2010年北京航空航天大学英语翻译基础考研真题

考研英语翻译真题及译文201046. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. 参考翻译：科学家急忙介入,但提出的证据显然站不住脚，其大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。

47. But we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.参考翻译：但是我们至少近乎承认，无论鸟类能否带给我们经济价值，它们自有生存下去的权利。

48. Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.参考翻译：有证据表明：这些生物杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值”的物种。

曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了这一证据。

49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.参考翻译：在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。

育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！一、词语翻译：reciprocal banquet 答谢宴会pop concert 流行音乐会black tea 红茶Red-hot news 最新消息sanitary ware 卫生器具talk show 访谈节目，脱口秀Illegal assembly 非法集会WHO 世界卫生组织Business loan 工商业贷款liberal education 文科教育，普通教育Monetary restraint 紧缩银根Triple crown 三重冠Byzantine Empire 拜占庭帝国CNN美国有线新闻网(=cable news network)Net speak 网络用语中央情报局 CIA Central Intelligence Agency餐馆勤杂工 busboy军事法庭 court-martial新手 jackeroo核裁军 nuclear disarmament杀人未遂 an attempted murder主题公园习惯法 common law破产申请 bankruptcy petition经济指标 economic indicator学费减免 Tuition-Waiver半决赛 semifinals百老汇大街 broadway病毒清除程序virus scanner.桂冠诗人 poet laureate二、语篇翻译：1、汉译英：（育明教育注：这次不是古文，是现代文，是钱钟书的文章节选）西洋的大诗人很多，第一个介绍到中国来的偏偏是郎费罗。

郎费罗的好诗或较好的诗也不少，第一首译为中文的偏偏是《人生颂》。

[考研类试卷]2012年北京航空航天大学英语翻译基础真题试卷英译汉1 abstract translation2 adequacy3 agent4 appeal-focused texts5 multi-media texts6 naturalness7 loan translation8 coherence9 commission10 consecutive interpreting11 domesticating translation12 pre-editing13 explicitation14 poly-system theory15 under-translation汉译英16 借用17 可比语料库18 文化置换19 自然语言20 语法分析21 中间语言22 隐形23 显型翻译24 术语库25 视译26 配字幕27 文本类型学28 可接受性29 冗余30 赞助英译汉31 The stages of a writer's professional life are marked not by a name on an office door, but by a name in ink. There was the morning when my father came home carrying a stack of Sunday papers because my byline was on page one, and the evening that I persuaded a security guard to hand over all early edition, still warm from the presses, with my first column. But there's nothing to compare to the day when someone hands over a hardcover book with your name on the cover. I'm just not sure the moment would have had the same grandeur had my work been downloaded instead into an e-reader.Reading is not simply an intellectual pursuit but an emotional and spiritual one. That's why it survives. There are still millions of people who like the paper version, at least for now. And if that changes—well, what is a book, really? Is it its body, or its soul?32 Laughlin acknowledges that "a lot of responsible people" are worried about atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. This has, he says, "the potential" to modify the weather by raising average temperatures several degrees centigrade and that governments have taken " significant, although ineffective" steps to slow the warming. "On the scales of time relevant to itself, the earth doesn't care about any of these governments or their legislation.Someday, all the fossil fuels that used to be in the ground will be burned. After that, in about a millennium, the earth will dissolve most of the resulting carbon dioxide into the oceans. The dissolving will leave the concentration in the atmosphere only slightly higher than today's. Then " over tens of millennia, or perhaps hundreds" the earth will transfer the excess carbon dioxide into its rocks, "eventually returning levels in the sea and air to what they were before humans arrived on the scene. " This will take an eternity as humans reckon, but a blink in geologic time.汉译英33 在这个社交网站盛行的时代，按理说我们每人都应该有数百位朋友。

2010年北京航空航天大学翻译硕士英语真题讲解Part I1-5 BABDD6-8 BAA22-25 CDCA26-30 CDBBAPart IISection A: Passage one31-35 DADDBPassage two36-40 CDDDCPassage there41-45 ACDCBSection B:1, The published aeronautical data turned out to be unreliable, the Wright brothers had to build their own wind tunnel to test airfoils and measure empirically how to lift a flying machine into the sky.2, I was impressed most by Wright brothers ' amazing perseverance and creativity. For example, when they were impressed by their flying toy 's faltering across their living room, they started reading every book and paper they could find on the still earth-bound science of human flight.When the published aeronautical data turned out to be unreliable, the Wright brothers had to build their own wind tunnel to test airfoils and measure empirically how to lift a flying machine into the sky.3, The purpose of this article is to encourage readers to follow Wright flight paths and blaze our own in the 21st century.The tone of the passage is educational and inspiring.Part III WritingTranslation and Interpreting in the Global Age写作注意事项：1，准确概括出全球化时代下口笔译的重要性，陈述自己的观点2，文章第二大部分通过相关例子证明自己的观点，一定要条理清晰3，文章最后重申一下观点。

北京航空航天大学大学英语三级B级-翻译专项试题一、大学英语三级翻译英译汉1． It is better to take your time at this job than to hurry and make mistakes．A．最好的工作要慢慢找，不要太着急。

B．工作中不要太急，免得出错。

C．干这活最好要慢点不要匆忙，免得出错。

D．最好要多花点时间在工作上，免得忙中出错。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”和“take yore time”。

“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”这个句型表示是两件事情的比较，“最好采取……，而不是……”选项A理解出错，选项B没有把这种比较的意思表达出来，选项D 没有翻译出“this job”。

知识模块：英译汉2． Not until the problem 0f talents and funds is solved, is our talking about the project meaningful．A．不到解决人才和资金问题的时候，无须讨论这项工程的。

B．讨论这项工程有无意义要看人才和资金问题能否得到解决。

C．只有解决了人才和资金问题，讨论这项工程才有意义。

D．解决人才和资金问题与讨论这项工程具有同样重要的意义。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“Not until…”这个句型的理解。

该句表示强调，意为“直到……才”。

选项D对句型理解有误。

选项A和选项B没有把强调的语气翻译出来，且选项A后半句有漏译现象。

知识模块：英译汉3． As you have done the market survey, I would like to discuss with you the possibility of selling our products in the US.A) 因为美国产品有市场，所以我们要研究开发我们产品的可能性。

北京外国语大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2010年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Ⅰ(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.UNESCO（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)) 解析：2.NASA（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(美国宇航局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration))解析：3.Diet of Japan（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(日本国会)解析：4.FDI（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment))解析：TV (not 中国中央电视台)（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(闭路电视(close-circuit television))解析：6.FBI（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(美国联邦调查局(Federal Bureau of Investigation))解析：7.GM crop（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(转基因作物)解析：8.IAEA（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(国际原子能机构(International Atomic Energy Agency))解析：9.opportunity cost（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(机会成本)解析：10.Keynesians（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(凯恩斯主义者)解析：11.The Tories（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(英国保守党(托利党))解析：12.the State Department in Washington（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(位于华盛顿的美国国务院)解析：13.the Treasury Department of the U.S.（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(美国财政部)解析：14.protectionism（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(保护主义)解析：15.Balance of Payments（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(收支平衡)解析：二、Ⅱ(总题数：15，分数：15.00)16.中国特色社会主义（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(socialism with Chinese characteristics)解析：17.科学发展观（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(scientific outlook on development)解析：18.全面建设小康社会（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(to build China into a moderately prosperous country in an all-round way)解析：19.以人为本（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(put people first)解析：20.宏观经济调控（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(microeconomic control)解析：21.自主创新能力（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(independent innovation capacity)解析：22.完善人民币汇率形成机制（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(perfection of the RMB exchange rate regime)解析：23.中西医并重（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(emphasize on the importance of the traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine) 解析：24.突发事件应急管理机制（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(emergency response mechanism)解析：25.港人治港（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(people of Hong Kong administer Hong Kong)解析：26.构建两岸关系和平发展框架（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(establish a framework for peaceful development of cross-straits relations)解析：27.知足常乐（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(enough is as good as a feast)解析：28.水火无情（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(fire and water have no mercy)解析：29.祸从口出（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(out of the mouth Collies evil)解析：30.一蹶不振（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(collapse after one setback)解析：三、Ⅲ(总题数：2，分数：60.00)31.Acting recently as an expert witness in a murder trial, I became aware of a small legal problem caused by the increasingly multicultural nature of our society. According to English law, a man is guilty of murder if he kills someone with the intention either to kill or to injure seriously. But he is guilty of the lesser crime of manslaughter if he has been sufficiently provoked or if his state of mind at that time was abnormal enough to reduce his responsibility. The legal test here is a comparison with the supposed ordinary man—the man on the Clapham omnibus, as the legal Cliché has it. Would that ordinary person feel provoked under similar circumstances? Was the accused's state of mind at the time of the killing very different from that of an average man?（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(最近，我以专家证人的身份出席了一场谋杀案的审判，由此注意到一个由社会本质日益多元化造成的细微法律问题。

Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in which dealers in bills，notes，and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell. The“money market” is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and short term credit. The need for such facilities arises in much the same way that a similar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the products of a diversified economy to their final users at the retail level. If the retailer is to provide reasonably adequate service to his customers，he must have active contacts with others who specialize in making or handling bulk quantities of whatever is his stock in trade. The money market is made up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind. It exists for the purpose of improving the ability of the retailers of financial services—commercial banks，savings institutions，investment houses，lending agencies，and even governments—to do their job. It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase their securitiesor borrow from them.。

2013年北京航空航天大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．abusive translation正确答案：滥译2．adjustment正确答案：调整3．analysis正确答案：分析4．auto-translation正确答案：自动翻译5．blank verse translation正确答案：无韵体翻译6．class shift正确答案：词类转换7．coherence正确答案：连贯8．contextual consistency正确答案：语境一致9．translation as decision-making正确答案：翻译即抉择10．Descriptive Translation Studies 正确答案：描写翻译研究11．disambiguation正确答案：消解歧义12．subtitling正确答案：字幕翻译13．exoticism正确答案：异国情调14．skopos theory正确答案：目的论15．rewriting正确答案：重写汉译英16．忠信正确答案：fidelity17．口译正确答案：dolmetschen18．假朋友正确答案：faux Amis19．常规正确答案：convention20．自然性正确答案：naturalness21．音译正确答案：transliteration22．配音正确答案：dubbing23．翻译理论正确答案：theories of translation 24．平行语料库正确答案：parallel corpus 25．直译正确答案：liberal translation 26．不可译性正确答案：untranslatability 27．充分性正确答案：adequacy28．异化翻译正确答案：foreignizing translation 29．语内翻译正确答案：intralingual translation 30．译后编辑正确答案：post-editing英汉互译英译汉31．A fully-automatic factory, as we are able to envisage it today, takes the form of a complete factory with only a few skilled engineers to keep it in running order and a control committee to decide on the broad outline of the production plan. The details of the production plan will be decided by a computer which receives all the information necessary for the efficient running of a business. This machine will process the information fed to it and pass on the results both to the control committee and to a second large special-purpose computer acting as the central production controller.正确答案：全自动化工厂，如同我们现在所能设想的那样，虽是一座完整的工厂，却仅需要一些技能熟练的工程师来使其正常运转。

北京航空航天大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年(总分90,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularyDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.1. The ______ is used by astrologers to help calculate the influence of the planets on people's lives.A. zephyr B. zodiac C. zyme D. zest2. It's a ______ timetable. Sometimes lessons happen, sometimes they don't.A. haphazard B. odious C. haughty D. handicapped3. The poor man's clothes were so ______ that they couldn't be repaired any more.A. oozed B. ragged C. mopped D. mocked4. The actor amused the audience by ______ some well-known people.A. embroidering B. rigging C. yelping D. mimicking5. No men was allowed to ______ on the livelihood of his neighbor.A. wade B. invoke C. muffle D. infringe6. The machinery had been wrecked so efficiently that police were sure it was a case of ______.A. vagabond B. sabotage C. paradox D. tachyon7. The island is maintained as a ______ for endangered species.A. wetlands B. sanctuary C. mire D. heath8. The hunter kept the lion's skin and head as ______.A. trophies B. fillet C. tulip D. clown9. If you ______ something, such as food or drink, you reduce its quality or make it weaker, for example by adding water to it.A. adulterate B. moor C. vaccinate D. sue10. The orphanage is just one of her ______ causes.A. phonetic B. philanthropic C. prevalent D. lunatic11. Many animals display ______ instincts only while their offspring are young and helpless.A. cerebral B. imperious C. rueful D. maternal12. The guests, having eaten until they were ______, now listened inattentively to the speakers.A. contradicted B. satiated C. griped D. trespassed13. While she had the fever, she ______ for hours.A. raved B. sniggered C. tittered D. perforated14. If you spill hot liquid on your skin it will ______ you.A. scale B. scald C. shun D. shunt15. The mice ______ when the cat came.A. rambled B. lingered C. sauntered D. scampered16. The chimney is no longer ______ volumes of waste gas into atmosphere, as protective filters are being used.A. giving away B. giving off C. giving in D. giving up17. At three o'clock ______ a cold morning, he arrived here.A. in B. at C. on D. of18. I'm sure dirty, ______?A. am I B. aren't I C. isn't I D. am not I19. ______, there is no place like home, wherever you go.A. It may be humble B. As humble it may be C. Humble it may be D. Humble as it may be20. But for his help, I ______.A. did not succeed B. had not succeeded C. should not have succeeded D. have not succeeded21. Try and calm yourself, ______ your mind will be easy again.A. and B. or C. when D. before22. The price of the real estate in this area may ______ to unexpected values, so everyone should be conscious of the maximum price that he would want to pay for a particular property.A. stagger B. stink C. soar D. suspend23. Contrary to popular belief, epidemics do not occur ______ after a natural disaster.A. spontaneously B. simultaneously C. homogeneously D. instantaneously24. Immigration from countries and cultures that are ______ with the cultural core of this nation has been generally prohibited.A. interior B. invisible C. incompatible D. integral25. This course is designed to help children ______ such real life situations as separation and loss.A. cope with B. settle down C. intervene in D. interfere with26. Foreign language teachers of this university are busy designing a test of spoken English to ______ the original written examination.A. contaminate B. compliment C. complement D. coordinate27. Idlers, no matter how poor they are, are always ______ at finding reasons not to take action to improve their living conditions.A. intrinsic B. ingenious C. initial D. inherent28. As the graduation is drawing near, every student began to ______ his future.A. compensate B. contemplate C. jeopardize D. manifest29. Although the resistance groups do not show great military ______, they frequently penetrate deep into the interior.A. prowess B. prowl C. psalm D. psyche30. The Great ______ in the USA is 1900 meters deep and 25 kilometers wide at its maximum.A. Canyon B. Ford C. Abyss D. QuarryPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Passage TwoHormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control **munication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starting to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning "to excite" or "to set in motion." A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue tomake things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual's personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produce change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already **mon. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) , the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of **plicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.1. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must ______.A. be part of the digestive process B. influence the operations of the nervous system C. affect processes in a different part of the body D. regulate attitudes and behavior2. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to ______.A. whether scientists understand their function B. how frequently they release hormones into the body C. whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process D. whether they secrete chemicals into the blood3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage.9A. Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actuallyproduced by the production of hormones in the body. B. Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are. C. When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage. D. The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people's psychology and actions extensively.4. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone.?A. Adults of smaller statue than normal B. Adults with strong digestive systems C. Children who are not at risk from the treatment D. Children who may remain abnormally small5. Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy.?A. The quantities and proportions of hormones produce change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging. B. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. C. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. D. Because of **plicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Passage ThreeStudents of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as "solitary" and "individual theorists" were in reality connected to a movement—utopian socialism—which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that cachinnated in the first women's rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group's contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two accounts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents' energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians' appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.Saint-Simon's followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. **plementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their Utopia.Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.6. It can be inferred that the author considers those historians who describe early feminists in the Unrated States as "solitary" to be ______.A. insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thought B. overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848 C. not focused narrowly enough in their geo-graphical scope D. insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conference7. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Seneca Falls conference on women's rights?A. It was primarily a product of nineteenth-century Saint-Simonians feminist thought. B. It was the work of American activists who were independent of feminists abroad. C. It was the culminating achievement of the Utopian socialist movement. D. It was a manifestation of an international movement for social change and feminism.8. The author's attitude toward most European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians is primarily one of ______.A. approval of the specific focus of their research B. disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simonians' energy after 1832 C. approval of their general focus on social conditions D. disapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterparts9. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that study of Saint-Simonianism is necessary for historians of American feminism because such study ______.A. would clarify the ideological origins of those feminist ideas that influenced American feminism B. would increase understanding of a movement that deeply influenced the Utopian socialism of early American feminists C. would focus attention on the most important aspect of Saint-Simonians thought before 1532 D. promises to offer insight into a movement that was a direct outgrowth of the Seneca Falls conference of 184510. According to the passage, which of the following would be the most accurate description of the society envisioned by most Saint-Simonians?A. A society in which women were highly regarded for their extensive education. B. A society in which the two genders **plementary roles and had equal status. C. A society in which women did not enter public life. D. A social order in which a body of men and women would rule together on the basis of their spiritual power.Section BDirections: There is one passage in this part. The passage is .followed by some questions.The Wright BrothersWilbur and Orville Wright were two brothers from the heartland of America with a vision as sweeping as the sky and a practicality as down-to-earth as the Wright Cycle Co, the bicycle business they founded in Dayton, Ohio, in 1592. But while there were countless bicycle shops in turn-of-the century America, in only one were wings bring built as well as wheels. When the Wright brothers finally realized their vision of powered human flight in 1903, they made the world a forever smaller place. I've been to Kitty Hawk, N. C, and seen where the brothers imagined the future, and then literally flew across its high frontier. It was an inspiration to be there, and to soak up the amazing perseverance and creativity of these two pioneers.The Wright brothers had been fascinated by the idea of flight from an early age. In 1875 their father, a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, gave them a flying toy made of cork and bamboo. It had a paper body and was powered by rubber bands. The young boys soon broke the fragile toy, but the memory of its faltering flight across their living room stayed with them. By the mid-1890s Wilbur was reading every book and paper he could find on the still earth-bound science of human flight. And four years before they made history at Kitty Hawk, the brothers built their first, scaled-down flying machine—a pilotless "kite" with a 5-ft. wingspan, and made of wood, wire and cloth. Based on that experiment, Wilbur became convinced that he could build an aircraft that would be "capable of sustaining a man. "When published aeronautical data turned out to be unreliable, the Wright brothers built their own wind tunnel to test airfoils and measure empirically how to lift a flying machine into the sky. They were the first to discover that a long narrow wing shape was the ideal architecture of flight. They figured out how to move the vehicle freely, not just across land, but up and down on a cushion of air. They built a forward elevator to control the pitch of their craft as it nosed up and down. They fashioned a pair of twin rudders in back to control its tendency to yawn from side to side. They devised a pulley system that warped the shape of wings in midflight to turn the plane and to stop it from rolling laterally in air. Recognizing that a propeller isn't like a ship's screw, but becomes, in effect, a rotating wing, they used the data from their wind-tunnel experiments to design the first effective airplane props—a pair of 8-ft, propellers, carved out of laminated spruce, that turned in opposite directions to offset the twisting effect on the machine's structure. And when they discovered that a light-weight gas-powered engine did not exist, they decided to design and build their own. It produced 12 horsepower and weighed only 152 lbs.The genius of Leonardo da Vinci imagined a flying machine, but it took the methodical application of science by these two American bicycle mechanics to create it. The unmanned gliders spawned by their first efforts flew erratically and were at the mercy of any strong gust of wind. But with help from their wind-tunnel, the brothers amassed more data on wing design than anyone before them, compiling tables of computations that are still valid today. And with guidance from this scientific study, they developed the powered 1903 Flyer, a skeletal flying machine of spruce, ash and muslin, with an unmanned weight of just over 600 Ibs.On DeC. 17,1903, with Orville at the controls, the Flyer lifted off shakily from Kitty Hawkand flew 120 ft.—little more than half the wingspan of a Boeing 747-400. That 12-seC. flight changed the world, lifting it to new heights of freedom and giving mankind access to places it had never dreamed of reaching. Although the Wright brother's feat was to transform life in the 20th century, the next day only four newspapers in the U. S. carried news of their achievement—news that was widely dismissed as exaggerated.The Wright brothers gave us a tool, but it was up to individuals and nations to put it to use. The airplane revolutionized both peace and war. It brought families together: once, when a Chile or other close relatives left the old country for America, family and friends mourned for someone they would never see again. Today, the grandchild of that immigrant can return again and again across a vast ocean in just half a turn of the clock. But the airplane also helped tear families apart, by making international warfare an effortless reality.Now, on the eve of another century, who knows where the next Wright brothers will be found, in what grade of school they're studying, or in what garage they're inventing the next Flyer of the information age. Our mission is to make sure that wherever they are, they have the chance to run their own course, to persevere and follow their own inspiration. We have to understand that engineering breakthroughs are not just mechanical or scientific—they are liberating forces that can continually improve people's lives. Who would have thought, as the 20th century opened, that one of its greatest contributions **e from two obscure, fresh-faced young Americans who pursued the utmost bounds of human thought and gave us all, for the first time, the power literally to sail beyond the sunset.The 20th century has been the American Century in large part because of great inventors such as the Wright brothers. May we follow their flight paths and blaze our own in the 21st century. 1. What great difficulties did the Wright Brothers **e while building an aircraft that would be "capable of sustaining a man"?2. What quality of the Wright Brothers impresses you most? Illustrate it briefly with an example.3. What's the purpose of this article? What is the tone of the passage?Part Ⅲ WritingDirections: Please write an essay of about 400 words on the following topic1. Translation and Interpreting in the Global Age。

2010年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.metonymy（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.diachronic linguistics（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.concordance（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.interlanguage（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.acronym（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.allophones（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ positionality（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.perlocutionary act（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.cohesion（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.contrastive analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________二、简答题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)11.What are the two objectives of sociolinguistics?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.What are the three definitions of relevance made by Relevance Theory?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.What is your understanding of Systemic Functional Grammar?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.Summarize the characteristics of basic level categories.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.What makes language unique to human beings?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.What are the contributions made by the Prague School?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.How could you understand "register" in systematic functional linguistics?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.How would you comment on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.There are two English expressions;A. I"m a student, aren"t I?B. I"m a student, amn"t I? Which is more authentic? Why?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

2010年北京外国语大学357英语翻译基础真题及详解I. Translate the following terms into Chinese. (15 points, 1 point each)1. UNESCO【答案】联合国教科文组织2. NASA【答案】美国国家航天航空局3. Diet of Japan【答案】日本国国会4. FDI【答案】国际牙科联合会；外国直接投资5. CCTV （not 中国中央电视台）【答案】闭路电视6. FBI【答案】美国联邦调查局7. GM crop【答案】转基因作物8. IAEA【答案】国际原子能组织9. opportunity cost【答案】机会成本10. Keynesians【答案】凯恩斯学派11. the Tories【答案】英国保守党12. the State Department in Washington 【答案】位于华盛顿的美国国务院13. the Treasury Department of the U.S. 【答案】美国财政部14. protectionism【答案】保护主义15. Balance of Payments【答案】国际收支平衡表II. Translate the following terms into English. (15 points, 1 point each) 1. 中国特色的社会主义【答案】Socialism with Chinese characteristics2. 科学发展观【答案】the Scientific Outlook on Development3. 全面建设小康社会【答案】building a moderately prosperous society in all respects4. 以人为本【答案】people-oriented5. 宏观经济调控【答案】macroeconomic regulation6. 自主创新能力【答案】independent innovation capability7. 完善人民币汇率形成机制【答案】strengthen the mechanism for setting the RMB exchange rate8. 中西医并重【答案】place importance on both Chinese and western medicine9. 突发事件应急管理机制【答案】regulation system for public emergencies10. 港人治港【答案】Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong11. 构建两岸关系和平发展框架【答案】build up a framework for the peaceful development of cross-Strait relations12. 知足常乐【答案】A contented mind is a perpetual feast13. 水火无情【答案】Fire and water have no mercy14. 祸从口出【答案】A man may dig his grave with his teeth15. 一蹶不振【答案】reach the excess of failure from which he never rose againIII. Translate the following passages into Chinese. (60 points)1. Acting recently as an expert witness in a murder trial, I became aware of a small legal problem caused by the increasingly multicultural nature of our society. According to English law, a man is guilty of murder if he kills someone with the intention either to kill or to injure seriously. But he is guilty of the lesser crime of manslaughter if he has been sufficiently provoked or if his state of mind at the time was abnormal enough to reduce his responsibility. The legal test here is a comparison with the supposedly ordinary man—the man on the Clapham omnibus, as the legal cliché has it. Would that ordinary person feel provoked under similar circumstances? Was the accused’s state of mind at the time of the killing very different from that of an average man?【参考译文】最近，我在一个谋杀案的审讯中作为专业证人出庭。

北京航空航天大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题英语翻译基础考生注意：所有答案务必书写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。

第一部分：将下列术语翻译成中文，并用中文简单解释（本题共15分，每一题1分）。

1.Corpus语料库mission委托3.Adequacy充分性pensation补偿5.Direct translation直接翻译6.Dubbing配音7.Terminology术语8.Transliteration音译9.FIT国际译联10.Addition增加11.Sublanguage子语言12.Translatability可译性13.MT机器翻译14.Version版本15.Transcription注音第二部分：将下列术语翻译成英文，并用英文简单解释（本题共15分，每一题1分）。

1.重写rewritng2.翻译单位translation unit3.地道翻译idiomatic translation4.词对词翻译word-for-word translation5.对应correspondence6.工具型翻译instrumental translation7.归化domestication8.回译back-translation9.会议传译conference interpreting10.伪翻译pseudo translation11.经纪人agent12.可接受性acceptability13.目的语goal language14.受控语言controlled language15.文体对等stylistic eqivalence第三部分：英译汉（本题共60分，第一段25分，第二段25分）。

1Even discussions of architectural esthetics have taken a strange turn.The Bloomberg Tower is now finished,dominating the skyline in one area of midtown manhattan;love it or hate it,it's quite a building."I just wish it wasn't so tall", someone lamented at dinner.The citizens of New York,who live in the spiritual home of the skyscraper,now fear the office tower and the high-rise. In San Francisco they build structures that are earth-quakeproof.But there's no structural steel,no reinforced foundation, that can ward off fear.It's been nearly five years since an area in the southernmost part of Manhattan was renamed Ground Zero.On September 11,2001,New York became a city of survivors.That's on a sliding scale,of course:it would be an insult to claim otherwise.今天，对于建筑美学的讨论也发生了变化。

2010年北京外国语大学英语翻译基础真题答案I. 1.UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization 联合国教育、科学与文化组织(简称教科文组织)2. NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (美国)国家航空和航天局3. Diet of Japan: 日本国会，国家最高权力机关，国家唯一的立法机关。

国会由众议院和参议院构成，国会议员可兼任内阁阁员，首相亦由该国会推选。

4. FDI: foreign direct investment 对外直接投资5. CCTV:closed-circuit television 闭路电视; 中国中央电视台（China Central Television）6. FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation (美国)联邦调查局，世界著名的美国最重要的情报机构之一，隶属于美国司法部，“FBI”还代表着该局坚持贯彻的信条——忠诚Fidelity，勇敢Bravery和正直Integrity。

7. GM crop：General Motors Corporation通用汽车公司成立于1908年9月16日，先后联合或兼并了别克、凯迪拉克、雪佛兰、奥兹莫比尔、庞蒂克、克尔维特、悍马等公司，从1927年以来一直是全世界最大的汽车公司之一。

8. IAEA：国际原子能机构（International Atomic Energy Agency）是一个同联合国建立关系，并由世界各国政府在原子能领域进行科学技术合作的机构。

9. opportunity cost 机会成本，一种资源(如资金或劳力等)用于本项目而放弃用于其他机会时，所可能损失的利益。

10. Keynesians凯恩斯主义拥护者，根据凯恩斯的著作《就业、利息和货币通论》的思想基础上的经济理论，主张国家采用扩张性的经济政策，通过增加需求促进经济增长。

2010年北京航空航天大学英语翻译基础真题答案第一部分：将下列术语翻译成中文，并用中文简单解释（本题共15 分，每一题1 分）。

1. Corpus 语料库：在语言学中，语料库指大量文本的集合，库中的文本（称为语料）通常经过整理，具有既定的格式与标记，特指计算机存储的数字化语料库。

语料库是语料库语言学研究的基础资源，也是经验主义语言研究方法的主要资源。

2. Commission 委托：把事情托付给别人或别的机构（办理）比如，当事人委托律师出庭辩护。

3. Adequacy【语言学】①充分性(生成语法的一种选择规则，确认语法上是否达到三项标准：观察上的、描写上的和解释上的充分性)；②衡量充分性的标准(衡量语法对结构描述正确性的标准)4. Compensation 补偿：语言除了普遍性和相似性之外还有特殊性和差异性，所以在翻译时不可避免地有一些损失。

要想达到功能对等，就得对缺失的部分进行补偿，从而使两种文本读者反应相同。

5. Direct translation直译即直接翻译，指一种与意译（翻译句子或词组意义上的）相对的翻译方式。

直译是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。

直译常常被用来翻译一些术语和成语,有时局限于一些简单句和科技术语翻译。

直译可以完全保持原作的风格和民族特色。

但直译必须具有可读性，也就是说，译品不会引起读者的误解，并且也不违反表达方式。

直译还适用于含有修辞的句子。

在某种程度上，直译不仅能保持原作的特点，而且还可使读者逐步接受原作的文学风格。

6. Dubbing配音是为影片或多媒体加入声音的过程。

而狭义上指配音演员替角色配上声音，或以其它语言代替原片中角色的语言对白。

同时由于声音出现错漏，由原演员重新为片段补回对白的过程亦称为配音。

7. Terminology 术语是在特定学科领域用来表示概念的称谓的集合，各门学科中的专门用语。

8. Transliteration 音译：用发音近似的汉字将外来语翻译过来，这种用于译音的汉字不再有其自身的原意，只保留其语音和书写形式。

北京航空航天大学翻译硕士考研真题，考研真题解析政治考研资料分析题十：关于统一战线的问题。

1．说明建立革命统一战线在中国革命中的必要性和现实可能性（1）统一战线在中国革命中的必要性:（也是为什么要建立革命统一战线的答案）①由中国半殖民地半封建社会的阶级状况决定的，旧中国是一个“两头小中间大”的社会，无产阶级和大地主大资产阶级都只占人口的少数并尖锐对立，而农民、城市小资产阶级以及其他中间阶级却占了全国人口的绝大多数。

②由于革命所面临的敌人异常强大，导致了中国革命的长期性和残酷性。

同时由于中国社会经济政治发展的不平衡性，又导致了革命发展的不平衡性。

（2）建立广泛统一战线的现实可能性首先，近代中国社会最大的压迫是民族压迫，这一特点决定了无产阶级及其政党可以把一切爱国的、不愿受帝国主义奴役的人们团结在自己的周围。

其次，民族资产阶级深受帝国主义和封建主义的压迫．因而能够在一定时期中和一定程度上参加反帝反封建的革命斗争。

再次，在革命的锋芒主要是反对某一个帝国主义的时候，属于别的帝国主义系统的官僚资产阶级集团也可能在一定程度上和一定时期内参加统一战线。

2、分析中国革命统一战线的“两个联盟”之间的关系。

民主革命时期统一战线中有两个联盟：一是工人阶级和其他劳动人民的联盟，主要是无产阶级和农民、城市小资产阶级的联盟；二是工人阶级同可非劳动人民的联盟，主要是指无产阶级和民族资产阶级的联盟，也包含特定历史条件下，无产阶级和一部分地主阶级、带买办性的大资产阶级的联盟。

两个联盟的关系是：第一个联盟是基本的、主要的，是统一战线的基础，同时必须注意巩固和发展第二个联盟。

3、党领导和建立统一战线的经验。

①必须坚持统一战线中的独立自主原则，保持党在思想上、政治上和组织上的独立性。

②在革命进程中，必须坚持发展进步势力，争取中间势力，孤立顽固势力的策略方针。

③对反共顽固派采取又团结又斗争，以斗争求团结的政策，利用矛盾，争取多数，反对少数，各个击破。

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2010年北京航空航天大学硕士研究生入学考试试题英语翻译基础考生注意：所有答案务必书写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效(本题单不参与阅卷)。

第一部分：将下列术语翻译成中文，并用中文简单解释(本题共15分，每一题1分)。

1.Corpusmission3.Adequacypensation5.Directtranslation6.Dubbing7.Terminology8.Transliteration9.FIT10.Addition11.Sublanguage12.Translatability13.MT14.Version15.Transcription第二部分：将下列术语翻译成英文，并用英文简单解释(本题共15分，每一题1分)。

1.重写2.翻译单位3.地道翻译4.词对词翻译5.对应6.工具型翻译7.归化8.回译9.会议传译10.伪翻译11.经纪人12.可接受性13.目的语14.受控语言15.文体对等第三部分：英译汉(本题共60分，第一段25分，第二段25分)。

1Evendiscussionsofarchitecturalestheticshavetakenastrangeturn.TheBloombergTowerisnowfinish ed,dominatingtheskylineinoneareaofmidtownmanhattan;loveitorhateit,it'squiteabuilding."Ijustw ishitwasn'tsotall",someonelamentedatdinner.ThecitizensofNewYork,wholiveinthespiritualhomeo ftheskyscraper,nowfeartheofficetowerandthehigh-rise.InSanFranciscotheybuildstructuresthatare earth-quakeproof.Butthere'snostructuralsteel,noreinforcedfoundation,thatcanwardofffear.It'sbe ennearlyfiveyearssinceanareainthesouthernmostpartofManhattanwasrenamedGroundZero.OnS eptember11,2001,NewYorkbecameacityofsurvivors.That'sonaslidingscale,ofcourse:itwouldbeani nsulttoclaimotherwise.2Everycountrywithamonetarysystemofitsownhastohavesomekindofmarketinwhichdealersinbills,n otes,andotherformsofshorttermcreditcanbuyandsell.The"monkeymarket"isasetofinstitutionsorar rangementsforhandlingwhatmightbecalledwholesaletransactionsinmoneyandshorttermcredit.Th eneedforsuchfacilitiesarisesinmuchthesamewaythatasimilarneeddoesinconnectionwiththedistrib utionofanyoftheprocuorsofadiversifiedeconomytotheirfinalusersattheretaillevel.Iftheretaileristo providereasonablyadequateservicetohiscustomers,hemusthaveactivecontactswithotherswhospe cializeinmakingorhandlingbulkquantitiesofwhateverishisstockintrade.Themoneymarketismadeup ofspecializedfacilitiesofexactlythiskind.Itexistsforthepurposeofimprovingtheabilityoftheretailerso ffinancialservices--commercialbanks,savingsinstitutions,investmenthouses,lendingagencies,ande vengovernments--todotheirjob.Ithaslittleifanycontactwiththeindividualsorfirmswhomaintainacco untswiththesevariousretailersorpurchasetheirsecuritiesorborrowfromthem.第四部分：汉译英(本题共60分，第一段40分，第二段20分)。