Lesson 1 China in the Market Place(Excerpts)（摘录）
市场经济中的中国
Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links
--巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究
The pattern of China’s foreign trade has chang ed substantially since the founding of the People’s Republic. During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country’s industrialization programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry. The Great Leap Forward of 1958-1959 initially produced gains in agricultural and industrial production, but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances. Economic problems were exacerbated by three bad harvests (1959-1961) with the result that national income and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-1962.
自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的“大跃进”最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。
The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early-1960s caused trade to shift away from the USSR and its COMECON（经互会，经济互助委员会Council for Mutual Economic Assistance）partners towards Japan and Western Europe. A consistent theme of China’s foreign trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on d eveloping trade relations with the Third World countries.
20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。
The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints限制became more serious.
“文化大革命”期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。
Foreign trade, which has a major role in the Four Modernizations programme, has grown rapidly over the past few years. A major trade agreement with Japan, under which China exports coal and oil in return for industrial equipment and technology was signed in February 1978 . China also signed a long-term trade agreement with the EEC in 1978 while trade with the USA has increased rapidly in the wake of 继什么之后the normalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979. The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords授予China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇）
在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口煤和石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。
