislation passed by Congress, but Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds majorityvote. Similarly, the Supreme Court can declare laws passed by Congress to be unconstitutional, but Congress can propose an amendment to the Constitution to overturn the Court's decision.The system of checks and balances has been a crucial part of the American political system since the founding of the country. It has helped to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a single branch of government, and has ensured that the government remains accountable to the people.The system of checks and balances is not without its flaws, however. Some critics argue that the system has led to gridlock and inefficiency in government, as each branch is able to block the actions of the other branches. Others argue that the system has allowed for the expansion of executive power, particularly in the realm of foreignpolicy and national security.Despite its flaws, the system of checks and balances has been a key factor in the stability and success of theAmerican political system. It has helped to ensure that the government remains accountable to the people, and has prevented the concentration of power in the hands of a single branch of government.。

gre北美范文满分范文下面是一篇GRE官方给出满分的ARGUMENT范文，我们来一起赏析，看看它为何能scored six (先读文章，再看我的点评)The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper:"Most companies would agree that as the risk of physical injury occurring on the job increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Hence it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer: they could thus reduce their payroll expenses and save money."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.北美GRE范文首段This argument states that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer because by making the workplace safer then lower wages could be paid to employees. This conclusion is based on the premise that as the list of physical injury increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Howeveer, there are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument. For example, the costs associated with making the workplace safe must outweigh the increased payroll expenses due to hazardous conditions. Also, one must look at the plausability of improving the work environment. And finally, because most companies agree that as the risk of injury increases so will wages doesn\'t necessarily mean that the all companies which have hazardous work environments agree.北美GRE作文范文中间段1The first issue to be addressed is whether increased labor costs justify large capital expenditures to improve the work environment. Clearly one could argue that if making the workplace safe would cost an exorbitant amount of money in comparison to leaving the workplace as is and paying slightly increased wages than it would not make sense to improve the work environment. For example, if making the workplace safe would cost $100 million versus additional payroll expenses of only $5,000 per year, it would make financial sense to simply pay the increased wages. No business or business owner with any sense would pay all that extra money just to save a couple dollars and improve employee health and relations. To consider this, a cost benefitanalysis must be made. I also feel that although a cost benefit analysis should be the determining factor with regard to these decisions making financial sense, it may not be the determining factor with regard to making social, moral and ethical sense.北美GRE范文中间段2This argument also relies on the idea that companies solely use financial sense in analysing improving the work environment. This is not the case. Companies look at other considerations such as the negative social ramifications of high on-job injuries. For example, Toyota spends large amounts of money improving its environment because while its goal is to be profitable, it also prides itself on high employee morale and an almost perfectly safe work environment. However, Toyota finds that it can do both, as by improving employee health and employee relations they are guaranteed a more motivated staff, and hence a more efficient staff; this guarantees more money for the business as well as more safety for the employees.北美GRE写作范文中间段3Finally one must understand that not all work environments can be made safer. For example, in the case of coal mining, a company only has limited ways of making the work environment safe. While companies may be able to ensure some safety precautions, they may not be able to provide all the safety measures necessary. In other words, a mining company has limited ability to control the air quality within a coal mine and therefore it cannot control the risk of employees getting blacklung. In other words, regardless of the intent of the company, some jobs are simply dangerous in nature.北美GRE范文末端In conclusion, while at first it may seem to make financial sense to improve the safety of the work environment sometimes it truly does not make financial sense. Furthermore, financial sense may not be the only issue a company faces. Other types of analyses must be made such as the social ramifications of an unsafe work environment and the overall ability of a company to improve that environment (i.e。

Argument 44、Over the past year, the Crust Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over 10,000 square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and, since West Fredonia is the home of several endangered animal species, in environmental disaster. But such disasters can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper unless the company abandons its mining plans.The author of this newsletter excerpt concludes that if consumers refuse to buy products made with Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) copper the company will eventually abandon its mining plans in the nation of West Fredonia, thereby preventing pollution and an "environmental disaster" in that country. To justify this conclusion the author points out that CCC has recently bought more than a million square miles of land in West Fredonia, and that West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. I find this argumentspecious on several grounds.First, the author provides no evidence that the West Fredonia land that CCC has acquired amounts to a significant portion of land inhabited by animal species, or thatCCC's land is inhabited by endangered animal species at all. Nor does the author provide clear evidence that CCC's mining activities are of the type that might cause pollution, the extinction of animal species, or any other environmental damage. Lacking such evidence theauthor simply cannot convince me that CCC must abandon its plans in order that such damage be prevented.Secondly, even assuming CCC's planned mining activities in West Fredonia will causepollution and will endanger several animal species, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author's broader contention that CCC's activities will result in "environmental disaster,'' atleast without an agreed-upon definition of that term. If by "environmental disaster" the author simply means some pollution and the extinction of several animal species, then the claim would have merit; otherwise, it would not. Absent either a clear definition of the term or dear evidence that CCC's activities would carry grave environmental consequences by any reasonable definition, the author's contention that CCC's activities will result in environmental disaster is simply unjustified.Thirdly, the author's position that environmental disaster is "inevitable" absent the prescribed boycott precludes the possibility that other measures can be taken to prevent CCC from carrying out its plans, or to offset any harm that CCC causes should it carry out its plans. Yet the author fails to provide assurances that no other means of preventing the predicted disaster are available. Lacking such evidence the author cannot reasonably conclude that the proposed boycott is needed to prevent that disaster.Finally, even if the prescribed boycott is needed to prevent pollution and environmental disaster in West Fredonia, the author assumes too hastily that the boycott will suffice for these purposes. Perhaps additional measures would be required as well. For instance, perhaps consumers would also need to boycott other companies that pollute West Fredonia's environment. In short, without any evidence that the recommended course of action will be enough to prevent the predicted problems, the author's conclusion remains dubious at best. In sum, as it stands the argument is wholly unpersuasive. To bolster it the author mustshow that CCC's planned mining activities on its newly acquired land will pollute and will 似是而非的这个点抓的很好可以当做条件错误 来攻击 即使开采了，也不一定会导致环境破坏这里的攻击不够到位 可以说开采的方式比较环保 也可以说开采的能源和当地环境关系不大，不会在当地生产，没有waste的产生这段话是对上一段的 递进，可以不写这两段其实 说的点是一样的 都是在讨论othersolutions 我们还可以攻击可行性 --我们真的 可以抵制吗？ 所有人都愿意吗？相关产品会不会太多？threaten endangered animal species. The author must also define "environmental disaster''and show that the inevitable results of CCC's activities, absent the proposed boycott, wouldmeet that definition. To better assess the argument it would be useful to know what othermeans are available for preventing CCC from mining in West Fredonia or, in the alternative,for mitigating the environmental impact of those mining activities. A/so useful would be anyinformation about the likelihood that the boycott would be effective in accomplishing itsintended objectives.整体评价：1. 整篇文章作者的语言表达并没有很经验，但是贵在表意清晰2. 在攻击细节方面，有两段中心段落的攻击内容是类似的，这个在考试中要尽量避免3. 中心句在文章中至关重要，我们在写作的过程中要在中心句中清晰描述我们想要攻击的逻辑错误。

3、Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.This editorial concludes that the city should ban skateboarding from its downtown Central Plaza in order to attract visitors to that area, to return the area to its "former glory,"and to make it "a place where people can congregate for fun and relaxation." To justify this conclusion the editorial points out that skateboarders are nearly the only people one sees anymore at Central Plaza, and that the Plaza is littered and its property defaced. The editorialalso points out that the majority of downtown merchants support the skate boarding ban. This argument is flawed in several critical respects. First, the editorial's author falsely assumes that a ban on skateboarding is both necessary and sufficient to achieve the three stated objectives. Perhaps the city can achieve those objectives by other means as well--for example, by creating a new mall that incorporates an attractive new skateboard park. Even if banning skateboarders altogether is necessary to meet the city's goals, the author has not shown that this action by itself would suffice. Assuming that the Plaza's reputation is now tarnished, restoring that reputation and, in turn, enticing people back to the Plaza might require additional measures--such as removing litter and graffiti, promoting the Plaza to the public, or enticing popular restaurant or retail chains tothe Plaza. Secondly, the editorial assumes too hastily that the Plaza's decline is attributable to theskateboarders--rather than to some other phenomenon. Perhaps the Plaza's primary appeal in its glory days had to do with particular shops or eateries, which were eventually replaced by less appealing ones. Or perhaps the crime rate in surrounding areas has risen dramatically, for reasons unrelated to the skateboarders' presence at the Plaza. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for the Plaza's decline, the editorial's author cannot convince me that a skateboard ban would reverse that decline. Thirdly, the editorial's author might be confusing cause with effect--by assuming that the skateboarders caused the abandonment of the Plaza, rather than vice versa. It is entirely possible that skateboarders did not frequent the Plaza until it was largely abandoned —andbecause it had been abandoned. In fact this scenario makes good sense, since skateboarding is most enjoyable where there are few pedestrians or motorists to get in the way.that the ban would be effective in achieving the city's objectives. Admittedly, perhaps these merchants would be more likely to help dean up the Plaza area and promote their businesses were the city to act in accordance with their preference. Yet lacking any supporting evidence the author cannot convince me of this. Thus the survey amounts to scant evidence at best that the proposed ban would carry the intended result.Finally, the author recommends a course of action that might actually defeat the city's objective of providing a fun and relaxing place for people to congregate. In my experience 这个概括给满分这个部分可以删掉，没有逻辑意义be attributed to 有效地搭建了因果关系，这个词组大家可以放心使用这两段的内容有点雷同 虽然在攻击的重点上一样，但是都针对滑滑板和商场的，我们可以考虑只写一个infer可以用来 体现assumption 这类 写作要求的key words这段没有足够多的攻击细节大家在考试的时候只需要选3个逻辑错误就够了但是每个逻辑错误的点要全面，足够insightfulalike, more so than many other types of ambiance. Without considering that continuing to allow skateboarding--or even encouraging this activity--might achieve the city's goal more effectively than banning the activity, the author cannot convincingly conclude that the ban would be in the city's best interests.In sum, the argument is a specious one. To strengthen it, the editorial's author must provide dear evidence that skateboarding, and not some other factor, is responsible for the conditions marking the Plaza's decline. The author must also convince me that no alternative means of restoring the Plaza are available to the city, and that the proposed ban by itself would suffice to attract tourists and restore the Plaza to its former glory. Finally, to better assess the argument it would be useful to know the circumstances under which the downtown merchants would be willing to help the city achieve its objectives.3、Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.This editorial concludes that the city should ban skateboarding from its downtown Central Plaza in order to attract visitors to that area, to return the area to its "former glory,"and to make it "a place where people can congregate for fun and relaxation." To justify this conclusion the editorial points out that skateboarders are nearly the only people one sees anymore at Central Plaza, and that the Plaza is littered and its property defaced. The editorialalso points out that the majority of downtown merchants support the skate boarding ban. This argument is flawed in several critical respects. First, the editorial's author falsely assumes that a ban on skateboarding is both necessary and sufficient to achieve the three stated objectives. Perhaps the city can achieve those objectives by other means as well--for example, by creating a new mall that incorporates an attractive new skateboard park. Even if banning skateboarders altogether is necessary to meet the city's goals, the author has not shown that this action by itself would suffice. Assuming that the Plaza's reputation is now tarnished, restoring that reputation and, in turn, enticing people back to the Plaza might require additional measures--such as removing litter and graffiti, promoting the Plaza to the public, or enticing popular restaurant or retail chains tothe Plaza. Secondly, the editorial assumes too hastily that the Plaza's decline is attributable to theskateboarders--rather than to some other phenomenon. Perhaps the Plaza's primary appeal in its glory days had to do with particular shops or eateries, which were eventually replaced by less appealing ones. Or perhaps the crime rate in surrounding areas has risen dramatically, for reasons unrelated to the skateboarders' presence at the Plaza. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for the Plaza's decline, the editorial's author cannot convince me that a skateboard ban would reverse that decline. Thirdly, the editorial's author might be confusing cause with effect--by assuming that the skateboarders caused the abandonment of the Plaza, rather than vice versa. It is entirely possible that skateboarders did not frequent the Plaza until it was largely abandoned —andbecause it had been abandoned. In fact this scenario makes good sense, since skateboarding is most enjoyable where there are few pedestrians or motorists to get in the way.that the ban would be effective in achieving the city's objectives. Admittedly, perhaps these merchants would be more likely to help dean up the Plaza area and promote their businesses were the city to act in accordance with their preference. Yet lacking any supporting evidence the author cannot convince me of this. Thus the survey amounts to scant evidence at best that the proposed ban would carry the intended result.Finally, the author recommends a course of action that might actually defeat the city's objective of providing a fun and relaxing place for people to congregate. In my experience 这个概括给满分这个部分可以删掉，没有逻辑意义be attributed to 有效地搭建了因果关系，这个词组大家可以放心使用这两段的内容有点雷同 虽然在攻击的重点上一样，但是都针对滑滑板和商场的，我们可以考虑只写一个infer可以用来 体现assumption 这类 写作要求的key words这段没有足够多的攻击细节大家在考试的时候只需要选3个逻辑错误就够了但是每个逻辑错误的点要全面，足够insightfulalike, more so than many other types of ambiance. Without considering that continuing to allow skateboarding--or even encouraging this activity--might achieve the city's goal more effectively than banning the activity, the author cannot convincingly conclude that the ban would be in the city's best interests.In sum, the argument is a specious one. To strengthen it, the editorial's author must provide dear evidence that skateboarding, and not some other factor, is responsible for the conditions marking the Plaza's decline. The author must also convince me that no alternative means of restoring the Plaza are available to the city, and that the proposed ban by itself would suffice to attract tourists and restore the Plaza to its former glory. Finally, to better assess the argument it would be useful to know the circumstances under which the downtown merchants would be willing to help the city achieve its objectives.。