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Hague Rules名词解释– article 1 (1):―"Carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.―承运人：包括与托运人订有运输合同的船舶所有人或租船人。
―"Contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading .“运输合同”仅适用于以提单进行海上货物运输的合同名词解释– article 1 (2):―"Goods" includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage instated as being carried on deck and is so carried.―货物包括货物、制品、商品和任何种类商品，但活的牲畜和在运输合同上载明装载于舱面并且已经这样装运的货物除外。
―"Ship" means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea.―"Carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.The responsibility of carrier (1):―Article 3, 1―The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to:(a) Make the ship seaworthy.(b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship.(c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.―译:承运人需在开航时和开航前恪尽职责：使船舶适航；适当配备船员，装备和供应船舶；使船上货舱、冷藏舱和其他载货处所，能适宜和安全地接收、运送和保管货物。
统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约（1924年8月22日订于布鲁塞尔，1924年8月25日颁布，1942年8月25日实施）INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OFLAW RELATING TO BILLS OF LADING(“HAGUE RULES”), AND PROTOCOL OF SIGNATURE(Brussels, 25 August 1924)The President of the German Republic, the President of the Argentine Republic, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the Republic of Chile, the President of the Republic of Cuba, His Majesty the King of Denmark and Iceland, His Majesty the King of Spain, the Head of the Estonian State, the President of the United States of America, the President of the Republic of Finland, the President of the French Republic, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, His Most Supreme Highness the Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary, His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, the President of the Latvian Republic, the President of the Republic of Mexico, His Majesty the King of Norway, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, the President of the Republic of Peru, the President of the Polish Republic, the President of the Portuguese Republic, His Majesty the King ofRomania, His Majesty the King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, His Majesty the King of Sweden, and the President of the Republic of Uruguay,HAVING RECOGNIZED the utility of fixing by agreement certain uniform rules of law relating to bills of lading,HAVE DECIDED to conclude a convention with this object and have appointed the following Plenipotentiaries:WHO, duly authorized thereto, have agreed as follows:第一条Article 1本公约所用下列各词，涵义如下：In this Convention the following words are employed with the meanings set out below:(a) “承运人”包括与托运人订有运输合同的船舶所有人或租船人。
《维斯比规则》各缔约国考虑到修改一九二四年八月二十五日在布鲁塞尔签订的关于《统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约》的需要，协议如下：第一条１．在第三条第４款中应增加：“但是，当提单已经转给善意行事的第三者时，与此相反的证据不予接受。
”２．在第三条第６款中的第４段应改为：“遵照第６款（修改本）的规定，除非从货物交付之日或应交付之日起一年内提出诉讼，承运人和船舶在任何情况下都免除对于货物的任何责任。
但是，诉讼事由提出后，如经当事方同意，该期限可以延长”。
３．在第三条的第６款后应增加下列条文作为第６款（修改本）：“即使在前款规定的年限期满后，如果在受理该案的法院的法律准许的时间内，仍可以对第三者提出赔偿诉讼。
但是，准许的时间不得少于三个月，自提出这种赔偿诉讼的人已经解决了对他本人的索赔或者从起诉传票送达他本人之日起算。
”第二条第四条的第５款应予删去，并改为下列规定：“（ａ）除非在装货前，托运人已声明该货物的性质和价值，并载入提单，否则，在任何情况下，承运人或船舶对货物所遭受的或有关的任何灭失或损害，每件或每单位的金额超过１０．０００法郎的部分，或按灭失或损害的货物每公斤毛重超达３０法郎的部分，均不负责任，两者以较高的金额为准。
“（ｂ）全部赔偿金额应参照货物根据契约从船上卸下或应卸下的当地当时的价值计算。
货物价值应按照商品交易所价格确定，或者如无此种价格时，则按现行市场价格确定，或者如既无商品交易所价格又无现行市场价格时，则参照同类同质货物的正常价值确定。
“（ｃ）如果货物是用集装箱、托盘或类似的装运器具拼装时，提单中所载明的、装在这种装运器具中的件数或单位数，应视为就本款所指的件数或单位数；除上述情况外，应视为此种装运器具即是件或单位。
“（ｄ）一个法郎是指一个含有纯度为千分之九百的黄金六十五点五毫克的单位。
载决的赔偿数额兑换成国家货币的日期，应由受理该案法院的法律规定。
“（ｅ）如经证实损失是由于承运人蓄意造成损失而作出的行为或不行为或明知可能会产生损失但仍不顾后果而作出的行为或不行为产生的，则承运人或船舶无权享受本款所规定的责任限制的利益。
Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unificationof Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading ("Visby Rules")修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书（维斯比规则）(Brussels, 23 February 1968)（1968.2.23日订于布鲁塞尔）THE CONTRACTING PARTIES,各缔约国：CONSIDERINGthat it is desirable to amend the InternationalConvention for the unification of certain rules of law relating to Bills ofLading, signed at Brussels on 25th August 1924,考虑到修改一九二四年八月二十五日在布鲁塞尔签订的关于《统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约》的需要，HAVE AGREED as follows:协议如下：Article 1第一条1(1)In Article 3, paragraph 4, shall be added:在第三条第4款中应增加："However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the Bill ofLading has been transferred to a third party actin g in good faith".“但是，当提单已经转给善意行事的第三者时，与此相反的证据不予接受。
“(2)In Article 3, paragraph 6, sub-paragraph 4 shall be deleted andreplaced by:在第三条第6款中的第4段应改为：“"Subject to paragraph 6bisthe carrier and the ship shall in any event bedischarged from all liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unlesssuit is brought within one year of their delivery or of the date whentheyshould have been delivered. This period may, however, be extended ifthe parties so agree after the cause of action has arisen".“遵照第6款（修改本）的规定，除非从货物交付之日或应付之日起一年内提起诉讼，承运人和船舶在任何情况下都免除对于货物的货物责任。
AACC：走廊附加费。
从LBH（Long Beach）、LAX（Los Angeles）中转至加州（California）亚利桑那州（Arizona）内华达州（Nevada）的货收Advanced B/L 预借提单Anti-dated B/L倒签提单ARB：大船转驳船时产生ARB：中转费AU Australia 澳大利亚AW air waybill fee 货运单费，承运人收取此费为AWC；代理人收取此费为AWAAWB air waybill 航空货运单BB/L bill of lading提单B/N booking note 托运单BAF, Bs bunker adjustment factor; or bunker surcharge 燃油附加费BAF：Bunker（燃油）adjusted factor 注：BAF=FAF 不同人有不同叫法BALTIME "波尔的姆格式"，全称为BIMCO标准定期租船合同BARECON'A'标准光船租船合同A格式BERTH TERMS 泊位条款，即船方负担装卸费BFI Baltic freight index 波罗的海运价指数BIMCO Baltic and international maritime council 波罗的海国际海事协会BIS 北京BM beam 船宽CC/P charter party 租船合同CA Canada 加拿大CA 中国国际航空公司CAF currency adjustment factor 货币附加费CAN 广州CAO cargo aircraft only 仅限货机CASS, cargo account settlement system 货运帐目清算系统CBA cargo booking advance 国际航空货物订舱单CC charges collect 运费到付CCA cargo charges correction advice 货物运费更改通知CCFI China container freight index 中国出口集装箱运价指数CFS container freight station 集装箱货运站CH clearance charge for agency 清关费，代理人收取此费为CHACI 中华航空公司CKG 重庆Clean B/L清洁提单CLP container load plan集装箱装箱单CMI committee maritime international 国际海事委员会CN China 中国COA contract of affreightment 包运租船，简称包船COC carrier's own container船公司箱Combidoc 由BIMCO 制定的供经营船舶的多式联运经营人所使用的国际多式联运单证Combined Transport B/L (Intermodal Transport B/L, Multimodal Transport B/L) 多式联运提单CQD customary quick dispatch 按港口习惯快速装卸CUC：底盘费。
《维斯比规则》（Visby Rules）《维斯比规则》是《修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》（Protocol to Amend theInternationalConvention forthe Unification of Certain Rules of LawRelatingtoBillsoflading）的简称。
于1968年6月23日在布鲁塞尔外交会议上通过，自1977年6月23日生效。
截止1996年9月，参加该规则的国家共有29个，其中包括英国、法国、德国、荷兰、西班牙、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、意大利和日本等主要航运国家。
一、制定《维斯比规则》的背景《海牙规则》自1931年生效实施后，得到了国际航运界普遍接受，它的历史作用在于使国际海上货物运输有法可依，统一了海上货物运输中的提单条款，对提单的规范化起到了积极作用，基本上缓和了当时承运方和托运方之间的矛盾，促进了国际贸易和海上运输事业的发展。
但随着国际政治、经济形势的变化，以及航海、造船技术日新月异的进步，使海上运输方式发生了重大变革，特别是集装箱运输方式的出现和迅猛发展，《海牙规则》的内容已不适应新形势发展的需要。
尤其关于承运人的大量免责条款明显偏袒船方利益，通货膨胀的现实使100英镑的赔偿限额明显过低等原因，到了50年代未，要求修改《海牙规则》的呼声日渐强烈。
基于上述这种形势，国际海事委员会于1959年在南斯拉夫的里吉卡举行第二十四届大会，会上决定成立小组委员会负责修改《海牙规则》。
根据各国代表对修改《海牙规则》的建议，1963年小组委员会草拟了修改《海牙规则》的议定书草案，提交给1967年、1968年召开的海事法会议审议，经会议审议通过后，于1968年2月“日在比利时的布鲁塞尔召开的、由53个国家或地区代表参加的第十二届海洋法外交会议上通过，定名为《修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》，并简称为“1968年布鲁塞尔议定书”。
维斯比规则中文版1968年布鲁塞尔议定书——有关修改1924年8月25日在布鲁塞尔签订的统一提单的若干法律规定的国际公约的议定书(1968年2月23日颁布1978年1月1日实施)各缔约方，考虑到1924年8月25日在布鲁塞尔制订的统一提单的某些法律规定的国际公约加以修正是合乎需要的，兹协议如下:第一条1(第3条第4款增加下列规定:“但是，当该提单已被转让至善意行事的第三者时，与此相反的证据便不予接受。
”2(第3条第6款第4项应改为:“除第6款(之一)另有规定外，除自货物交付或本应交付之日起一年内提起诉讼外，在任何情况下，承运人和船舶将被免除对于货物的任何责任。
但是，在诉因发生以后，经当事方同意，这一期限加以延长。
”3(第3条第6款之后应增加第6款(之一):“即使在前款规定的一年期限届满之后，只要在受案法院所在地法律允许期间内，仍可以向第三方提起追偿诉讼。
但是，允许的时间自提起此种诉讼之人已经解决向其索赔的案件，或在对其本人的诉讼中收到送达的传票之日起算，不得少于三个月。
”第二条第4条第5款应予删除，并改为下列规定:(a) 不论是承运人或船舶，对超过每件或每单位相当于10 000法郎，或按灭失或受损货物毛重计算，每公斤相当于30法郎(两者之中以较高者为准)的货物或与货物有关的灭失或损害，在任何情况下，概不负责，除非货物的性质和价值已由托运人在货物装运前声明，并在提单上注明。
(b) 可赔偿的总额应参照该货物根据合同从船上卸下或本应卸下的当时当地的价值计算。
货物价值应按商品交换价格确定，或者，如无此种价格，按现时市场价格计算;如无商品交换价格和现时市场价格，参照相同品种和质量的货物的正常价值确定。
(c) 如货物是以集装箱、货盘或类似的运输工具集装，则提单中载明的装在此种运输工具中的件数或单位数，应视为本款所述件数或单位数。
除上述情况之外，此种运输工具应视为一个包件或单位。
(d) 一个法郎是指一个含有纯度为千分之九百的黄金65.5毫克的单位。
从《海牙规则》到《汉堡规则》有关提单的国际公约在内容上发生了质的变化，对当事各方利益的保护更加合理，也适应了不断发展的航运技术的要求。
总的来讲，这三个国际公约实质上的区别主要在以下几个方面：一、承运人的责任基础不同《海牙规则》由于在当时的历史背景下，船东的强大势力和航运技术条件的限制决定了《海牙规则》对承运人的要求不会十分严格，因此《海牙规则》对承运人责任基础采用了“不完全过失原则”。
《维斯比规则》对这点没加任何修订。
《汉堡规则》则将其改为了“推定的完全过失原则”。
所谓“过失原则”是指有过失即负责，无过失即不负责，一般国家的民法多采用这一原则为基础。
《海牙规则》总的规定也是要求承运人对自己的过失承担责任，但同时又规定“船长、船员、引航员或承运人的雇佣人员在驾驶或管理船舶上的行为、疏忽或不履行契约”可以要求免责（也是《海牙规则》遭非议最多的条款），即有过失也无须负责，因此，《海牙规则》被认为采用的是不完全过失原则。
比起过失原则，这种责任制度虽然对承运人网开一面，但在当时的历史条件下还是有着明显的进步意义的。
《汉堡规则》的立场则严格得多，它不仅以是否存在过失来决定承运人是否负责，而且规定举证责任也要由承运人承担，即第五条规定的“除非承运人证明他本人，其受雇人或代理人为避免该事故发生及其后果已采取了一切所能合理要求的措施，否则承运人应对货物灭失或损坏或延迟交货所造成的损失负赔偿责任……。
”这样承运人的责任大大加重了。
二、承运人的最高责任赔偿限额不同首先，从《海牙规则》到《汉堡规则》依次提高了对每单位货物的最高赔偿金额。
《海牙规则》规定船东或承运人对货物或与货物有关的灭失或损坏的赔偿金额不超过每件或每单位100英镑或相当于100英镑的等值货币。
《维斯比规则》将最高赔偿金额提高为每件或每单位10000金法郎或按灭失或受损货物毛重计算，每公斤30金法郎，两者以较高金额的为准。
同时明确一个金法郎是一个含有66.5毫克黄金，纯度为千分之九百的单位。
联合国海上货物运输公约（汉堡规则）(中英文对照)简介：《维斯比规则》对虽然《海牙规则》作了一些有益的修改，对于维护建立在《海牙规则》基础上船货双方利益的平衡上起了一定的作用，但没有触及《海牙规则》的核心—承运人的归责原则，因而很多第三世界国家，以及代表货主利益的发达国家，如美国、加拿大、法国、澳大利亚，要求从根本上修改《海牙规则》的愿望未能得到实现。
同时，《海牙—维斯比规则》存在内容不够完善，不少规定含义不够明确、清楚的不足。
有鉴于此，联合国贸易和发展会议（United Nations Conference on Trade and Development—UNCTAD）于1969年4月设立国际航运立法工作组，研究提单的法律问题。
该工作组在1971年第2届会议上作出两项决议：第一，对《海牙规则》和《维斯比规则》进行修改，必要时制订新的国际公约；第二，在审议修订上述规则时，应清除规则含义不明确之处，建立船货双方平等分担海运货物风险的制度。
按照分工，上述工作后来移交给联合国国际贸易法委员会。
该委员会下设的国际航运立法工作组，于1976年5月完成起草工作。
1978 年3月6日至31日，在德国汉堡有78个国家代表参加的联合国海上货物运输会议上通过了《1978年联合国海上货物运输公约》（United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea,1978），简称《汉堡规则》（Hamburg Rules—HBR）。
《汉堡规则》重新调整了船货双方的权利和义务，对《海牙规则》进行了比较彻底的修改，主要表现在以下几方面：（1）延长了承运人的责任期间；（2）变更了承运人的赔偿责任基础，实行“完全过失责任制”；（3）提高了承运人的赔偿限额；（4）增设了承运人迟延交付的规定；（5）明确了保函的效力；（6）增加了活动物与舱面货条款；（7）扩大了管辖权范围，货物责任；（8）延长了诉讼时效。
维斯比规则主要内容维斯比规则（Weisbord’sRules）是一类非常重要的组织理论，它由美国管理学家维斯比在上世纪70年代提出。
维斯比规则认为，一个有效而成功的组织必须基于六大要素：目标、职能、结构、现有关系和资源、过程、与外部环境的关系以及文化等。
维斯比规则的第一条就是目标。
一个有效的组织首先必须明确它的目标：是什么、为什么以及如何达成。
目标的明确性会给员工提供一个清晰的工作方向，让员工都能理解自己的工作职责，从而避免各种混乱。
维斯比规则的第二条是职能，也就是指示组织中的每一个员工分别做什么。
有一个完善的职能规划会使组织运行顺利，分工明确，各部门也更容易达到共同的目标。
结构是第三条；一个有效的结构能够有效地管理众多员工，组织结构可以分为三种：水平结构、垂直结构和矩阵结构。
每种结构各有特点，应根据企业的实际情况选择。
第四条是关系和资源，这是指组织里的员工必须互相沟通，建立良好的关系，并充分利用公司的资源。
如果一个组织的内部关系良好，员工之间的交流和合作会更加顺畅，也有助于更好地发挥企业的整体潜力。
第五条是过程，指组织中不同部门之间所采用的运作模式。
组织中必须有一套可行的流程，才能够使各部门之间的工作达到高效率运作，从而使企业整体发挥出最佳效力。
最后一条是与外部环境的关系以及文化，这代表了企业在实施日常工作的过程中，要注意外部环境的改变，并以此来调整自己的工作。
此外，文化是一个组织内部行为准则的集合，组织必须在文化上做出明确的定义，以帮助员工建立一致性的组织行为标准。
总之，维斯比规则是一种有效的组织理论，它依据六大要素：目标、职能、结构、现有关系和资源、过程、与外部环境的关系以及文化，来规范一个组织的日常运作，从而帮助企业发挥最佳的效果。
根据维斯比规则，企业需要确保它们的目标是清晰的，职能的安排清楚，能以更高效的方式发挥组织的整体潜力，并要注意外部环境的变化。
只有当一个企业全方位遵循维斯比规则，方能取得成功，提高效率，实现良性发展。
一．《维斯比规则》的产生《维斯比规则》（Visby Rules）是《修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》（Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading）的简称。
于1968年2月23日在布鲁塞尔外交会议上通过，自1977年6月23日生效。
截止1996年9月，参加该规则的国家共有29个，其中包括英、法、德、荷、西、挪、瑞典、瑞士、意、日等主要航运国家。
因该议定书的准备工作在瑞典的维斯比完成而得名。
是《海牙规则》的修改和补充，故常与《海牙规则》一起，称为《海牙-维斯比规则》。
二、《维斯比规则》的历史背景《海牙规则》自1931年生效实施后，得到了国际航运界普遍接受，它的历史作用在于使国际海上货物运输有法可依，统一了海上货物运输中的提单条款，对提单的规范化起到了积极作用，基本上缓和了当时承运方和托运方之间的矛盾，促进了国际贸易和海上运输事业的发展。
但随着国际政治、经济形势的变化，以及航海、造船技术日新月异的进步，使海上运输方式发生了重大变革，特别是集装箱运输方式的出现和迅猛发展，《海牙规则》的内容已不适应新形势发展的需要。
尤其关于承运人的大量免责条款明显偏袒船方利益，通货膨胀的现实使100英镑的赔偿限额明显过低等原因，到了50年代未，要求修改《海牙规则》的呼声日渐强烈。
基于上述这种形势，国际海事委员会于1959年在南斯拉夫的里吉卡举行第二十四届大会，会上决定成立小组委员会负责修改《海牙规则》。
根据各国代表对修改《海牙规则》的建议，1963年小组委员会草拟了修改《海牙规则》的议定书草案，提交给1967年、1968年召开的海事法会议审议，经会议审议通过后，于1968年2月“日在比利时的布鲁塞尔召开的、由53个国家或地区代表参加的第十二届海洋法外交会议上通过，定名为《修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》，并简称为“1968年布鲁塞尔议定书”(The 1968 Brussels Protocol)。
物流行业术语中英文对照(T-Z)物流行业术语中英文对照（T-Z）Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) 注册(容积)总吨Net Registered Tonnage (NRT) 注册(容积)净吨Deadweight Tonnage (All Told) (DWT orD.W.A.T) 总载重吨位(量)Gross Dead Weight Tonnage 总载重吨位Dead Weight Cargo Tonnage (DWCT) 净载重吨Light Displacement 轻排水量Load (Loaded)Displacement 满载排水量Actual Displacement 实际排水量Over weight surcharge 超重附加费Bunker Adjustment Factor (Surcharge) (BAS or BS) 燃油附加费Port Surcharge 港口附加费Port Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤附加费Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF) 货币贬值附加费Deviation surcharge 绕航附加费Direct Additional 直航附加费Additional for Optional Destination 选卸港附加费Additional for Alteration of Destination 变更卸货港附加费Fumigation Charge 熏蒸费Bill of Lading 提单On Board (Shipped) B/L 已装船提单Received for shipment B/L 备运(收妥待运)提单Named B/L 记名提单Bearer B/L 不记名提单Order B/L 指示提单Blank Endorsement 空白备书Clean B/L 清洁提单In apparent good order and condition 外表状况良好Unclean ( Foul, Dirty) B/L 不清洁提单Direct B/L 直航提单Transshipment B/L 转船提单Through B/L 联运提单Multi-modal (Inter-modal, combined) transport B/L 多式联运提单Long Form B/L 全式提单Short Form B/L 简式提单Anti-dated B/L 倒签提单Advanced B/L 预借提单Stale B/L 过期提单On Deck B/L 甲板货提单Charter Party B/L 租约项下提单House B/L 运输代理行提单Seaworthiness 船舶适航Charter Party ( C/P) 租船合同(租约)Voyage charter party 航次租船合同Time Charter Party 定期租船合同Bareboat (demise) Charter Party 光船租船合同Common carrier 公共承运人Private carrier 私人承运人Single trip C/P 单航次租船合同Consecutive single trip C/P 连续单航次租船合同Return trip C/P 往返航次租船合同Contract of Affreightment (COA) 包运合同Voyage Charter Party on Time Basis 航次期租合同Fixture Note 租船确认书Free In (FI) 船方不负责装费Free Out (FO) 船方不负责卸费Free In and Out (FIO) 船方不负责装卸费Free In and Out ，Stowed and Trimmed (FIOST) 船方不负责装卸、理舱和平舱费Declaration of ship´s Deadweight Tonnage of Cargo 宣载通知书Dunnage and separations 垫舱和隔舱物料Lump-sum freight 整船包价运费Weather working days (W.W.D) 良好天气工作日Notice of Readiness (NOR) 船舶准备就绪通知书Idle formality 例行手续Laytime statement 装卸时间计算表Damage for Detention 延期损失Customary Quick Despatch (CQD) 习惯快速装运International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG)国际海上危险品货物规则(国际危规)Booking Note 托运单(定舱委托书)Shipping Order (S/O) 装货单 (下货纸)Mate´s Receipt 收货单Loading List 装货清单Cargo Manifest 载货清单(货物舱单)Stowage Plan 货物积载计划Dangerous Cargo List 危险品清单Stowage Factor 积载因素(系数)Inward cargo 进港货Outward cargo 出港货Container yard (CY) 集装箱堆场Container Freight Station ( CFS) 集装箱货运站Container Load Plan 集装箱装箱单Conventional Container Ship 集装箱两用船 Semi-container Ship 半集装箱船Full Container Ship 全集装箱船Full Container Load (FCL) 整箱货Less Container Load (LCL) 拼箱货Delivery Order (D/O) 提货单(小提单)Dock receipt 场站收据Twenty equivalent unit (TEU) 二十尺集装箱换算单位Equipment Interchange Receipt ( EIR) 集装箱设备交接单Demurrage 滞期费Crew List 船员名册Log book 航行日志Liner transport 班轮运输Tramp transport 不定期(租船)运输Minimum Freight 工最低运费Maximum Freight 最高运费Accomplish a Bill of Lading (to) 付单提货Ad valorem freight 从价运费Address commission (Addcomm) 回扣佣金Adjustment 海损理算Average adjuster 海损理算师Average bond 海损分摊担保书Average guarantee 海损担保书Act of God 天灾All in rate 总运费率Annual survey 年度检验All purposes (A.P) 全部装卸时间All time saved (a.t.s) 节省的全部时间Always afloat 始终保持浮泊Anchorage 锚地Anchorage dues 锚泊费Arbitration award 仲裁裁决Arbitrator 仲裁员Arrest a ship 扣押船舶Area differential 地区差价Addendum (to a charter party) ( 租船合同)附件Apron 码头前沿Bale or bale capacity 货舱包装容积Back (return) load 回程货Back to back charter 转租合同Backfreight 回程运费Ballast (to) 空载行驶Barge 驳船Barratry 船员不轨Barrel handler 桶抓Base cargo (1) 垫底货Base cargo (2) 起运货量Bundle (Bd) 捆(包装单位)Beam 船宽Bearer ( of a B/L) 提单持有人Both ends (Bends) 装卸两港Boatman 缆工Buoy 浮标Bunker escalation clause 燃料涨价条款Derrick 吊杆Fork-lift truck 铲车Boom of a fork-lift truck 铲车臂Both to blame collision clause 互有过失碰撞条款Book space 洽订舱位Bottom 船体Bottom stow cargo 舱底货Bottomry loan 船舶抵押贷款Breakbulk 零担Breakbulk cargo 零担货物Broken stowage 亏舱Brokerage 经纪人佣金Bulk cargo 散装货Bulk carrier 散货船Bulk container 散货集装箱American Bureau of Shipping (A.B.S.) 美国船级社Bureau Veritas (B.V.) 法国船级社Cabotage 沿海运输Canal transit dues 运河通行税Capsize vessel 超宽型船Captain 船长Car carrier 汽车运输船Car container 汽车集装箱Cargo hook 货钩Cargo sharing 货载份额Cargo superintendent 货物配载主管Cargo tank 货箱Cargo tracer 短少货物查询单Cargoworthiness 适货Carryings 运输量Certificate of seaworthiness 适航证书Cesser clause 责任终止条款Chassis 集装箱拖车Claims adjuster 理赔人Classification certificate 船级证书Classification register 船级公告Classification society 船级社Classification survey 船级检验Paramount clause 首要条款Clean (petroleum ) products 精练油Clean the holds (to) 清洁货舱Closing date 截至日Closure of navigation 封航Collapsible flattrack 折叠式板架集装箱 Completely knocked down (CKD) 全拆装Compulsory pilotage 强制引航Conference 公会Congestion 拥挤Congestion surcharge 拥挤费Con-ro ship 集装箱/滚装两用船Consecutive voyages 连续航程Consign 托运Consignee 收货人Consignor 发货人Consignment 托运；托运的货物Consolidation (groupage) 拼箱Consortium 联营Constants 常数Container barge 集装箱驳船Container leasing 集装箱租赁Containerization 集装箱化Containerised 已装箱的，已集装箱化的Containership 集装箱船Contamination (of cargo ) 货物污染Contributory value 分摊价值Conveyor belt 传送带Corner casting (fitting) 集装箱(角件)Corner post 集装箱(角柱)Crane 起重机Crawler mounted crane 履带式(轨道式)起重机 Custom of the port (COP) 港口惯例Customary assistance 惯常协助Daily running cost 日常营运成本Deadfreight 亏舱费Deadweight (weight) cargo 重量货Deadweight cargo (carrying)capacity 载货量Deaiweight scale 载重图表Deck cargo 甲板货Delivery of cargo (a ship) 交货(交船)Despatch or Despatch money 速遣费Destuff 卸集装箱Det Norske Veritas (D.N.V.) 挪威船级社Deviation 绕航Direct discharge (车船)直卸Direct transshipment 直接转船Dirty(Black) (petroleum) products ( D.P.P.) 原油Disbursements 港口开支Discharging port 卸货港Disponent owner 二船东Dock 船坞Docker 码头工人Door to door 门到门运输Downtime (设备)故障时间Draft (draught) 吃水；水深Draft limitation 吃水限制Dropping outward pilot (D.O.P.) 引航员下船时Dry cargo 干货Dry cargo(freight) container 干货集装箱Dry dock 干船坞Demurrage half despatch (D1/2D) 速遣费为滞期费的一半Efficient deck hand (E.D.H.) 二级水手Elevator 卸货机Enter a ship inwards (outwards) 申请船舶进港(出港)Entrepot 保税货Equipment 设备(常指集装箱)Equipment handover charge 设备使用费预计到达时间Estimated time of completion (ETC) 预计完成时间Estimated time of departure (ETD) 预计离港时间Estimated time of readiness (ETR) 预计准备就绪时间Estimated time of sailing (ETS) 预计航行时间Europallet 欧式托盘Even if used (E.I.U.) 即使使用Excepted period 除外期间Exception 异议Exceptions clause 免责条款Excess landing 溢卸Expiry of laytime 装卸欺瞒Extend suit time 延长诉讼时间Extend a charter 延长租期Extension of a charter 租期延长Extension to suit time 诉讼时间延长Extreme breadth 最大宽度Fairway 航道Feeder service 支线运输服务Feeder ship 支线船Ferry 渡轮First class ship 一级船Flag of convenience (FOC) 方便旗船Floating crane 浮吊Floating dock 浮坞Force majeure 不可抗力Fork-lift truck 铲车Forty foot equivalent unit (FEU) 四十英尺集装箱换算单位Four-way pallet 四边开槽托盘Freeboard 干Freight all kinds (FAK) 包干运费Freight canvasser 揽货员Freight collect (freight payable at destination) 运费到付Freight prepaid 运费预付Freight quotation 运费报价Freight rate (rate of freight) 运费率Freight tariff 运费费率表Freight ton (FT) 运费吨Freight manifest 运费舱单Freighter 货船Fresh water load line 淡水载重线Fridays and holidays excepted (F.H.E.X .) 星期五和节假日除外Full and complete cargo 满舱满载货Full and down 满舱满载Gantry crane 门式起重机(门吊)Gencon 金康航次租船合同General average 共同海损General average act 共同海损行为General average contribution 共同海损分摊 General average sacrifice 共同海损牺牲 General cargo (generals) 杂货General purpose container 多用途集装箱 Geographical rotation 地理顺序Germanischer Lloyd (G.L.) 德国船级社Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.) 格林威治时间Grabbing crane 抓斗起重机Grain or grain capacity 散装舱容Gross weight(GW) 毛重Grounding 触底Gunny bag 麻袋Gunny matting 麻垫Hague Rules 海牙规则Hague-Visby Rules 海牙维斯比规则Hamburg Rules 汉堡规则Hand hook 手钩Handymax 杂散货船Handy-sized bulker 小型散货船Harbour 海港Harbour dues 港务费Hatch (hatch cover) 舱盖Hatchway 舱口Head charter (charter party) 主租船合同Head charterer 主租船人Heavy lift 超重货物Heavy lift additional (surcharge) 超重附加费Heavy lift derrick 重型吊杆Heavy weather 恶劣天气Heavy fuel oil (H.F.O) 重油Hire statement 租金单Hold 船舱Home port 船籍港Homogeneous cargo 同种货物Hook 吊钩Hopper 漏斗House Bill of Lading 运输代理行提单Hovercraft 气垫船Husbandry 维修Inland container depot 内陆集装箱Ice-breaker 破冰船Identity of carrier clause 承运人责任条款Idle (船舶、设备)闲置Immediate rebate 直接回扣International Maritime Organization (IMO) 国际海事组织Import entry 进口报关Indemnity 赔偿Inducement 起运量Inducement cargo 起运量货物Inflation adjustment factor ( IAF) 通货膨胀膨胀调整系数Infrastructure (of a port) (港口)基础设施Inherent vice 固有缺陷Institute Warranty Limits (IWL) (伦敦保险人)协会保证航行范围Insufficient packing 包装不足Intaken weight 装运重量International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)国际船级社协会Inward 进港的Inward cargo 进港货物International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) 国际运输工人联合会Itinerary 航海日程表Jettison 抛货Joint service 联合服务Joint survey 联合检验Jumbo derrick 重型吊杆Jurisdiction (Litigation)clause 管辖权条款Knot 航速(节)Laden 满载的Laden draught 满载吃水Landbridge 陆桥Landing charges 卸桥费Landing,storage and delivery 卸货、仓储和送货费Lash 用绳绑扎Lashings 绑扎物Latitude 纬度Lay-by berth 候载停泊区Laydays (laytime) 装卸货时间Laydays canceling (Laycan或L/C) 销约期Laytime saved 节省的装卸时间Laytime statement 装卸时间记录Lay up 搁置不用Leg (of a voyage) 航段Length overall (overall length ,简称LOA) (船舶)总长Letter of indemnity 担保书(函)Lien 留置权Lift-on lift-off (LO-LO) 吊上吊下Lighter 驳船Limitation of liability 责任限制Line (shipping line) 航运公司Liner ( liner ship) 班轮Liner in free out (LIFO) 运费不包括卸货费Liner terms 班轮条件Lloyd´s Register of Shipping 劳埃德船级社Loadline (load line) 载重线Loading hatch 装货口Log abstract 航海日志摘录Long length additional 超长附加费Long ton 长吨Longitude 经度Lump sum charter 整笔运费租赁Maiden voyage 处女航Main deck 主甲板Main port 主要港口Manifest 舱单Maritime declaration of health 航海健康申明书Maritime lien 海事优先权Marks and numbers 唛头Mate´s receipt 大副收据Mean draught 平均吃水Measurement cargo 体积货物Measurement rated cargo 按体积计费的货物Measurement rules 计量规则Merchant (班轮提单)货方Merchant haulage 货方拖运Merchant marine 商船Metric ton 公吨Misdelivery 错误交货Misdescription 错误陈述Mixed cargo 混杂货Mobile crane 移动式起重机More or less (mol.) 增减More or less in charterer’s option (MOLCHOP) 承租人有增减选择权More or less in owner’s optio n (MOLOO) 船东有增减选择权Mother ship 母船Multideck ship 多层甲板船Multi-purpose cargo ship 多用途船Multi-purpose terminal 多用途场站Narrow the laycan 缩短销约期Net weight 净重New Jason clause 新杰森条款New York Produce Exchange charter-party (NYPE)纽约土产交易所制定的定期程租船合同格式Newbuilding 新船Nippon kaiji kyokai (NKK) 日本船级社No cure no pay 无效果无报酬Not otherwise enumerated (N.O.E.) 不另列举 Nominate a ship 指定船舶进行航行To be nominated (TBN) 指定船舶Non-conference line (Independentline ,Outsider) 非公会成员的航运公司Non-delivery 未交货Non-negotiable bill of lading 不可流通的提单Non-reversible laytime 不可调配使用的装卸时间Non-vessel owning(operating) common carrier (NVOCC) 无船承运人Not always afloat but safe aground 不保持浮泊但安全搁浅Note protest 作海事声明Notice of redelivery 还船通知书Notify party 通知方Ocean (Liner, Sea) waybill 海运单Off hire 停租Oil tanker 油轮On-carriage 货运中转On-carrier 接运承运人One-way pallet 单边槽货盘Open hatch bulk carrier 敞舱口散货船Open rate 优惠费率Open rated cargo 优惠费率货物Open side container 侧开式集装箱Open top container 开顶集装箱Operate a ship 经营船舶Optional cargo 选港货物Ore/bulk/oil carrier 矿石/散货/油轮Out of gauge 超标(货物)Outport 小港Outturn 卸货Outturn report 卸货报告Outward 进港的Overheight cargo 超重货物Overlanded cargo or overlanding 溢卸货Overload 超载Overstow 堆码Overtime (O/T) 加班时间Overtonnaging 吨位过剩Owner´s agents 船东代理人Package limitation 单位(赔偿)责任限制Packing list 装箱单Pallet 托(货)盘Pallet truck 托盘车Palletized 托盘化的Panamax 巴拿马型船Parcel 一包，一票货Performance claim 性能索赔Perishable goods 易腐货物Permanent dunnage 固定垫舱物Per freight ton (P. F. T.) 每运费吨Phosphoric acid carrier 磷酸船Piece weight 单重Pier 突码头Pier to pier 码头至码头运输Piggy –back 驮背运输Pilferage 偷窃Pilot 引航员Pilotage 引航Pilotage dues 引航费Platform 平台Platform flat 平台式集装箱Pooling (班轮公司间分摊货物或运费)分摊制Port 港口，船的左舷Port of refuge 避难港Portable unloader 便携式卸货机Post fixture 订约后期工作Post-entry 追补报关单Preamble (租船合同)前言Pre-entry 预报单Pre-shipment charges 运输前费用Pre-stow 预定积载Private form 自用式租船合同Pro forma charter-party 租约格式Produce carrier 侧开式集装箱Product (products) carrier 液体货运输船Promotional rate 促销费率Prospects 预期Protecting (protective, supervisory) agent 船东利益保护人Protection and indemnity club (association) (P.& I. Club,Pandi club) 船东保赔协会Protective clauses 保护性条款Protest 海事声明Pumpman 泵工Purchase (吊杆)滑车组Quarter ramp 船尾跳板Quarter-deck 后甲板Quay 码头Quote 报价Ramp 跳板Ramp/hatch cover (跳板)舱口盖Rate 费率 Rate of demurrage 滞期费率Rate of discharge (discharging) 卸货率Rate of freight 运费率Rate of loading 装货Receiving dates 收货期间Recharter 转租Recovery agent 追偿代理Redelivery (redly) 还船Redelivery certificate 还船证书Refrigerated (reefer)container 冷藏集装箱 Refrigerated (reefer) ship 冷藏船Register 登记，报到Register (registered) tonnage 登记吨位Registration 登记，报到Registro Italiano Navale (R.I.) 意大利船级社Release a bill of lading 交提单Release cargo 放货Remaining on board (R.O.B.) 船上所有Removable deck 活动甲板Reporting point ( calling-in-point) 报告点Reposition containers 调配集装箱Respondentia loan 船货抵押贷款Return cargo 回程货Return load 回程装载Reversible laytime 可调配的装卸时间Roads (roadstead) 港外锚地Rolling cargo 滚装货物Rolling hatch cover 滚动舱单Roll-on roll-off (Ro-ro) 滚上滚下Roll-on roll-off ship 滚装船Rotation 港序Round voyage 往返航次Round the world (service) (R.T.W.) 全球性服务Run aground 搁浅Running days 连续日Safe aground 安全搁浅Safe berth (s.b) 安全泊位Safe port (S.P) 安全港口Safe working load 安全工作负荷Safety radio-telegraphy certificate 无线电报设备安全证书Said to contain (s.t.c.) (提单术语)内货据称Sail 航行,离港Sailing schedule (card) 船期表Salvage charges 救助费Salvage agreement 救助协议Salve 救助Salvor 救助人Saturdays,Sundays and holidays excepted (S.S.H.E.X.)星期六、日与节假日除外Saturdays,Sundays and holidays included (S.S.H.I.N.C)星期六、日与节假日包括在内Scancon 斯堪人航次祖租船合同Scanconbill 斯堪人航次祖租船合同提单Scantlings 构件尺寸Special commodity quotation (SCQ) 特种商品报价Scrap terminal 废料场Single deck ship (s.d.) 单层甲板船Sea waybillSealSecure (to) 固定Segregated ballast tank 分隔压载水舱Self-sustaining ship 自备起重机的集装箱船 Self-trimming ship (self-trimmer) 自动平舱船Self-unloader 自卸船Semi-trailer 半脱车Separation 隔票Service contract 服务合同Shears (shear-legs) 人字(起重)架Sheave 滑轮Shelter-deck 遮蔽甲板船Shift 工班Shift (to) 移泊，移位Shifting charges 移泊费Shipbroker 船舶经纪人Shipping 航运，船舶，装运Shipping instructions 装运须知Shipping line 航运公司Ship´s gear 船上起重设备Ship´s rail 船舷Ship´s tackle 船用索具Shipyard 造船厂Shore 货撑Shore gear 岸上设备(岸吊)Short sea 近海Short shipment 短装Shortage 短少Shortlanded cargo 短卸货物Shut out (to) 短装Side door container 侧门集装箱Side-loading trailer 侧向装卸拖车Similar sbustitue (sim.sub.) 相似替换船Single hatch ship 单舱船Sister ship 姐妹船Skid 垫木Skip 吊货盘Sliding hatch cover 滑动舱盖Sling 吊货索(链)环，吊起Slop tank 污水箱Slops 污水Slot 箱位Special equipment 特殊设备Specific gravity(s.g.) 比重Spiral elevator 螺旋式卸货机Spreader 横撐(集装箱吊具)Squat 船身下沉Starboard (side) 右舷Statement of facts 事实记录Stem 船艏，装期供货Stem a berth 预订泊位Stern 船尾Stevedore 装卸工人Stevedor´s (docker’s,hand) hook 手钩Stevedoring charges 装卸费用Stiff 稳性过大Stranding 搁浅Strengthened hold 加固舱Strike clause 罢工条款Strike-bound 罢工阻碍Strip (destuff) a container 卸集装箱Strip seal 封条Stuff (to) 装集装箱Sub-charterer 转租人Sub-freight 转租运费Subject (sub.) details 有待协商的细节 Subject free (open) 待定条款Subject (sub.) stem 装期供货待定Subrogation 代位追偿权Substitue 替代船，替换Substitution 换船Suit time 起诉期Summer draught 夏季吃水Summer freeboard 夏季干舷Support ship 辅助船Tackle 索具(滑车)Tally 理货Tally clerk 理货员Tally sheet (book) 理货单Tank car 槽车Tank cleaning 油舱清洗Tank container 液体集装箱Tank terminal (farm) 油灌场Tanker 油轮Tariff 费率表Tarpaulin 油布Tender 稳性过小Terminal chassis 场站拖车Terminal handling charge 场站操作费Through rate 联运费率Tier limit (limitation) 层数限制Time bar 时效丧失Time charter 期租Time sheet 装卸时间表Tolerated outsider 特许非会员公司Tomming (down) 撑货Tones per centimeter (TPI) 每厘米吃水吨数 Tones per day (TPD) 每天装卸吨数Tones per inch (TPI) 每英寸吃水吨数Top stow cargo 堆顶货Total deadweight (TDW) 总载重量Tracer (货物)查询单Tractor 牵引车Trading limits 航行范围Trailer 拖车Transfer (equipment handover) charge 设备租用费Transship (trans-ship) 转船Transhipment(transshipment,trans-shipment) 转船Transit cargo 过境货物Transporter crane 轨道式起重机Tray 货盘Trim 平舱Trim a ship 调整船舶吃水Tug 拖轮Turn round (around , or turnaround) time 船舶周转时间Turn time 等泊时间Tween deck 二层甲板Twin hatch vessel 双舱口船Two-way pallet 两边开槽托盘Ultra large crude carrier (ULCC) 超大型油轮Uncontainerable (uncontainerisable) cargo 不适箱货Under deck shipment 货舱运输Unit load 成组运输Unitisation 成组化Universal bulk carrier ( UBC) 通用散装货船Unload 卸货Unmoor 解揽Unseaworthiness 不适航Utilization 整箱货Valuation form 货价单Valuation scale 货价表Vehicle /train ferry 汽车/火车渡轮Ventilated container 通风集装箱Ventilation 通风Ventilator 通风器Vessel 船舶，船方Vessel sharing agreement (V.S.A.) 船舶共用协议Void filler 填充物Voyage account 航次报表Voyage (trip) charter 航次租船Waybill 货运单Weather permitting (w.p) 天气允许Weather working day 晴天工作日Weather-bound 天气阻挠With effect from (w.e.f) 自生效Weight cargo 重量货Weight or measure ( measurement) (W/M) 重量/体积Weight rated cargo 计重货物Well 货井，井区Wharf 码头Wharfage (charges) 码头费When where ready on completion of discharge (w.w. r c.d.)何时何处还船Whether in berth or not (w.i.b.o.n.) 无论靠泊与否Whether in free pratique or not(w.i.f.p.o.n.) 无论是否通过检验Whether in port or not ( w.i.p.o.n.) 不论是否在港内White (clean, clean petroleum) products 精炼油Wide laycan 长销约期Workable (working) hatch 可工作舱口Working day 工作日Working day of 24 consecutive hours 连续24小时工作日Working day of 24 hours 24小时工作日Working time saved (w.t.s.) 节省的装卸时间 Yard (shipyard) 造船厂。
统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约（1924年8月22日订于布鲁塞尔，1924年8月25日颁布，1942年8月25日实施）INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OF LAWRELATING TO BILLS OF LADING(“HAGUE RULES”), AND PROTOCOL OF SIGNATURE(Brussels, 25 August 1924)The President of the German Republic, the President of the Argentine Republic, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the Republic of Chile, the President of the Republic of Cuba, His Majesty the King of Denmark and Iceland, His Majesty the King of Spain, the Head of the Estonian State, the President of the United States of America, the President of the Republic of Finland, the President of the French Republic, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, His Most Supreme Highness the Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary, His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, the President of the Latvian Republic, the President of the Republic of Mexico, His Majesty the King of Norway, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, the President of the Republic of Peru, the President of the Polish Republic, the President of the Portuguese Republic, His Majesty the King of Romania, His Majesty the King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, His Majesty the King of Sweden, and the President of the Republic of Uruguay,HAVING RECOGNIZED the utility of fixing by agreement certain uniform rules of law relating to bills of lading,HAVE DECIDED to conclude a convention with this object and have appointed the following Plenipotentiaries:WHO, duly authorized thereto, have agreed as follows:第一条 Article 1本公约所用下列各词，涵义如下：In this Convention the following words are employed with the meanings set out below:(a) “承运人”包括与托运人订有运输合同的船舶所有人或租船人。
海牙-维斯比规则（The Hague-Visby Rules）（英文版）The Hague-Visby RulesThe Hague Rules as Amended by the Brussels Protocol 1968Article I2In these Rules the following words are employed, with the meanings set out below:3(a) 'Carrier' includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.4(b) 'Contract of carriage' applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same.5(c) 'Goods' includes goods, wares, merchandise, and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so carried.6(d) 'Ship' means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea.7(e) 'Carriage of goods' covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.8Article II9Subject to the provisions of Article VI, under every contract of carriage of goods by sea the carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth.10Article III111. The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to:12(a) Make the ship seaworthy;13(b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship;14(c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.152. Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.163. After receiving the goods into his charge the carrier or the master or agent of the carrier shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things:17(a) The leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, providedsuch marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which such goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage.18(b) Either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper.19(c) The apparent order and condition of the goods.20Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received, or which he has had no reasonable means of checking.214. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraph 3 (a), (b) and (c). However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party acting in good faith.225. The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks, number, quantity and weight, as furnished by him, and the shipper shall indemnify the carrier against all loss, damages and expenses arising or resulting from inaccuracies in such particulars. The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way limit his responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.236. Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given in writing to the carrier or his agent at the port of discharge before or at the time of the removal of the goods into the custody of the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage, or, if the loss or damage be not apparent, within three days, such removal shall be prima facie evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading.24The notice in writing need not be given if the state of the goods has, at the time of their receipt, been the subject of joint survey or inspection.25Subject to paragraph 6bis the carrier and the ship shall in any event be discharged from all liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unless suit is brought withinone year of their delivery or of the date when they should have been delivered. This period, may however, be extended if the parties so agree after the cause of action has arisen.26In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and the receiver shall give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods.276 bis. An action for indemnity against a third person may be brought even after the expiration of the year provided for in the preceding paragraph if brought withinthe time allowed by the law of the Court seized of the case. However, the time allowed shall be not less than three months, commencing from the day when theperson bringing such action for indemnity has settled the claim or has been served with process in the action against himself.287, After the goods are loaded the bill of lading to be issued by the carrier, master, or agent of the carrier, to the shipper shall, if the shipper so demands be a 'shipped'bill of lading, provided that if the shipper shall have previously taken up any document of title to such goods, he shall surrender the same as against the issue of the'shipped' bill of lading, but at the option of the carrier such document of title may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier, master, or agent with the name or names of the ship or ships upon which the goods have been shipped and the date or dates of shipment, and when so noted, if it shows the particulars mentioned in paragraph 3 of Article III, shall for the purpose of this article be deemed to constitute a 'shipped' bill of lading.298. Any clause, covenant, or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship from liability for loss or damage to, or in connection with, goodsarising from negligence, fault, or failure in the duties and obligations provided in this article or lessening such liability otherwise than as provided in these Rules,shall be null and void and of no effect. A benefit of insurance in favour of the carrier or similar clause shall be deemed to be a clause relieving the carrier from liability.30Article IV311. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part ofthe carrier to make the ship seaworthy, and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article III. Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness the burden of proving the exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other personclaiming exemption under this article.322. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from:33(a) Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot, or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship.34(b) Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier.35(c) Perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters.36(d) Act of God.37(e) Act of war.38(f) Act of public enemies.39(g) Arrest or restraint of princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process.40(h) Quarantine restrictions.41(i) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or representative.42(j) Strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or general.43(k) Riots and civil commotions.44(l) Saving or attempting to save life or property at sea.45(m) Wastage in bulk of weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods.46(n) Insufficiency of packing.47(o) Insufficiency or inadequacy of marks.48(p) Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence.49(q) Any other cause arising without the actual fault or privity of the carrier, or without the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.503. The shipper shall not be responsible for loss or damage sustained by the carrier or the ship arising or resulting from any cause without the act, fault or neglect ofthe shipper, his agents or his servants.514. Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of these Rulesor of the contract of carriage, and the carrier shall not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.525 (a) Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading, neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with the goods in an amount exceeding the equivalent of 666.67 units of account per package or unit or units of account per kilo of gross weight of the goods lost or damaged, whichever is the higher.53(b) The total amount recoverable shall be calculated by reference to the value of such goods at the place and time at which the goods are discharged from the ship in accordance with the contract or should have been so discharged.54The value of the goods shall be fixed according to the commodity exchange price, or, if there be no such price, according to the current market price, or, if there be no commodity exchange price or current market price, by reference to the normal value of goods of the same kind and quality.55(c) Where a container, pallet or similar article of transport is used to consolidate goods, the number of packages or units enumerated in the bill of lading as packed in such article of transport shall be deemed the number of packages or units for the purpose of this paragraph as far as these packages or units are concerned. Except as aforesaid such article of transport shall be considered the package or unit.56(d) The unit of account mentioned in this Article is the special drawing right as defined by the International Monetary Fund. The amounts mentioned inh_visby/art/art04_5asub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph shall be converted into national currency on the basis of the value of that currency on a date to be determined by the law of the Court seized of the case.57(e) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability provided for in this paragraph if it is proved that the damage resultedfrom an act or omission of the carrier done with intent to cause damage, or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.58(f) The declaration mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, if embodied in the bill of lading, shall be prima facie evidence, but shall not be binding or conclusive on the carrier.59(g) By agreement between the carrier, master or agent of the carrier and the shipper other maximum amounts than those mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph may be fixed, provided that no maximum amount so fixed shall be less than the appropriate maximum mentioned in that sub-paragraph.60(h) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to, or in connection with, goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly mis-stated by the shipper in the bill of lading.61 6. Goods of an inflammable, explosive or dangerous nature to the shipment whereof the carrier, master or agent of the carrier has not consented with knowledge oftheir nature and character, may at any time before discharge be landed at any place, or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without compensation and the shipper of such goods shall be liable for all damages and expenses directly or indirectly arising out of or resulting from such shipment. If any such goods shippedwith such knowledge and consent shall become a danger to the ship or cargo, they may in like manner be landed at any place, or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without liability on the part of the carrier except to general average, if any.62Article IV631. The defences and limits of liability provided for in these Rules shall apply in any action against the carrier in respect of loss or damage to goods covered by a contract of carriage whether the action be founded in contract or in tort.642. If such an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier (such servant or agent not being an independent contractor), such servant or agent shall be entitled to avail himself of the defences and limits of liability which the carrier is entitled to invoke under these Rules.653. The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, and such servants and agents, shall in no case exceed the limit provided for in these Rules.66 4. Nevertheless, a servant or agent of the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this article, if it is proved that the damage resulted from anact or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.67Article V68A carrier shall be at liberty to surrender in whole or in part all or any of his rights and immunities or to increase any of his responsibilities and obligations under these Rules, provided such surrender or increase shall be embodied in the bill of lading issued to the shipper. The provisions of these Rules shall not be applicable tocharter parties, but if bills of lading are issued in the case of a ship under a charter party they shall comply with the terms of these Rules. Nothing in these Rules shall be held to prevent the insertion in a bill of lading of any lawful provision regarding general average.69Article VI70Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding articles, a carrier, master or agent of the carrier and a shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at liberty to enter into any agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier for such goods, and as to the rights and immunities of the carrier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to seaworthiness, so far as this stipulation is not contrary to public policy, or the care or diligence of his servants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of the goods carried by sea, provided that in this case no bill of lading has been or shall beissued and that the terms agreed shall be embodied in a receipt which shall be a non-negotiable document and shall be marked as such.71An agreement so entered into shall have full legal effect.72Provided that this article shall not apply to ordinary commercial shipments made in the ordinary course of trade, but only to other shipments where the character or condition of the property to be carried or the circumstances, terms and conditions under which the carriage is to be performed are such as reasonably to justify a special agreement.73Article VII74Nothing herein contained shall prevent a carrier or a shipper from entering into any agreement, stipulation, condition, reservation or exemption as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier or the ship for the loss or damage to, or in connection with, the custody and care and handling of goods prior to the loading on, and subsequent to the discharge from, the ship on which the goods are carried by sea.75Article VIII76The provisions of these Rules shall not affect the rights and obligations of the carrier under any statute for the time being in force relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of sea-going vessels.77Article IX78These Rules shall not affect the provisions of any international Convention or national law governing liability for nuclear damage.79Article X80The provisions of these Rules shall apply to every bill of lading relating to the carriage of goods between ports in two different States if81(a) the bill of lading is issued in a contracting State, or82(b) the carriage is from a port in a contracting State, or83(c) the contract contained in or evidenced by the bill of lading provides that these Rules or legislation of any State giving effect to them are to govern the contract;84whatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any other interested person.85(The last two paragraphs of this Article are not reproduced. They require contracting States to apply the Rules to bills of lading mentioned in the Article and authorise them to apply the Rules to other bills of lading).86(Article 11 to 16 of the International Convention for the unification of certain rules of law relating to bills of lading signed at Brussels on August 25, 1974 are not reproduced. They deal with the coming into force of the Convention, procedure for ratification, accession and denunciation and the right to call for a fresh conferenceto consider amendments to the Rules contained in the Convention).。
维斯比规则内容
维斯比规则（Wirth's Law）是由计算机科学家尼克劳斯·维斯比（Niklaus Wirth）提出的一条经验规律，它表达了软件开发过程中的一种观点和现象。
维斯比规则的内容可以简单总结为：
软件的复杂性将随着时间的推移而增加，而软件开发的速度却没有相应提高。
维斯比规则强调了软件开发中的复杂性和开发时间之间的关系。
根据这一规则，随着软件项目的发展和演化，其功能和需求会变得越来越复杂，从而增加了软件开发的复杂性。
然而，开发团队的工作速度却没有相应提高，导致在有限的时间内很难完全满足所有复杂需求的开发。
维斯比规则的提出是为了强调软件开发过程中的挑战和难点，以及在面对日益复杂的需求时需要合理规划和管理软件开发过程。
它也暗示了软件开发中需谨慎处理复杂性，注重简洁和高效的设计与实现。
尽管维斯比规则并非绝对的定律，但它提醒了软件开发者和管理者要意识到软件复杂性的增长趋势，并采取适当的策略来应对，如拥抱简单设计原则、注重代码可读性和可维护性、合理规划开发时间等。
通过合理的管理和技术实践，可以提高软件开发的效率和质量，更好地应对不断增长的软件复杂性挑战。
物流术语中英文对照Time Charter Party 定期租船合同Bareboat (demise) Charter Party 光船租船合同Common carrier 公共承运人Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) 注册(容积)总吨Private carrier 私人承运人Net Registered Tonnage (NRT) 注册(容积)净吨Single trip C/P 单航次租船合同Deadweight Tonnage (All Told) (DWT or D.W.A.T) 总载重吨Consecutive single trip C/P 连续单航次租船合同位(量)Return trip C/P 往返航次租船合同Gross Dead Weight Tonnage 总载重吨位Contract of Affreightment (COA) 包运合同Dead Weight Cargo Tonnage (DWCT) 净载重吨Voyage Charter Party on Time Basis 航次期租合同Light Displacement 轻排水量Fixture Note 租船确认书Load (Loaded)Displacement 满载排水量Free In (FI) 船方不负责装费Actual Displacement 实际排水量Free Out (FO) 船方不负责卸费Over weight surcharge 超重附加费Free In and Out (FIO) 船方不负责装卸费燃油附Bunker Adjustment Factor (Surcharge) (BAS or BS)Free In and Out 加费，Stowed and Trimmed (FIOST) 船方不负责装卸、理舱和平舱费Port Surcharge 港口附加费Declaration of ship′s Deadweight Tonnage of Cargo 宣载通Port Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤附加费知书Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF) 货币贬值附加费Dunnage and separations 垫舱和隔舱物料Deviation surcharge 绕航附加费Lump-sum freight Direct Additional 直航附加费整船包价运费Weather working days (W.W.D) 选卸港附加费良好天气工作日Additional for Optional DestinationNotice of Readiness (NOR) Additional for Alteration of Destination 变更卸货港附加费船舶准备就绪通知书Idle formality 例行手续Fumigation Charge 熏蒸费Laytime statement Bill of Lading 提单装卸时间计算表Damage for Detention 延期损失已装船提单On Board (Shipped) B/LCustomary Quick Despatch (CQD) 习惯快速装运)提单收妥待运Received for shipment B/L 备运(International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG) 国际Named B/L 记名提单海上危险品货物规则( 不记名提单Bearer B/L 国际危规)Booking Note Order B/L 指示提单托运单(定舱委托书)Shipping Order (S/O) 空白备书Blank Endorsement 装货单(下货纸)Mate′s Receipt 收货单Clean B/L 清洁提单Loading List 装货清单外表状况良好In apparent good order and conditionCargo Manifest 载货清单(货物舱单) 不清洁提单Unclean ( Foul, Dirty) B/LStowage Plan Direct B/L 货物积载计划直航提单Dangerous Cargo List 转船提单Transshipment B/L 危险品清单Stowage Factor 积载因素联运提单Through B/L (系数)Inward cargo 进港货多式联运Multi-modal (Inter-modal, combined) transport B/LOutward cargo 提单出港货Container yard (CY) 集装箱堆场全式提单Long Form B/LContainer Freight Station ( CFS) Short Form B/L 简式提单集装箱货运站Container Load Plan Anti-dated B/L 倒签提单集装箱装箱单Conventional Container Ship Advanced B/L 预借提单集装箱两用船Semi-container Ship Stale B/L 过期提单半集装箱船Full Container Ship On Deck B/L 甲板货提单全集装箱船Full Container Load (FCL) 租约项下提单Charter Party B/L 整箱货Less Container Load (LCL) House B/L 运输代理行提单拼箱货Delivery Order (D/O) 船舶适航Seaworthiness 提货单(小提单)Dock receipt ) 租约(Charter Party ( C/P) 租船合同场站收据航次租船合同Voyage charter party二十尺集装箱换算单位Twenty equivalent unit (TEU).Fork-lift truck 铲车Equipment Interchange Receipt ( EIR) 集装箱设备交接单Demurrage 滞期费Boom of a fork-lift truck 铲车臂Both to blame collision clause Crew List 船员名册互有过失碰撞条款Book space 洽订舱位Log book 航行日志班轮运输Bottom 船体Liner transport(Tramp transport 不定期租船)运输Bottom stow cargo 舱底货Bottomry loan 工最低运费船舶抵押贷款Minimum FreightBreakbulk 零担Maximum Freight 最高运费Breakbulk cargo 零担货物Accomplish a Bill of Lading (to) 付单提货从价运费Broken stowage 亏舱Ad valorem freightAddress commission (Addcomm) 回扣佣金Brokerage 经纪人佣金Bulk cargo Adjustment 海损理算散装货Bulk carrier Average adjuster 海损理算师散货船Bulk container 散货集装箱Average bond 海损分摊担保书American Bureau of Shipping (A.B.S.) 美国船级社Average guarantee 海损担保书法国船级社Bureau Veritas (B.V.) Act of God 天灾Cabotage 沿海运输All in rate 总运费率Canal transit dues 运河通行税Annual survey 年度检验Capsize vessel 超宽型船All purposes (A.P) 全部装卸时间Captain 船长All time saved (a.t.s) 节省的全部时间Car carrier 汽车运输船Always afloat 始终保持浮泊Car container Anchorage 锚地汽车集装箱Cargo hook Anchorage dues 锚泊费货钩仲裁裁决Cargo sharing 货载份额Arbitration awardArbitrator 仲裁员Cargo superintendent 货物配载主管Cargo tank 货箱Arrest a ship 扣押船舶Cargo tracer 短少货物查询单Area differential 地区差价Addendum (to a charter party) ( 租船合同)附件Cargoworthiness 适货运输量Carryings Apron 码头前沿适航证书货舱包装容积Certificate of seaworthiness Bale or bale capacityBack (return) load 回程货责任终止条款Cesser clause集装箱拖车Back to back charter 转租合同ChassisClaims adjuster 理赔人Backfreight 回程运费空载行驶Classification certificate 船级证书Ballast (to)Barge 驳船Classification register 船级公告Barratry 船员不轨Classification society 船级社Classification survey Barrel handler 桶抓船级检验Paramount clause Base cargo (1) 垫底货首要条款精练油Base cargo (2) 起运货量Clean (petroleum ) products清洁货舱) 包装单位(Bundle (Bd) 捆Clean the holds (to)船宽BeamClosing date 截至日提单持有人Bearer ( of a B/L)Closure of navigation 封航装卸两港Both ends (Bends)Collapsible flattrack 折叠式板架集装箱全拆装Completely knocked down (CKD) 缆工BoatmanCompulsory pilotage 浮标Buoy 强制引航燃料涨价条款Bunker escalation clause 公会Conference吊杆Derrick Congestion 拥挤2..Dropping outward pilot (D.O.P.) 引航员下船时Congestion surcharge 拥挤费Dry cargo 滚装两用船干货Con-ro ship 集装箱/Dry cargo(freight) container 干货集装箱Consecutive voyages 连续航程Dry dock 干船坞Consign 托运Demurrage half despatch (D1/2D) 速遣费为滞期费的一半Consignee 收货人Efficient deck hand (E.D.H.) 二级水手Consignor 发货人Elevator 卸货机Consignment 托运；托运的货物Enter a ship inwards (outwards) 申请船舶进港(出港) Consolidation (groupage) 拼箱Entrepot 保税货Consortium 联营Equipment 设备(常指集装箱) Constants 常数Equipment handover charge 设备使用费Container barge 集装箱驳船预计到达时间集装箱租赁Container leasingEstimated time of completion (ETC) 预计完成时间Containerization 集装箱化Estimated time of departure (ETD) 预计离港时间Containerised 已装箱的，已集装箱化的Estimated time of readiness (ETR) 预计准备就绪时间Containership 集装箱船Estimated time of sailing (ETS) 预计航行时间Contamination (of cargo ) 货物污染Europallet 欧式托盘Contributory value 分摊价值Even if used (E.I.U.) 即使使用Conveyor belt 传送带Excepted period 除外期间) Corner casting (fitting) 集装箱(角件Exception 异议) (Corner post 集装箱角柱Exceptions clause 免责条款Crane 起重机Excess landing 溢卸起重机)Crawler mounted crane 履带式(轨道式港口惯例Custom of the port (COP) 装卸欺瞒Expiry of laytime延长诉讼时间Extend suit time 惯常协助Customary assistanceExtend a charter 日常营运成本Daily running cost 延长租期Extension of a charter 亏舱费Deadfreight 租期延长重量货Deadweight (weight) cargo Extension to suit time 诉讼时间延长载货量Deadweight cargo (carrying)capacity Extreme breadth 最大宽度Fairway 载重图表Deaiweight scale 航道甲板货Deck cargo Feeder service 支线运输服务交货Delivery of cargo (a ship) ( Feeder ship 交船) 支线船速遣费Despatch or Despatch money Ferry 渡轮一级船First class ship 卸集装箱Destuff方便旗船挪威船级社Det Norske Veritas (D.N.V.) Flag of convenience (FOC)Deviation 绕航浮吊直卸车船Direct discharge () Floating crane浮坞Floating dock 直接转船Direct transshipmentForce majeure 不可抗力 .PDirty(Black) (petroleum) products ( D.P 铲车 .) 原油Fork-lift truckDisbursements 港口开支Forty foot equivalent unit (FEU) 四十英尺集装箱换算单位Discharging port Four-way pallet 卸货港四边开槽托盘二船东Disponent owner Freeboard 干船坞Dock Freight all kinds (FAK) 包干运费Docker 揽货员码头工人Freight canvasserDoor to door 门到门运输Freight collect (freight payable at destination) 运费到付Freight prepaid )设备Downtime (故障时间运费预付吃水；水深Draft (draught) 运费报价Freight quotation吃水限制Draft limitation Freight rate (rate of freight) 运费率3..Hook 吊钩Freight tariff 运费费率表Hopper Freight ton (FT) 运费吨漏斗House Bill of Lading 运输代理行提单Freight manifest 运费舱单Hovercraft 气垫船Freighter 货船Husbandry 淡水载重线维修Fresh water load lineInland container depot 内陆集装箱Fridays and holidays excepted (F.H.E.X .) 星期五和节假日除Ice-breaker 破冰船外Identity of carrier clause 承运人责任条款Full and complete cargo 满舱满载货Idle (Full and down 满舱满载船舶、设备)闲置Immediate rebate 直接回扣) Gantry crane 门式起重机(门吊International Maritime Organization (IMO) Gencon 金康航次租船合同国际海事组织Import entry 进口报关共同海损General averageIndemnity 赔偿General average act 共同海损行为Inducement 起运量General average contribution 共同海损分摊Inducement cargo 起运量货物General average sacrifice 共同海损牺牲Inflation adjustment factor ( IAF) 通货膨胀膨胀调整系数General cargo (generals) 杂货Infrastructure (of a port) (港口)基础设施General purpose container 多用途集装箱Inherent vice 固有缺陷Geographical rotation 地理顺序Institute Warranty Limits (IWL) Germanischer Lloyd (G.L.) 德国船级社(伦敦保险人)协会保证航行范围Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.) 格林威治时间Insufficient packing 包装不足Grabbing crane 抓斗起重机Intaken weight 装运重量Grain or grain capacity 散装舱容International Association of 毛重Classification Societies (IACS) Gross weight(GW)国际船级社协会Grounding 触底Inward 麻袋进港的Gunny bagInward cargo Gunny matting 麻垫进港货物International Transport Workers' Federation Hague Rules 海牙规则(ITF) 国际运输工人联合会海牙维斯比规则Hague-Visby RulesItinerary Hamburg Rules 汉堡规则航海日程表Jettison 抛货Hand hook 手钩Joint service 杂散货船联合服务HandymaxJoint survey Handy-sized bulker 小型散货船联合检验Jumbo derrick 海港Harbour 重型吊杆Jurisdiction (Litigation)clause 管辖权条款港务费Harbour duesKnot 航速( 舱盖Hatch (hatch cover) 节)Laden 满载的舱口HatchwayLaden draught 满载吃水主租船合同Head charter (charter party)Landbridge 陆桥主租船人Head chartererLanding charges 卸桥费超重货物Heavy liftLanding,storage and delivery 卸货、仓储和送货费超重附加费Heavy lift additional (surcharge)Lash Heavy lift derrick 用绳绑扎重型吊杆Lashings Heavy weather 绑扎物恶劣天气Latitude Heavy fuel oil (H.F.O) 重油纬度Lay-by berth 候载停泊区租金单Hire statementLaydays (laytime) 装卸货时间船舱HoldLaydays canceling (Laycan或L/C) 船籍港Home port 销约期Laytime saved 同种货物Homogeneous cargo 节省的装卸时间4..Multi-purpose cargo ship 多用途船Laytime statement 装卸时间记录Multi-purpose terminal 多用途场站Lay up 搁置不用Narrow the laycan 缩短销约期Leg (of a voyage) 航段Net weight 净重简称LOA) (船舶)总长Length overall (overall length ,New Jason clause 函) 新杰森条款Letter of indemnity 担保书(New York Lien 留置权Produce Exchange charter-party (NYPE) 纽约土产交易所制定的定期程租船合同格Lift-on lift-off (LO-LO) 吊上吊下式Lighter 驳船Newbuilding Limitation of liability 责任限制新船Nippon kaiji kyokai (NKK) Line (shipping line) 航运公司日本船级社No cure no pay 无效果无报酬Liner ( liner ship) 班轮Not otherwise enumerated (N.O.E.) 不另列举Liner in free out (LIFO) 运费不包括卸货费Nominate a ship 指定船舶进行航行Liner terms 班轮条件To be nominated (TBN) 指定船舶Lloyd′s Register of Shipping 劳埃德船级社Non-conference line (Independent line ,Outsider) Loadline (load line) 载重线非公会成员的航运公司Loading hatch 装货口Non-delivery 未交货Log abstract 航海日志摘录Non-negotiable bill of lading Long length additional 超长附加费不可流通的提单Non-reversible laytime 不可调配使用的装卸时间Long ton 长吨Non-vessel owning(operating) common carrier (NVOCC) Longitude 经度无船承运人Lump sum charter 整笔运费租赁Not always afloat but safe aground 不保持浮泊但安全搁浅Maiden voyage 处女航Note protest 主甲板作海事声明Main deckNotice of redelivery Main port 主要港口还船通知书Notify party 通知方Manifest 舱单Ocean (Liner, Sea) waybill Maritime declaration of health 航海健康申明书海运单Off hire 停租Maritime lien 海事优先权Oil tanker 油轮唛头Marks and numbersOn-carriage Mate′s receipt 货运中转大副收据On-carrier 接运承运人平均吃水Mean draughtOne-way pallet 单边槽货盘Measurement cargo 体积货物Open hatch bulk carrier 敞舱口散货船Measurement rated cargo 按体积计费的货物Open rate Measurement rules 计量规则优惠费率Open rated cargo )班轮提单Merchant (货方优惠费率货物Open side container 侧开式集装箱Merchant haulage 货方拖运Open top container 开顶集装箱Merchant marine 商船Operate a ship 公吨经营船舶Metric tonOptional cargo 选港货物错误交货MisdeliveryOre/bulk/oil carrier 矿石/散货/油轮Misdescription 错误陈述Out of gauge 超标( Mixed cargo 混杂货货物)Outport Mobile crane 移动式起重机小港Outturn 增减More or less (mol.) 卸货Outturn report less More or 卸货报告承租人有增(MOLCHOP) option charterer's inOutward 进港的减选择权Overweight cargo 超重货物船东有增减选择权More or less in owner's option (MOLOO)母船Mother ship 溢卸货Overlanded cargo or overlanding多层甲板船Multideck ship 超载Overload5..泵工Pumpman Overstow 堆码吊杆Purchase ()滑车组Overtime (O/T) 加班时间Overtonnaging 吨位过剩Quarter ramp 船尾跳板Quarter-deck 后甲板Owner′s agents 船东代理人Quay 码头Package limitation 单位(赔偿)责任限制Packing list 装箱单Quote 报价)盘Ramp 跳板(Pallet 托货跳板Pallet truck 托盘车)舱口盖Ramp/hatch cover ( Rate of demurrage 滞期费率费率Rate Palletized 托盘化的Panamax 巴拿马型船Rate of discharge (discharging) 卸货率Parcel 一包，一票货Rate of freight 运费率Rate of loading Performance claim 性能索赔装货Receiving dates Perishable goods 易腐货物收货期间Recharter 转租Permanent dunnage 固定垫舱物Recovery agent 追偿代理Per freight ton (P. F. T.) 每运费吨Redelivery (redly) 还船磷酸船Phosphoric acid carrierPiece weight 还船证书Redelivery certificate 单重冷藏集装箱Refrigerated (reefer)container 突码头Pier码头至码头运输Pier to pier 冷藏船Refrigerated (reefer) ship登记，报到Register 驮背运输–Piggy back登记吨位Register (registered) tonnage Pilferage 偷窃登记，报到Registration Pilot 引航员意大利船级社Pilotage 引航Registro Italiano Navale (R.I.)交提单引航费Pilotage dues Release a bill of ladingPlatform 平台Release cargo 放货平台式集装箱Platform flat分摊制班轮公司间分摊货物或运费) Remaining on board (R.O.B.) 船上所有Pooling ( Removable deck 活动甲板港口，船的左舷Reporting point ( calling-in-point) 报告点PortPort of refuge 避难港Reposition containers 调配集装箱Respondentia loan Portable unloader 便携式卸货机船货抵押贷款订约后期工作Return cargo 回程货Post fixturePost-entry 追补报关单回程装载Return load)Preamble (租船合同前言可调配的装卸时间Reversible laytime港外锚地Pre-entry 预报单Roads (roadstead)滚装货物Rolling cargo Pre-shipment charges 运输前费用预定积载滚动舱单Rolling hatch cover Pre-stow自用式租船合同Roll-on roll-off (Ro-ro) 滚上滚下Private formPro forma charter-party 租约格式Roll-on roll-off ship 滚装船Produce carrier 侧开式集装箱Rotation 港序Product (products) carrier 液体货运输船往返航次Round voyagePromotional rate 促销费率全球性服务Round the world (service) (R.T.W.)Prospects 预期Run aground 搁浅船东利益保护人Protecting (protective, supervisory) agent 连续日Running daysSafe aground I. .& (P(association) club indemnity Protection and 安全搁浅Safe berth (s.b) Club ,Pandi club) 船东保赔协会安全泊位保护性条款Protective clauses 安全港口Safe port (S.P)海事声明Protest Safe working load 安全工作负荷6..短卸货物Shortlanded cargo Safety radio-telegraphy certificate 无线电报设备安全证书)内货据称Shut out (to) 短装Said to contain (s.t.c.) (提单术语Side door container Sail 航行,离港侧门集装箱Side-loading trailer 侧向装卸拖车Sailing schedule (card) 船期表救助费Similar sbustitue (sim.sub.) 相似替换船Salvage chargesSalvage agreement 救助协议Single hatch ship 单舱船Sister ship Salve 救助姐妹船Skid 垫木Salvor 救助人Saturdays,Sundays and holidays excepted (S.S.H.E.X.) 星Skip 吊货盘期六、日与节假日除外Sliding hatch cover 滑动舱盖星Saturdays,Sundays and holidays included (S.S.H.I.N.C) )环，吊起Sling 吊货索(链Slop tank 污水箱期六、日与节假日包括在内Slops 污水Scancon 斯堪人航次祖租船合同Slot 箱位Scanconbill 斯堪人航次祖租船合同提单Scantlings 构件尺寸Special equipment 特殊设备Specific gravity(s.g.) 比重Special commodity quotation (SCQ) 特种商品报价螺旋式卸货机Scrap terminal 废料场Spiral elevator集装箱吊具) Spreader 横撐(Single deck ship (s.d.) 单层甲板船船身下沉Squat Sea waybill右舷Starboard (side) Seal事实记录Statement of facts Secure (to) 固定Segregated ballast tank 分隔压载水舱船艏，装期供货Self-sustaining ship 自备起重机的集装箱船Stem预订泊位Stem a berth Self-trimming ship (self-trimmer) 自动平舱船船尾SternStevedore 装卸工人自卸船Self-unloaderSemi-trailer 半脱车Stevedor′s (docker's,hand) hook 手钩Stevedoring charges 隔票Separation 装卸费用服务合同Service contract Stiff 稳性过大人字Shears (shear-legs) ( Stranding 起重)架搁浅滑轮Sheave Strengthened hold 加固舱Strike clause 罢工条款遮蔽甲板船Shelter-deck罢工阻碍工班Shift Strike-bound移泊，移位Shift (to) 卸集装箱Strip (destuff) a container移泊费Shifting charges 封条Strip seal装集装箱船舶经纪人Shipbroker Stuff (to)转租人Sub-charterer 航运，船舶，装运ShippingSub-freight 转租运费装运须知Shipping instructions航运公司Shipping line Subject (sub.) details 有待协商的细节Ship′s gear 船上起重设备Subject free (open) 待定条款Ship′s rail 装期供货待定Subject (sub.) stem 船舷船用索具Ship′s tackle 代位追偿权Subrogation造船厂Shipyard 替代船，替换SubstitueShore 货撑Substitution 换船起诉期Suit time ) 岸吊(岸上设备Shore gear近海Short sea 夏季吃水Summer draught短装Short shipment 夏季干舷Summer freeboard短少Shortage 辅助船Support ship7..Unit load 成组运输Tackle 索具(滑车)Unitisation 理货成组化TallyUniversal bulk carrier ( UBC) 通用散装货船Tally clerk 理货员Unload 卸货Tally sheet (book) 理货单Unmoor 解揽Tank car 槽车Unseaworthiness 不适航Tank cleaning 油舱清洗Utilization 整箱货Tank container 液体集装箱Valuation form 货价单Tank terminal (farm) 油灌场Valuation scale 货价表Tanker 油轮Vehicle /train ferry 汽车/火车渡轮Tariff 费率表Ventilated container 通风集装箱Tarpaulin 油布Ventilation 通风Tender 稳性过小Ventilator Terminal chassis 场站拖车通风器Vessel 船舶，船方Terminal handling charge 场站操作费Vessel sharing agreement (V.S.A.) Through rate 联运费率船舶共用协议Tier limit (limitation) 层数限制Void filler 填充物Time bar 时效丧失Voyage account 航次报表Time charter 期租Voyage (trip) charter 航次租船Waybill Time sheet 货运单装卸时间表Weather permitting (w.p) 天气允许特许非会员公司Tolerated outsiderWeather working day 晴天工作日撑货Tomming (down)Weather-bound 天气阻挠每厘米吃水吨数Tones per centimeter (TPI)With effect from (w.e.f) 每天装卸吨数Tones per day (TPD) 自生效Weight cargo 每英寸吃水吨数Tones per inch (TPI) 重量货Weight or measure ( measurement) (W/M) 重量/体积堆顶货Top stow cargoWeight rated cargo 计重货物总载重量Total deadweight (TDW)Well Tracer (货井，井区查询单货物)Wharf 牵引车Tractor 码头Wharfage (charges) 码头费航行范围Trading limitsWhen where ready on completion of discharge (w.w. r c.d.) Trailer 拖车何时何处还船设备租用费Transfer (equipment handover) chargeWhether in berth or not (w.i.b.o.n.) 无论靠泊与否转船Transship (trans-ship)Whether in free pratique or not (w.i.f.p.o.n.) Transhipment (transshipment,trans-shipment) 无论是否通过检转船验过境货物Transit cargoWhether in port or not ( w.i.p.o.n.) 不论是否在港内轨道式起重机Transporter craneWhite (clean, clean petroleum) products 精炼油货盘TrayWide laycan Trim 长销约期平舱Workable (working) hatch 调整船舶吃水Trim a ship 可工作舱口Working day 拖轮Tug 工作日Working day of 24 consecutive hours 连续24小时工作日船舶周转时间Turn round (around , or turnaround) time Working day of 24 hours 24 等泊时间Turn time 小时工作日Working time saved (w.t.s.) 节省的装卸时间二层甲板Tween deck造船厂双舱口船Twin hatch vessel Yard (shipyard)国际民用航两边开槽托盘Two-way pallet (ICAO) International Civil Aviation Organization超大型油轮Ultra large crude carrier (ULCC) 空组织国际航空运输Uncontainerable (uncontainerisable) cargo 不适箱货International Air Transport Association (IATA) 货舱运输Under deck shipment 协会8..需求计划Scheduled Airline 班机运输DISTRIBUTION RESOURCE PLANNING (DRP II) 配送资源Chartered Carrier 包机运输计划集中托运ConsolidationLOSGISTICS RESOURCE PLANNING (LRP) 物流资源计划Air Express 航空快递ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) Air Waybill 航空运单企业资源计划Master Air Waybill (MAWB) 航空主运单QUICK RESPONSE (QR) 快速反应House Air Waybill (HAWB) 航空分运单EFFICIENT CUSTOMER RESPONSE (ECR) 有效客户反应Chargeable Weight 计费重量CONTINUOUS REPLENISHMENT PROGRAM (CRP) 连续High density cargo 重货补充库存计划Low density cargo 轻货COMPUTER ASSISTED ORDING(CAO) Specific Commodity Rates (SCR) 特种货物运价计算机辅助订货系统Commodity Classification Rates (CCR) 等价货物运价VENDOR MANAGED INVENTORY (VMI) General Cargo Rates (GCR) 普通货物运价供应商管理库存ELECTRONIC ORDER SYSTEM (EOS) 电子订货系统Unit Load Devices (ULD) 集装设备ADVANCED SHIPPING NOTICE (ASN) 预先发货通知Construction Rate 比例运价DIRECT STORE DELIVERY(DSD) 店铺直送分段相加运价Combination of RatePOINT OF SALE(POS) 销售实点(信息)系统AUTOMATIC REPLENISHMENT (AR) 自动补货系统Valuation Charges 声明价值费JUST IN TIME (JIT) 准时制Declared value for Carriage 运输声明价值不要求声明价值No value Declared (NVD)OUTSOURCING Declared value for Customs 海关声明价值业务外包(外协，外购)INVENTORY CONTROL 存货控制No customs valuation (NCV) 无声明价值WAREHOUSE 仓库LOGISTICS 物流BONDED WAREHOUSE 保税仓库LOGISTICS INDUSTRY 物流产业AUTOMATIC WAREHOUSE 自动化仓库物流活动LOGISTICS ACTIVITYSTEREOSCOPIC WAREHOUSE LOGISTICS OPERATION 物流作业立体仓库VIRTUAL WAREHOUSE 虚拟仓库物流成本LOGISTICS COSTWAREHOUSE LAYOUT 仓库布局物流模数LOGISTICS MODULUSWAREHOUSE 物流中心LOGISTICS CENTRE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (WMS) 仓库管理系统物流网络LOGISTICS NETWORKECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY(EOQ) 经济订货批量物流联盟LOGISTICS ALLIANCEFIXED-QUANTITY SYSTEM(FQS) BUSINESS LOGISTICS 企业物流定量订货方式FIXED-INTERVAL SYSTEM (FIS) 定期订货方式社会物流SOCIETAL LOGISTICSABC CLASSIFICIATION ABC分类法第三方物流THIRD-PARTY LOGISTICS (TPL)DISTRIBUTION CENTRE(DC) 配送(分拨) 精益物流LEAN LOGISTICS 中心CONTRACT LOGISTICS 合同物流虚拟物流VIRTUAL LOGISTICSFULL-SERVICE DISTRIBUTION COMPANY (FSDC) 全方位定制物流CUSTOMIZATION LOGISTICS物流服务公司value-ADDED LOGISTICS SERVICE 增值物流服务SAFETY STOCK 供应链SUPPLY CHAIN 安全库存LEAD TIME 供应链管理SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT(SCM) 备货时间INVENTORY CYCLE TIME 供应链整合SUPPLY CHIAN INTEGRATION 库存周期CYCLE STOCK 产品配送PHYSICAL PRODUCTION 订货处理周期CROSS DOCKING 交叉配送( 换装) 综合物流INTEGRATED LOGISTICSGOODS SHED 料棚物料需求I) (MRP REQUIREMENT MATERIAL PLANNINGGOODS STACK 货垛计划GOODS YARD 货场MANUFACTURING RESOURCE PLANNING (MRP II) 制造GOODS SHELF 货架资源计划PALLET PLANNING(DRP REQUIREMENT DISTRIBUTION 托盘I) 配送9..STACKING 堆码分拣SORTING拣选ORDER PICKING集货GOODS COLLECTION组配ASSEMBLYDISTRIBUTION PROCESSING 流通加工ZERO INVENTORY 零库存value-ADDED NETWORK 增值网BAR CODE 条形吗光学文字识别OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION电子数据交换ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI)RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) 无线射频GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) 全球定位系统地理信(GIS) SYSTEM GEORGRAPHICAL INFORMATION息系统Power of attorney 授权书10.。
Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading ("Visby Rules")修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书（维斯比规则）(Brussels, 23 February 1968)（1968.2.23 日订于布鲁塞尔）THE CONTRACTING PARTIES,各缔约国：CONSIDERING that it is desirable to amend the International Convention for the unification of certain rules of law relating to Bills of Lading, signed at Brussels on 25th August 1924,考虑到修改一九二四年八月二十五日在布鲁塞尔签订的关于《统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约》的需要，HAVE AGREED as follows:协议如下：Article 1第一条(1)In Article 3, paragraph 4, shall be added:在第三条第4款中应增加："However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the Bill of Lading has been transferred to a third party acting in good faith".“但是，当提单已经转给善意行事的第三者时，与此相反的证据不予接受。
“(2)In Article 3, paragraph 6, sub-paragraph 4 shall be deleted andreplaced by:在第三条第6款中的第4段应改为：“"Subject to paragraph 6bis the carrier and the ship shall in any event be discharged from all liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unless suit is brought within one year of their delivery or of the date when they should have been delivered. This period may, however, be extended if the parties so agree after the cause of action has arisen".“遵照第6款（修改本）的规定，除非从货物交付之日或应付之日起一年内提起诉讼，承运人和船舶在任何情况下都免除对于货物的货物责任。
但是，诉讼事由提出后，如经当事方同意，该期限可以延长”。
(3)In Article 3, after paragraph 6, shall be added the following paragraph6bis:在第三条的第6款后应增加下列条文作为第6款（修改本）："An action for indemnity against a third person may be brought even after the expiration of the year provided for in the preceding paragraph if brought within the time allowed by the law of the Court seized of the case. However, the time allowed shall be not less than three months, commencing from the day when the person bringing such action for indemnity has settled the claim or has been served with process in the action against himself".“即使在前款规定的年限期满后，如果在受理该案的法院的法律准许的时间内，仍可以对第三者提出赔偿诉讼。
但是，准许的时间不得少于三个月，自提出这种赔偿诉讼已经解决了对他本人的索赔或者从起诉传票送达他本人之日起算。
”Article 2第二条Article 4, paragraph 5, shall be deleted and replaced by the following: 第四条的第5款应予删去，并改为下列规定："(a) Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the Bill of Lading, neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with the goods in an amount exceedingthe equivalent of 10,000 francs per package or unit or 30 francs per kilo of gross weight of the goods lost or damaged, whichever is the higher. 除非在装货前，托运人已声明该货物的性质和价值，并载入提单，否则，在任何情况下，承运人或船舶对货物所遭受的或有关的任何灭失或损害，每件或每单位的金额超过10，000法郎的部分，或按灭失或损害的货物每公斤先重超达30法郎的部分，均不负责任，两者以较高的金额为准。
(b) The total amount recoverable shall be calculated by reference to the value of such goods at the place and time at which the goods are discharged from the ship in accordance with the contract or should have been so discharged.全部赔偿金额应参照货物根据契约从船上卸下或应卸下的当地当时的价值计算。
The value of the goods shall be fixed according to the commodity exchange price, or, if there be no such price, according to the current market price, or, if there be no commodity exchange price or current market price, by reference to the normal value of goods of the same kind and quality.货物价值应按照商品交易所价格确定，或者如无此种价格时，则按现行市场价格，或者如既无商品交易所价格又无现行市场价格时，则参照同类同质货物的正常价值确定。
(c) Where a container, pallet or similar article of transport is used to consolidate goods, the number of packages or units enumerated in the Bill of Lading as packed in such article of transport shall be deemed the number of packages or units for the purpose of this paragraph as far as these packages or units are concerned. Except as aforesaid such article of transport shall be considered the package or unit.如果货物是用集装箱、托盘或类似的装运器具拼装时，提单中所载明的、装在这种装运器具中的件数或单位数，应视为就本款所指的件数或单位数；除上述情况外，应视为此种装运器具即是件或单位。
(d) A franc means a unit consisting of 65.5 milligrammes of gold of millesimal fineness 900'. The date of conversion of the sum awarded into national currencies shall be governed by the law of the Court seized of the case.一个法郎是指一个含有纯度为千分之九百的黄金六十五点五毫克的单位。
裁决的赔偿数额兑换成国家货币的日期，应由受理该法院的法律规定。
(e) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability provided for in this paragraph if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the carrier done with intent to cause damage, or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.如经证实损失是由于承运人蓄意造成损失而作出的行为或不行为或明知可能会产生损失但仍不顾后果而作出的行为或不行为产生的，则承运人或船舶无权享受本款所规定的责任限制的利益。
