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采暖、通风、空气调节、制冷、供暖设计基本术语专业术语technical term/terminology1.2.1采暖术语采暖术语包括一般术语、围护结构与热负荷、采暖系统、管道及配件、水力计算、采暖设备及附件的术语，其涵义应符合下列规定：1.2.1.1一般术语(1)采暖heating; space heating使室内获得热量并保持一定温度，以达到适宜的生活条件或工作条件的技术，也称采暖。
(2)集中采暖central heating; concentrated heating热源和散热设备分别设置，由热源通过管道向各个房间或各个建筑物供给热量的采暖方式。
(3)全面采暖为使整个采暖房间保持一定温度要求而设置的采暖。
(4)局部采暖local heating为使室内局部区域或局部工作地点保持一定温度要求而设置的采暖。
(5)连续采暖continuous heating对于全天使用的建筑物，使其室内平均温度全天均能达到设计温度的采暖方式。
(6)间歇采暖intermittent heating对于非全天使用的建筑物，仅在其使用时间内使室内平均温度达到设计温度，而在非使用时间内可自然降温的采暖方式。
(7)值班采暖standby heating在非工作时间或中断使用的时间内，为使建筑物保持最低室内温度要求而设置的采暖。
(8)热水采暖hot water heating以热水作为热媒的采暖。
(9)高温热水采暖high temperature water heating; high-pressure hot water heating以温度高于100℃的热水作为热媒的采暖，也称高温水采暖。
(10)蒸汽采暖steam heating以蒸汽作为热媒的采暖。
(11)高压蒸汽采暖high-pressure steam heating以工作压力高于70Kpa的蒸汽作为热媒的采暖。
(12)低压蒸汽采暖low-pressure steam heating以工作压力低于或等于70Kpa但高于当地大气压力的蒸汽作为热媒的采暖。
10mw电极锅炉热效率英文回答：Introduction.Electrode boilers are electrical resistance heating devices that utilize the principle of Joule's heatingeffect to generate heat. They are widely employed in industrial and domestic applications due to their high thermal efficiency, rapid heating response, and compact size. This analysis delves into the thermal efficiency of a 10 MW electrode boiler, exploring the factors that influence its performance and discussing strategies to enhance its efficiency.Thermal Efficiency of a 10 MW Electrode Boiler.The thermal efficiency of an electrode boiler is defined as the ratio of the thermal energy output to the electrical energy input. It is typically expressed as apercentage. For a 10 MW electrode boiler, the thermal efficiency can vary depending on several factors, including the operating conditions, boiler design, and maintenance practices.In general, well-maintained electrode boilers can achieve thermal efficiencies in the range of 95% to 98%. This means that for every 10 MW of electrical energy consumed, approximately 9.5 to 9.8 MW is converted into thermal energy. The remaining energy is lost through various mechanisms, such as heat dissipation from theboiler casing and electrical losses in the system.Factors Affecting Thermal Efficiency.The thermal efficiency of a 10 MW electrode boiler is influenced by several factors, including:Boiler Design: The design of the boiler, including the electrode configuration, insulation, and fluid flow patterns, can impact its efficiency. Optimal electrode arrangement and proper insulation minimize heat losses andimprove thermal transfer.Operating Conditions: The operating conditions, such as the water temperature, flow rate, and pressure, can affect the boiler's efficiency. Maintaining optimal operating parameters ensures efficient heat transfer and reduces energy wastage.Water Quality: The quality of the water used in the boiler can influence its efficiency. Impurities in the water can lead to scale formation on the electrodes, which reduces heat transfer and increases energy consumption.Maintenance Practices: Regular maintenance and cleaning of the boiler are crucial for maintaining its thermal efficiency. Removing scale deposits, checking electrical connections, and inspecting components help prevent performance degradation and energy loss.Strategies to Enhance Thermal Efficiency.To enhance the thermal efficiency of a 10 MW electrodeboiler, several strategies can be employed:Optimize Boiler Design: Employing advanced boiler designs with efficient electrode configurations, high-quality insulation, and effective fluid flow paths can minimize heat losses and improve thermal transfer.Control Operating Conditions: Maintaining optimal operating conditions by closely monitoring and adjusting water temperature, flow rate, and pressure ensuresefficient heat transfer and reduces energy wastage.Ensure Water Quality: Implementing water treatment systems to remove impurities and prevent scale formation can significantly improve heat transfer and maintain the boiler's efficiency over time.Regular Maintenance: Establishing a comprehensive maintenance schedule, including regular cleaning, inspection, and replacement of worn components, helps prevent performance degradation and ensures optimal thermal efficiency.Conclusion.The thermal efficiency of a 10 MW electrode boiler is a critical factor in determining its energy consumption and operating costs. By understanding the factors thatinfluence efficiency and implementing strategies to enhance it, businesses and industries can optimize the performanceof their electrode boilers, reduce energy consumption, and promote sustainable operations.中文回答：10MW电极锅炉热效率。
Thermal Transfer Polyimide Label Material Construction(Calipers are nominal values.)FacestockAdhesiveLiner2.0 mil (51 micron) Polyimide Film 1.0 mil (25 micron) White Thermal Transfer Printable Topcoat2.0 mil (51 micron) #100Acrylic3.0 mil (76 micron) 50#Densified KraftFeatures•Matte white thermal transfer topcoat for easy readability of barcodes and variable information•#100 High-temperature acrylic adhesive will not degrade when exposed to a wide variety of harsh processing conditions.• 50# densified kraft liner assures consistent die cutting.•UL and CSA approvals are pending. After approval, see UL (File MH16411)and CSA (File 99316) listings for details .Application Ideas• Printed circuit board tracking labels that see the following conditions:• Solder reflow• Top and/or bottom side wave solder • Most cleaning processes and chemicals • Labeling on parts exposed to high temperaturesFOD# 1723Page 1 of 67812Typical Physical PropertiesNote: The following technical information and data should be considered representative or typical only and should not be used for specification purposes. Adhesion:180° peel test procedure is ASTM D 3330.Initial(10 Minute Dwell/RT)Conditioned for 3 Days at RoomTemperature 72°F (22°C)180° Peel180° PeelSurface Oz./In.N/100 mm Oz./In.N/100 mm Stainless Steel32355358 Polycarbonate34375863 Epoxy PC Board44486268Conditioned for 3 Day at120°F (49°)Conditioned for 24 Hours at 90°F(32°C) at 90% Relative humidity180° Peel180° PeelSurface Oz./In.N/100 mm Oz./In.N/100 mm Stainless Steel66726470 Polycarbonate56616268 Epoxy PC Board67734448Liner Release:180° Removal of Liner from FacestockRate of Removal Grams/Inch Width N/100 mm90 inches/minute150 5.7300 inches/minute111 4.2FOD# 1723Page 2 of 63M™Thermal Transfer Polyimide Label Material 7812Environmental PerformanceThe properties defined are based on four hour immersions at room temperature (72°F/22°C) unless otherwise noted. Samples were applied to stainless steel panels24 hours prior to immersion and were evaluated one hour after removal from the solution for peel adhesion. Adhesion measured at 180° peel angle (ASTM D 3330)at 12 inches/minute.Chemical Resistance:Adhesion to Stainless Steel Appearance Edge Penetration Chemical Oz./in.N/100 mm Visual Millimeters Isopropyl Alcohol4751No change0 Detergent(1% Alconox®*)5358No change0Engine Oil (10W30)@ 250°F (121°C)96105No change0Water for 48 hours5459No change0pH 45358No change0pH 105055No change0409®* Cleaning Solution5156No change0 Toluene2527No change0 Acetone1314No change0Brake Fluid5358No change2 Gasoline3943No change1Diesel Fuel4954No change0Mineral Spirits4751No change0 Hydraulic Fluid4954No change0 Temperature Resistance:530°F (277°C) for 30 seconds:no significant visual change500°F (288°C) for 7 minutes:slight browning-40°F (-40°C) for 24 hours:no significant visual changeHumidity Resistance:24 hours at 100°F (38°C)and 100% relative humidity:no significant change in appearanceor adhesionAccelerated Aging:ASTM D 3611: 96 hours at 150°F (65°C) and 80% relative humidity:Rate of Removal Grams/Inch Width N/100 mm 180° Removal of Linerfrom Facestock90 inches/minute169 6.5Rate of Removal Oz./In. Width N/100 mm 180° Peel Adhesionfrom Stainless Steel12 inches/minute3437Printed Label Performance:Samples were printed with a Ricoh™ D110A resin ribbon on a Zebra™ 170xi printer at a rate of 2 in./min. and a burn setting of 22. Labels were printed with a 3:1 ratio barcode with 6 mil. X-dimension. Printed labels were exposed to the listed conditions, which are representative of PCB assembly conditions. After chemical exposure, labels were rinsed with tap water, dried and examined.Condition Print Contrast Signal(PCS)Read Rate 7812 Control97100530° F, 30 sec.97100500° F, 7 min.94100IPA 75%, 106° F, 15 min.97100IPA 100%, RT 2 min.97100 Deionized Water, 140°F, 5 min.97100 Alconox®* 10%, 135° F, 2 min.97100D-Limonene RT, 2 min.97100 Monoethanolamine, 135° F, 2 min.97100 BIOACT®* EC-7R, 77° F, 10 min.92100 BIOACT®* EC-15, 77° F, 10 min.92100Wave Solder95100The Print Contrast Signal, PCS, was determined using a PSC QUICKCHECK™ 850, with a 0.003” aperture, 660 nm wavelength. The read rate was determined using a PSC laser diode scanner, model 4100. Wave soldering was performed on an Electrovert Co., Microline 250 wave solder machine. Preheat temperature was 250° F, solder temperature was 470° F, line speed was 2 ft./min. Boards were pre sprayed with a Kester Solder Co. 923 flux.Shelf LifeOne year from date of manufacture of product when properly stored at 72°F (22°C) and 50% relative humidity.ProcessingPrinting:Facestock is topcoated and is designed for thermal transfer printing. Refer to the 7812Guide to Thermal Transfer Printing or call 3M Customer Service at 1-800-223-7427 for additional information.*Recommended Ribbons Ricoh™: D110AUnion Chemicar™: US300The following ribbons can be used but may require higher burn temperatures:Sony™: 5070Mid City Columbia™: CGL-80HE Dai Nippon™: R510Die Cutting:Rotary die cutting is recommended.Dispensing:Hand dispensing is recommended.Packaging:Finished labels should be stored in plastic bags.FOD# 1723Page 5 of 63M ™ Thermal Transfer Polyimide Label Material7812Special Considerations For maximum bond strength, the surface should be clean and dry. Typical cleaningsolvents are heptane and isopropyl alcohol.****NOTE: When using solvents, read and follow the manufacturer’s precautions anddirections for use.For best bonding conditions, application surface should be at room temperature orhigher. Low temperature surfaces, below 50°F (10°C), can cause the adhesive tobecome so firm that it will not develop maximum contact with the substrate. Higherinitial bonds can be achieved through increased rubdown pressure.Technical Information and Data The technical information and data, recommendations, and other statements provided are based on tests or experience which 3M believes to be reliable, but the accuracy or completeness of such information is not guaranteed.Product Use Please remember that many factors can affect the use and performance of a 3M product in a particularapplication. The materials to be bonded with the product, the surface preparation of those materials, theproduct selected for use, the conditions in which the product is used, and the time and environmentalconditions in which the product is expected to perform are among the many factors that can affect the useand performance of a 3M product. Given the variety of factors that can affect the use and performance of a3M product, some of which are uniquely within the user’s knowledge and control, it is essential that the userevaluate the 3M product to determine whether it is fit for a particular purpose and suitable for the user’smethod of application.Warranty and Limited Remedy The 3M product will be free from defects in material and manufacture for a period of one (1) year from the date of manufacture. 3M MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY ARISING OUT OF A COURSE OF DEALING, CUSTOM, OR USAGE OF TRADE. User is responsible for determining whether the 3M product is fit for a particular purpose and suitable for user’s method of application. If the 3M product is proved to be defective within the warranty period stated above, your exclusive remedy and 3M’s sole obligation shall be, at 3M’s option, to replace or repair the 3M product or refund the purchase price of the 3M product.Limitation of Liability Except where prohibited by law, 3M will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from the 3M product,whether direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential, regardless of the legal theory asserted,including, but not limited to, contract, warranty, negligence, or strict liability.ÅIndustrial Tape and Specialties Division3M Center, Building 220-7W-03St. Paul, MN 55144-1000USA1 800 223 7427 Product Information/Fax on Demand /labeldiecut Printed in U.S.A.Copyright 1999, 3M IPC all rights reserved 70-0709-4810-7* Trademarks listed are the property of their respective owners.FOD# 1723 Page 6 of 63M™Thermal Transfer Polyimide Label Material 7812。
六管程浮头式换热器设计摘要换热器是化工、炼油等生产中最常见的过程设备之一，是用于物料之间进行热量传递的过程设备，使热量从热流体传递到冷流体的设备。
在目前大型化工及石油化工装置中，采用各种换热的组合，就能充分合理地利用各种等级的能量，使产品的单位能耗降低，从而降低产品的成本已获得好的经济效益。
在化工厂中，换热器所占比例也有了明显提高，成为最重要的单元设备之一。
本设计说明书是关于浮头式换热器的设计，主要进行了换热器的工艺计算，换热器的结构和强度设计。
并且阐述了换热器的特点、换热器设备及其发展现状、国内发展趋势和研究热点以及换热器的分类，同时说明了浮头式换热器的优点，介绍了换热器的结构设计，换热器主要零部件结构的设计及压力容器常用材料等。
计算部分主要对浮头换热器的筒体、封头和法兰进行了详细的计算，并对其进行了水压试验的校核；还对换热管、管板、折流板、鞍座和钩圈等各个受压元件按照GB-150和GB-151的标准进行简单的结构设计，使其屈服应力在许用应力范围内。
除此之外，还参阅相关的设计手册及大量的文献，完成了各个零件图的绘制，还对一篇外文进行了翻译等工作。
关键词：浮头式换热器；换热管；校核Six tube heat exchangers designAbstractHeat exchanger is widely used in chemical,oilrefining ect.It is used in materials to carry on the thermal transmission the process. At present, in large-scale chemical industry and in the petroleum chemical industry installment, each kind of heat transfer the combination can reasonably use each rank fully the energy, cause the production the unit energy consumption to reduce, thus reduce the production the cost to obtain the high economic efficiency. Thus, in the large-scale chemical industry and in the petroleum chemical industry production process, the heat exchanger obtains the more and more widespread application. In the chemical plant, the heat exchanger accounted for the proportion also to have the distinct enhancement, became one of most important unit equipment.The design manual is about floating head heat exachanger, which included technology, calculate of heat exchanger, the structure and intensity of heat exchanger. And described the characteristics of heat exchanger, heat exchanger equipment and the development of the status quo, development trend of domestic and research hot spots and the classification of heat exchanger, floating head at the same time illustrates the advantages of heat exchanger. Introduced the structural design of heat exchangers, heat exchanger design of the structure of the main components and pressure vessels commonly used materials. The main part of the calculation of the cylinder, head and flange of the calculation in detail, and its verification of hydraulic test; also heat exchanger, tube sheet，baffle，circle hooks，such as saddles and all by pressure components in accordance withthe GB-150 and GB-151 standard for strength calculation, checking water pressure test intensity to yield stress in the range of allowable stress. In addition, see the related design manuals and a lot of literature, completed the mapping of various parts, but also a translation of a foreign languages and so on.Keywords :Floating Head Heat Exchanger; Heat Exchanger Tube;Check目录1 换热器概述 (1)1.1换热器的历史 (1)1.2换热器的概念及工作原理 (4)1.3换热器的分类 (4)1.4浮头式换热器的简介 (10)2浮头式换热器的设计 (11)2.1设备材料选择 (12)2.2设计参数的确定 (13)2.2.1设计压力 (13)2.2.2设计温度 (13)2.2.3厚度及厚度附加量 (14)2.2.4焊接接头系数 (14)2.2.5许用应力 (15)2.3结构的选择与论证 (16)2.3.1换热管 (16)2.3.2管板 (16)2.3.3管束分程 (17)2.3.4封头 (18)2.3.5折流板 (18)2.3.6开孔和开孔补强设计 (20)2.3.7法兰 (21)2.4各部件连接方式及结构 (22)3计算部分 (24)3.1后端管箱筒体计算 (24)3.1.1厚度计算 (24)3.1.2压力试验时应力校核 (25)3.1.3压力及应力计算 (25)3.2前端管箱封头计算 (26)3.2.1厚度计算 (26)3.2.2压力试验时应力校核 (27)3.2.3压力计算 (27)3.3前端管箱筒体计算 (27)3.3.1厚度计算 (28)3.3.2压力试验时应力校核 (28)3.3.3压力及应力计算 (29)3.4外头盖封头的计算 (29)3.4.1厚度计算 (30)3.4.2压力试验时应力校核 (30)3.4.3压力计算 (31)3.5浮头盖的设计计算 (31)3.5.1球冠形封头厚度计算 (31)3.5.2浮头法兰厚度计算 (33)3.6壳体圆筒计算 (41)3.6.1厚度计算 (41)3.6.2压力试验时应力校核 (42)3.6.3压力及应力计算 (42)3.7管板设计 (43)3.7.1符号说明 (43)3.7.2管板厚度计算 (44)3.7.3换热管的轴向应力校核 (47)3.7.4换热管与管板连接的拉脱力校核 (48)3.8开孔补强 (49)结论 (53)谢辞 (54)参考文献 (55)1 换热器概述换热器是一种实现物料之间热量传递的节能设备，又称热交换器。
热能与动力工程专业英语第四版以下为您提供 20 个关于热能与动力工程专业的英语释义、短语、单词、用法及双语例句：1. **Thermal Energy and Power Engineering**：热能与动力工程- 释义：This term refers to the field that studies and applies technologies related to thermal energy conversion and power generation.- 例句：I'm majoring in Thermal Energy and Power Engineering at the university.（我在大学主修热能与动力工程。
）2. **Heat Transfer**：热传递- 释义：The process by which heat is transferred from one place to another.- 例句：Heat transfer is an important concept in thermal engineering. （热传递是热能工程中的一个重要概念。
）3. **Thermal Efficiency**：热效率- 释义：The ratio of the useful heat output to the total heat input in a thermal system.- 例句：Improving thermal efficiency is a key goal in power generation. （提高热效率是发电的关键目标。
）4. **Power Generation**：发电- 释义：The process of producing electrical power.- 例句：Different methods of power generation have their own advantages and disadvantages. （不同的发电方法各有优缺点。
专利名称：THERMAL TRANSFER TWO-COLORRECORDING METHOD发明人：SATO HIROSHI,TANAKAKAZUSANE,KUSHIDA NAOKI,KATAYAMAMASATO申请号：JP26040384申请日：19841210公开号：JPS6224278B2公开日：19870527专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To record in two color tones A and B, by a method wherein a two-layer thermal transfer material comprising a heat-fusible first ink layer with a tone A and a heat-fusible second ink layer with a tone B is used, and the timing if releasing the transfer material and a recording material from each other is changed. CONSTITUTION:A member 9 is moved in conjunction with a thermal head 6 with a spacing l maintained therebeween, and is moved forward and backward as required. When the member 9 is retracted, the thermal transfer material 5 is released from the recording material 7 immediately after the passage of the head 6, and only parts 3a of the second ink layer 3 (tone B) are transferred. When the member 9 is projected forward, the materials 5, 7 are maintained in close contact with each other even after the passage of the head 6, so that the period of time from the moment thermal energy is impressed on the material 5 to the moment the material 5 is released is prolonged, and the first ink layer 2 and the second ink layer 3 are transferred together, whereby records 2a with the tone A is obtained on the recording material 7.申请人：CANON KK更多信息请下载全文后查看。
专利名称：LASER THERMAL TRANSFER RECORDER 发明人：IINO RYOICHI申请号：JP7618490申请日：19900326公开号：JPH03275361A公开日：19911206专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To prevent the occurrence of scumming and density irregularities in a high-speed transfer recording to obtain a high-resolution, high-quality transfer image by a method wherein a preheating means consists of a heating body and a heat accumulating body. CONSTITUTION:A heating body 26d is previously heated based on the action of a temperature control circuit to heat a belt 26a. The belt 26a consisting of a heat accumulation material or containing a heat accumulation material stops its temperature increase when reaching a predetermined temperature and initiates a heat accumulation. When the belt 26a completes the accumulation of a predetermined heating value, it again initiates a temperature increase. A temperature is so controlled that the belt 26a can be heated by the heating body 26d until the temperature increase is again initiated after completion of the heat accumulation. Therefore, a payed-out ink ribbon R and receiving paper P are fed along with the belt 26a while being heated by the heating body 26d.申请人：TOPPAN PRINTING CO LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。
专利名称：LASER THERMAL TRANSFER RECORDER 发明人：IINO RYOICHI申请号：JP8542590申请日：19900330公开号：JPH03281358A公开日：19911212专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To enhance a speed, prevent the occurrence of scumming and density irregularities, and obtain a high-resolution and quality transfer image by a method wherein an image-forming optical system is provided with a beam splitter for dividing a luminous flux into two parts and first and second optical emitting system which respectively emit the luminous flux from a transfer paper side and a recording paper side. CONSTITUTION:When a transfer is conducted, an ink layer Rb of transfer paper R is overlapped with recording paper P, and this is fed between a feed mechanism 28 and a platen roll 30. The transfer paper R and the recording paper P are fed respectively while being pressed by the feed mechanism 28 and the platen roll 30. A part of a laser flux L emitted from a light source 10 is reflected at a half mirror 16, the other part is transmitted through the mirror. The luminous flux L1 transmitted through the half mirror 16 is condensed on the interface of a base layer Ra and the ink layer Rb of the transfer paper R through a condensing lens 18. The luminous flux L2 reflected at the half mirror 16 transmits through the platen roll 30 via a condensing lens 26 to reach the recording paper P. When the recording paper P is a light- transmittable film, the flux L2 is condensed on the interface of the ink layer Rb of the transfer paper R and the recording paper P.申请人：TOPPAN PRINTING CO LTD 更多信息请下载全文后查看。
专利名称：Method of forming a decorative thermal-transfer film on a flexible backing strip发明人：Ferro, Mario申请号：EP02012571.2申请日：20020605公开号：EP1264704A1公开日：20021211专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A method of forming on a flexible backing strip (1) a decorative thermal-transfer film (7) containing graphics (4) defined by images and/or texts and by aprogressive identification code (5) (bar code, alphanumeric code, etc.) assigned to eachgraphic; the method providing for applying on the backing strip (1) a first polymer film (3), on which the graphics (4) are screen printed, and the respective progressive identification codes (5) are thermographically printed; and a second polymer film (6) is then applied on the first film (3), so that the graphics (4) and associated identification codes (5) are interposed and packed between the two polymer films (3, 6) to form the decorative film (7). The polymer films (3, 6) are made of polymer materials compatible with both the screen printing and thermographic printing inks and/or pigments used.申请人：VENETA DECALCOGOMME S.R.L地址：Via Albettoniera, 44 35030 Bastia di Rovolon (PADOVA) IT国籍：IT代理机构：Cerbaro, Elena, Dr.更多信息请下载全文后查看。
