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牛津沪教版八年级英语上册Unit5同步学案及单元综合测试试题

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牛津沪教版八年级英语上册Unit 5 Educational exchange一．必背词汇及短语(3) 重点句子：1. Why not do sth? 为什么不做…？2. What do they think of the exchange visit? 他们认为这次交流访问怎么样？3. The students spend the weekdays studying with Chinese students. 学生们与中国学生一起学习度过工作日。

4. They taught our students how to use chopsticks.他们教我们的学生如何使用筷子。

5. I’m glad to be a guest in their home. 我非常开心地成为他们家的客人。

一．必背词汇及短语单词1. educational adj. n.教育v.教育2. exchange n. v.交流3. culture n. adj.有关文化的4. host n. n.女主人/女主持人v.5. local adj.6. British adj. n.英国7. glad adj. 8. guest n.9. chopstick n. 10. weekday n.11. tour v. n.旅行n.旅行者12. fantastic adj. n.幻想13. experience n.经历n. 经验adj有经验的14. already adv. 15. introduce v. n.16. success n. v.成功= adj.成功adv.17. yet adv. 18. respect v. n.敬意短语1.教育交流2. 一个交流参观3. host family4. 学着用5. at the weekend6.名胜古迹7.一次极好的经历8. at first =9. 到目前为止10. a bit of11. 使…初次了解…12. as well13. keep in touch with 14. take part in15.与…相同16. come over (to…)17. be proud of/take pride in 18. one and a half years=19. on time /in time 20. get ready for sth21. deal with 22. keep doing sth23. spend time (in) doing sth 24. 22.one another 彼此=25. 对某人友好/ 与某人交朋友26. plan to do sth 27.尽力做某事28. can’t wait to do sth 29. 成功干某事=重点句子1. Why not ? 为什么不做…？2. the visit? 他们认为这次交流访问怎么样？3. The students the weekdays Chinese students. 学生们与中国学生一起学习度过工作日。

4. They taught our students . 他们教我们的学生如何使用筷子。

5. I be a in their home. 我非常开心地成为他们家的客人。

语法：现在完成时（一）【教材典句】1.I’ve met lots of Chinese students. 我遇到了许多中国学生。

2.What have you learnt? 你了解什么？【语法全解】1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.用法：1）现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。

(灯现在不亮了。

)I have spent all of my money. (含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)2）现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。

这里的动词要用持续性动词。

常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点）连用.Mary has been ill for three days.Mary has been ill since three days ago.3.构成：（1）“助动词have/has + 动词过去分词”①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）(2) 动词过去分词的构成规则1）规则变化(规则东侧的过去分词构成与动词的过去式相同)①直接在动词词尾加-edclean—cleaned—cleaned 打扫call—called—called 打电话②不发音的e 结尾直接加-dagree—agreed—agreed 同意live—lived—lived 居住③元音字母+y 结尾直接加edplay—played—played (enjoy, stay)④辅音字母+y 结尾，改y为i 再加-edstudy—studied—studied 学习(try, marry)5. 重读闭音节结尾的末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写辅音字母，再加+edplan—planned—planned 计划stop—stopped—stopped 停止prefer—preferred—preferred 喜欢2）不规则动词的变化规则（需根据不规则动词变化表进行专门记忆）see—saw—seen 看见hear—heard—heard 听见find—found—found 发现4.现在完成时时间状语◆现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）如yesterday，last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.◆现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already已经（肯定）, yet还，仍然（否定，疑问）, just(刚刚), before（从前）, recently/ lately（最近）,still（仍然），in the past/last few years(在过去/最近几年里)等:I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). /We have seen that film before.◆现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用如ever曾经, never从不, twice,several times等:Have you ever been to Beijing？/I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.◆现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如up to these few days/weeks/months/years（到..为止）, just, up to present(now) 到现在为止, so far（到目前为止），these days 这些天等:Peter has written six papers so far. /Up to the present everything has been successful.◆现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester.注：1）现在完成时可以与already，never，ever，yet等时间状语连用。

⏹already VS yet----already表示已经，用于肯定句；yet表示尚未，还，用于否定句和疑问句。

Eg: I am not hungry. I have already eaten.He is hungry. He hasn’t eaten yet.-- Have you got your plane ticket ?-- Yes, I have got it.ever VS never---- ever 表示曾经，never表示从来不，疑问句中用ever。

-- Have you ever visited Shanghai? —No，I’ve never visited it.注：already，never，ever应位于助动词have/has之后，yet用于句末。

2) 现在完成时可以与带since/for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用，表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始一直持续到现在。

since + 时间点（过去一个时间点/ 一段时间+ ago/ 从句）for + 时间段如：I have worked in Shenzhen since 2007.I have worked in SZ since five years ago.I have worked in SZ for five years.It’s five years since I worked in SZ.课堂练习句型转换：1. He has already gone home.He _________ __________ home ____________. (否定句)____________ he __________ home ___________? (疑问句)2. He has lunch at home.He __________ _____________ lunch at home. (否定句)____________ he __________ lunch at home? (疑问句)用already或yet填空1) Have they taken down the old pictures ______? No, not ___________.2) Most of us have finished our compositions ________3) He said he hadn’t visited the exhibition ________.用since和for填空1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _____ yesterday 6) _____ 4 o’clock7) _____ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9)______we were children 11) ______ she left here. 12. He has lived in Nanjing _______ the year before last. 13）I have known him ________ we were children.14) Our teacher has studied Japanese ________ three years.15) She has been away from the city ________ about ten years.16) It’s about ten years _______ she left the city.从括号内选择正确的单词或短语完成句子：1) I have ________(already, yet) read this book.2) Have you _______(did, done) your homework?3) He has worked in this company ______(since, for) 2002.4) Have you ever visited Disneyland? -- No, I’ve ________(ever, never) visited it.5) David _________(is, has been) a student for 3 years.选择填空1. We have been friends since ______.A. childrenB. five yearsC. five years agoD. five years before2. You ______ that question three times.A. already askedB. have already askedC. already have askedD. asked already3. We studied this lesson __________.A. since last weekB. a week agoC. for a weekD. since a week ago4. I _____ at this school for two years already.A. am studyingB. studyC. studiedD. have studied5. They _________ in the city since last summer.A. liveB. didn’t liveC. have livedD. live6. Mrs. Wang has lived in Haikou _________ 1992.A. sinceB. fromC. afterD. in7. She ________ as an animal trainer since 2003.A．has worked B. works C. will work D. have worked8. I went shopping with my family. There ______ so many people in the street.A. wasB. isC. wereD. are9. Mother ____me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on. It fits me well.A. had made…have triedB. made…have triedC. has made…triedD. made…tried10. ---Look ! The light is still on in Mr.Zhang’s office.--- I’m afraid he ______ his work yet.A. doesn’t finishB. didn’t finishC. hasn’t finishedD. won’t finish11.--- ______ you ______ your dictionary? --- No. So I have to buy a new one today.A. Did; findB. Have; foundC. Are; findingD. Had; found12.---Would you like _______ some coffee? ---No, thanks. I ______ some.A. have; already haveB. had; just hadC. having; have hadD. to have; have already had13.--- Are you going to see the film with us? ---No, thanks. I _______ it.A. sawB. have seenC. seeD. was seeing14. Don’t turn on the TV. Grandma _______ now.A. is sleepingB. will sleepC. sleptD. sleeps15. We were in Qingdao last week and _______ great fun there.A. will haveB. have hadC. hadD. have课后练习句型转换：1) I have been there for two days.(对划线部分提问)__________ _________ __________ you __________ __________ ?2) My father has lived here since 2000.(对划线部分提问)_________ _________ __________ your father _________ __________?3）He has already gone home.He _________ __________ home ____________. (否定句)____________ he __________ home ___________? (疑问句)4）He has had lunch at home.He __________ _____________ lunch at home. (否定句)____________ he __________ lunch at home? (疑问句)选择填空1、Both his parents lo ok sad. Maybe they _______what’s happened to him .Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ. will know 2、He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he?Ａ. already Ｂ. never Ｃ. ever Ｄ. still3、Have you met Mr. Li ______？Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago 4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written 5、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes. I hope it will be even ______.Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed; goodＣ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed; better6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .Ａ. was; studying Ｂ. will; study Ｃ. has; studied Ｄ. are; studying 7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_______ it twice .Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see 9、—These farmers have been to the United States . —Really? When _____ there?Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone 10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ? —Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.Ａ. Did; do; finished Ｂ. Have; done; finishedＣ. Have; done; have finished Ｄ. will; do; finish11、His father ______ the Party since 1978 .Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in D. has been in 12、—Do you know him well ?—Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made13、—How long have you ____ here ? —About two months.Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes.Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began 15、It _____ ten years since he left the army .Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was16、Miss Green isn't in the office. she _______ to the library.Ａ. has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been 18、has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he toChina?A. How soon, comesB. How often, gotC. How long, cameD. How far, arrived汉译英1. 我刚刚丢了我的化学书。

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沪教牛津版八年级上册初二英语全册单元测试卷

沪教牛津版八年级上册初二英语全册单元测试卷

初中英语八年级上Unit 1 Encyclopaedias单元测试题笔试部分(80分)一、单项选择（20分）（1）从下面每小题的A、B、C三个选项中选出可以替代划线部分的最佳选项。

（共5小题，每小题1分）( ) 11. —Is the supermarket still open now?—Perhaps not. It closes at 6:00 p.m. on Mondays.A. EvenB. MaybeC. Often( ) 12. —Dinosaurs all died out about 650 million years ago.—Do scientists know the reason?A. disappearedB. went outC. came out( ) 13. —I think the young man has the ability to finish the work alone.—I agree.A. decides toB. used toC. is able to( ) 14. —Congratulations! You won the 100-metre race.—Thank you.A. did best inB. failed toC. worked hard at ( ) 15. —How long will Tony and his friends stay in Shenzhen?—They will stay for more than 40 days.A. at leastB. overC. almost（2）从下面每小题的A、B、C三个选项选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

（共5小题，每小题1分）( ) 16. A __________ is a person who studies one or more of the natural sciences.A. musicianB. scientistC. visitor( ) 17. __________ refers to the ability to learn, understand and think in a good way about things.A. ResponsibilityB. ResponseC. Intelligence( ) 18. —Why did Linda cry just now?—__________ knows why. You can ask Linda.A. SomebodyB. NobodyC. Everybody( ) 19. —Simon, could you please help me __________ on the Internet when the plane will take off?—I’m sorry, my computer doesn’t work.A. find outB. look outC. put out( ) 20. —I have passed my driving test.—__________. So you are going to buy a car.A. Good ideaB. CongratulationsC. That’s right二、完形填空（10分）My frie nd’s g randfather came to America from a farm in Thailand. After 21 in New York, he went into a cafeteria (自助餐厅) in Manhattan to get 22 to eat. He sat down at an empty table and waited for someone to take his order. Of course, 23 did. 24 a woman with a big pl ate 25 food came up to him. She sat down 26 him and told him how a cafeteria worked.“Start out at that end,”she said, “Just go along the line and pick out what you want. At the other end they’ll tell you 27 you have to pay.“I soon learn ed tha t’s how everything works in America,”the grandfather told my friend later.“Life is li ke a c afeteria here. You can get everything you want so long as you want 28 the price. You can even get success, but you’ll never get it if you 29 some one to bring it to you. You have to stand up and get it by 30 .”( ) 21. A. arriving B. arrived C. reaching( ) 22. A. nothing B. something C. anything( ) 23. A. everything B. anybody C. nobody( ) 24. A. Finally B. Luckily C. firstly( ) 25. A. without B. full of C. filling with( ) 26. A. at B. from C. opposite( ) 27. A. how many B. how much C. how often( ) 28. A. to pay B. to spend C. to take( ) 29. A. wait B. wait for C. hope( ) 30. A. waiter B. others C. yourself三、阅读理解（10分）Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Italy. He is best known as an artist today. One of his famous paintings is called Mona Lisa. However, Leonardo had many other natural abilities. He was also a great inventor（发明家）. Many of his inventions have become important in modern day life.Although Leonardo hated war, he invented many different machines used for war. His most special invention was the machine gun（枪）, which was produced and used in war many years later.By watching the way birds fly, Leonardo tried to find out the secret of flying. Among his sketches（素描）we can see several objects. We consider them as modern flying machines.Leonardo spent many hours thinking about how to make good use of time. He developed ideas for labor-saving machines like cutting machines.Leonardo was a strange man. He didn’t eat any meat, which was very unusual in those times. He never published（发表）his ideas and scientific discoveries. He usually used mirror writing, which looks like writing a mirror, starting from the right side of the page and moving to the left.We have very little of his work today. Leonardo finished only a few of his paintings. He left many unfinished because he thought they were not perfect. No one in his life time knew how great Leonardo was. We now believe, however, that he was one of the cleverest men the world has ever known.31. According to the passage, Leonardo is not only an artist but also _______.A. an inventorB. an engineerC. a writerD. a musician32. _______ was Leonardo’s most special invention.A. The mirror writingB. The cutting machineC. The machine gunD. The flying machine33. Leonardo was strange, for example, _______.A. he didn’t eat any vegetablesB. he usually used mirror writingC. he liked to publish his discoveriesD. he enjoyed drawing flying machines34. Leonardo invented some machines to _______.A. stop the warB. help paint picturesC. watch the birdsD. make good use of time35. From the passage, we can learn that Leonardo was very _______.A. humorousB. seriousC. cleverD. lonely第Ⅱ卷（共50分）四、词汇运用（10分）（1）根据句意和首字母或汉语提示完成句子（5分）36. We will have an i________ test next Friday.37. Edison was a great s_______.38. N________ knows how many stars there are in the sky.39. I _______（突然）realized there was someone following me.40. My aunt bought me a n_______（笔记本）computer as a birthday gift yesterday.（2）用所给词的适当形式填空（5分）41. It is useful _______ (learn) a foreign language.42. Can you help me _______ (carry) the box, Lily?43. Remember _______ (write) to me when you get to Beijing.44. I need some _______ (potato). Do you have any?45. About two _______ (million) people listened to the programme.五、完成句子（10分）46. 为什么这种生物灭绝了？Why did such kind of living things _____ ______?47. 让我们去公园散步吧！Let's _______ _______ _______ in the park!48. 我爸爸过去常常在河边钓鱼。

沪教牛津版8上U5单元练习 (答案)

沪教牛津版8上U5单元练习 (答案)

11. D 解析: 根据before可知是现在完成时，现在完成时态的一般疑问句。
12. A 解析: 考查现在完成时，句意：—你好，汤姆！你曾经去过鸟巢吗？—是的，我去过。它很了不起。表示 "去过某地， 现在已经回来了" 要用have been to，故选A。
13. D 解析:
2
考查现在完成时。回答how long用现在完成时。for+段时间=since+点时间，I have stayed here for twenty y ears=I have stayed here since twenty years ago. 故选D。
4
9. D 解析: 考查experience的用法。根据experience经验，不可数名词；experience经历，可数名词。又根据语境，上 句：刘老师是一个有丰富教学经验的老师吗？下句：是的。他课后总是会告诉我们B 解析: 考查量词。a bit of和a little都可修饰不可数名词，milk为不可数名词，前面用a little或a bit of；修饰形容词， 用a little或a bit。故选B。
5. A 解析: 考查常识。given name=first name就是 "名" ，family name=last name是 "姓" ，外国姓名姓在后，名在前， 故选A。
6. B 解析: 此题考查非谓语动词，be glad to do为固定用法，排除A、C；hear from表示“收到……来信”，故选B。
知，一共提到了四种方式。故选B。 （ 2 ）细节理解题。根据Greg一段的My favourite way of travelling is by car.可知选B。 （ 3 ）细节理解题。根据Eliza一段的I love travelling by train best! It's very exciting.可知选D。 （ 4 ）细节理解题。根据Danny一段的Planes are my favourite. It's the fastest way of travelling.可知选C。 （ 5 ）细节理解题。根据Greg一段的I can bring my pet（宠物） dog along.可知选A。
牛津上海版初二八年级上英语 unit5 同步学案

牛津上海版初二八年级上英语 unit5 同步学案

(Ox) 8A Unit5 EncyclopaediasPART ONEI. Vocabulary1.dinosaur2.ancient3.thinker4.Greece5.fierce6.character7.exist8.gentle9.harmful10.footprint11.amusement12.create13.finally14.deliver15..seriously16.peacefully17.pioneer18.repair19.dynasty20.entrance21.magic22.mainly23.disease24.address25.female ernment27.journey28.believe29.cause30.believe31.rescue32.female33.shoulder34.fee35.weigh36.fountain37.pretty38.brave39.Greece40.Europe41.cartoon42.skeleton43.soap44.roof45.tail46..though47.loaf48.even49.while50.nobodyII . Useful Expressions1.All he owned was a big jar that he lived in, a bag and a cup.2.He told us that the way to be happy was to own as few things as possible.3. Panda are very rare and are protected by law in China.4.Many dinosaurs were harmless. They were as gentle as panda and ate plants.Others were harmful.5.Tom saw a boy drinking water from a fountain.6.I do not like this pair of jeans. I am going to get another.7.I have two pears. One is big and the other (=the second of the two pears) is small.8.The panda mainly eats bamboo shoots, though it eats other plants as well. It caneat as much as 10 kilos of food a day.9.This was a long time before human beings existed.10.His diet was as healthy as my diet.PART TWOI .Word Formation1.thinker (v.) _________2.happy (n.) _________3.exist (n.) _________4.harm (adj.) _________5.die (n.) _________6.create (adj.) _________7.deliver (n.) _________8.real (n.) _________9.weigh ( n.) _________10.probable (adv.) _________ 11.peace (adv.) _________12.believe (n.) _________13.protect (n.) _________14.amuse (n.) _________15.win (n.) _________16.noise (adj.) _________17.brave (n.) _________18.health (adj.) _________19.rare (adv.) _________20.possible (n.) _________II. Complete the sentence with the given word in the correct form.1.The old lady ________only on rice coffee and bread. (exist)2.We went to the _______ park and rode the roller-coaster.(amuse)3.Scientists disagree about how the universal _______(create)4.She is due to ________a speech on genetic engineering.(deliver)5.Doctors say that smoking is ________ to your health.(harm)6.I saw some ________playing in the park.(child)7.The mobile phone is really________ in our life. It helps me to communicatewith my friends.(help)8.Confucius was one of the greatest ________ in the world. (think)9.The ________ of iPhone has made smart phones more and more popular.(invent)10.The famous doctor has saved a lot of people’s________.(life)III. Sentence Transformation1. Please walk as fast as possible if you don’t want to be late. (保持原意))Please walk as fast as________ _________if you don’t want to be late.2. Jim could hardly sing any songs . (改为反意疑问句)Jim could hardly sing any songs,_________ ________ ?3 . The weather in Shanghai is very hot. (画线提问)________ the weather ________ in Shanghai?4. They went to the supermarket to buy some food. (画线提问)________ ________ they go to the supermarket.5. This problem is not as hard as that one. (保持原意)This problem is ________ ________than that one.6. A giant panda may weigh from 80 to 125 kilos . (画线提问)________ ________may a giant panda weigh?IV Multiple Choice1.The walls are green, _______ the ceiling is white.A .when B. as C .since D. while2.It was really hard work to fight this kind of disease. All the doctors and nurseswere devoted for it.A. /B. aC. theD. an3. for example ,you _________ a number in the telephone book,and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over.A. look up B .look after C. look through D. look into 4．——I didn’t take part in the summer camp because I had to take care of my little sister at home.A. Go aheadB. I don’t think soC. What a shameD. Have a good time5. ——Have you called the information centre?——Yes, but _______ answered.A.noneB. neitherC. nobodyD. nothing6. Why did such a durable species ________ ?A. die ofB. die fromC. die awayD. die out7. So far, I ________ some new dishes.A. have createdB. createsC. createdD. had created8. They will probably win, ______ no one thinks so.A as B. despite C .though D. because9.We ought to reason why it is ______ to health to eat too much.A. harmfulB. harmlessC. harmsD. harm10.Reading books ______ the sun is harmful to your eyes.A. under B .below C. in D. on11.What kind of legacy do you want to _______?A.leave awayB. leave forC. leave aloneD. leave behind12.Lucy is holding a ball in one hand and an apple in _______.A.otherB. othersC. the other D .another13.The pie is really delicious .Can I have _______ piece?A. othersB. anotherC. otherD. the other14. I would like to spread _______butter on my bread.A. aB. someC. anyD./15. After he created Disneyland, he became ______richer.A. quiteB. veryC. evenD. more16. Your blood cells must ______ nutrients to all the other cells.A. deliverB. carry C .take D. create17.Lions and tigers are _______animals, so when they are in zoos, they live in strong cages.A. fierceB. wild C .gentle D .mild18. He stopped reading, for he was not sure whether ______“h” in the word “honesty” was pronounce or not.A. anB. theC. aD. /19. Coco is a top student in our class. She _______achieves C in the subjects.A. usuallyB. neverC. sometimesD. always20. I hope that you _______my advice to be more friendly to your classmates.A. takeB. will takeC. to takeD. tookVII. Translation1.政府计划为年轻人创造更多的就业机会。

牛津沪教版英语八年级上册Unit5复习学案

牛津沪教版英语八年级上册Unit5复习学案

牛津沪教版英语八年级上册Unit5复习学案八年级上U5复习一、复习思路按照基础（词汇，词组，句型）和阅读等模板进行复习。

二、复习要点Ⅰ. 本单元重点单词梳理1. encyclopaedia n. 百科全书e. g. A dictionary explains words and an encyclopaedia explains facts. 词典解释词义，百科全书解释事实。

【友情提示】又作encyclopedia.2. article n. 文章e. g. Did you read the article about America in yesterday's newspaper? 你看昨天报纸上关于美国的那篇文章了吗？3. exist v. 存在，生存e. g. The Roman Empire existed for several centuries. 罗马帝国存在了好几个世纪。

The old lady exists only on coffee and bread. 老太太仅靠咖啡面包生活。

【常用搭配】exist as作为……而存在，以……形态存在exist in存在于……中exist on靠……生活；靠……生存【知识拓展】existence n. 存在，实在e. g. When did this world come into existence? 这世界是何时形成的？4. gentle adj. 温和的，文雅的e. g. He was a gentle, patient man who loved playing with his grandchildren.他这个人既随和又有耐心，喜欢跟孙子孙女一起玩。

【知识拓展】gentleness n. 温顺，亲切，柔和gently adv. 轻轻地，逐渐地5. harmful adj. 有害的e. g. The new drug has no harmful side-effects. 这种新药物没有副作用。