Fate of Vector Dominance in the Effective Field Theory

Ecology 生态学individuals 个体population 种群communities 群落ecosystems 生态系统behavioral ecology 行为生态学physiological ecology 生理生态学evolutionary ecology 进化生态学molecular ecology 分子生态学fitness 适合度natural selection 自然选择adaptation 适应genotype 基因型phenotype 表型phenotypic plasticity 表型可塑性offspring 后代genes 基因nongenetic factors 非遗传因素not inherited 不遗传conditions 条件resources 资源environmental variation 环境变异internal regulation 内调节homeostasis 稳态negative feedback 负反馈tolerance 耐受性temperature 温度not depletable 不能耗掉solar radiation 太阳辐射decouple 退耦niche 生态位habitat 栖息地multidimensional niche space多维生态位空间Fundamental niche基础生态位Realized niche 实际生态位Prey 猎物Foraging 觅食Dimension 轴或维Global wind pattern 地球的风型The circulation of oceans 洋流Rain 降雨Havoc['hævək]灾害Hurricane 飓风Latitude 纬度Irradiance[i'reidiəns,-si]辐射度Summer solstice 夏至Winter solstice 冬至Adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却Scale 尺度Coriolis effect 科里奥利效应Intertropical convergence zone热带辐合带Jet streams 急流Albedo 反照率Gulf stream 墨西哥湾流Lee of a continent 背风面Upwelling 上涌流Adiabatic lapse rate 绝热温度递减率Inversion 逆温Heat of condensation 凝结热Heat 热Temperature profiles温度剖面Relative humidity 相对湿度Saturated water 饱和水water vapor 水蒸汽microclimate 微气候thermal['θə:məl]conductivity 热传导chemical properties of water 水的化学特性penetration of light through water光线穿透水Energy transfer and water phases能量转化和水相Deplete 耗竭Ions 离子Electropositive 正电性的Electronegative 负电性的Beer’s law 比尔定律Heat capacity 热容量Maximum density 最大密度Latent heat of vaporization增发潜热Heat of fusion 溶解热Sublimation 升华Soil water 土壤水Field capacity 田间持水量The uptake of water by roots根对水的吸收Aquatic plants 水生植物Water availability 水的可利用性Plant productivity 植物生产力Permanent wilting point 永久萎焉点Potential evapotranspiration rate潜在蒸发蒸腾速率Capillary pores 毛细管孔隙Resource depletion zone 资源枯竭区Halophytes 盐生植物Water balance in fish 鱼类的水平衡Amphibians 两栖类Water conservation by terrestrial animals 陆生动物的水保持Mammalian 哺乳动物Kidneys 肾脏Bladder 膀胱Beavers 河狸Osmoregulation 渗透调节Countercurrent exchange 逆流调节Hypertonic 高渗的Homeotherms 恒温动物Poikilotherms 变温动物Ectotherms 外温动物Endotherms 内温动物Temperature thresholds 温度阀Mechanisms 机理Enzyme 酶The thermoneutral zone 热中性区Dehydration 脱水Rates of development and growth发育和生长速度Acclimation and acclimatization 驯化和气候驯化Developmental threshold Temperature 发育温度阀Physiological time 生理时间Vernalization 春化Species distribution 物种分布Evolved response 进化反应Mean temperature 平均温度Isotherm 等温线Radiant energy 辐射能Photosynthesis 光合作用Efficiency of radiant energy conversion 辐射能的转换效率Changes in the intensity of radiation 辐射强度的变化Strategic and tactical response of plants to radiation 植物对辐射的战略和战术响应Compensation point 补偿点Photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）光和活性辐射Efficiency of Photosynthesis 光合作用效率Photosynthetic capacity 光合能力Diurnal and annual rhythms of solar radiation 太阳辐射日节律和年节律Resource depletion zone 资源耗竭带Strategic difference 战略差异Tactical response 战术响应Transpiration 蒸腾Net assimilation 净同化量Nutrient sources 营养物资源Nutrient budgets 营养预算Terrestrial communities 陆地群落Aquatic communities 水生群落Geochemistry 地球化学Global biogeochemical cycles 全球生物地球循环Mechanical weathering 机械风化Chemical weathering 化学腐蚀Wetfall 湿降落Dryfall 干降落Rainout component 雨水冲失成分Washout component 水冲失成分Streamflow 溪流Denitrification 脱氮Endorheic内陆湖泊Biogeochemistry 生物地球化学Hydrosphere carbon 水圈的碳Weathering 风化作用Nitrogen cycle 氮循环Phosphorus 氮Sediment 沉积型Lithospheric 岩石圈Sulfur 硫The fate of matter in the community群落中物质的命运Producers 生产者Consumers 消费者Decomposers 分解者Autotrophs 自养生物Grazing mammals 草食哺乳动物Phytoplankton 浮游植物Zooplankton 浮游动物Bacteria 细菌Fungi 真菌Nonliving 无生命Food chains 食物链Primary and secondary production 初级和次级生产力Net Primary production 净初级生产力Aphotic zone 无光区Photic zone 透光区Primary consumers 初级消费者Secondary consumer 次级消费者Soil formation 土壤形成The soil profile 土壤剖面Primary classification：the great soil groups 主要分类：大土壤群Higher vegetation 高等植物Dynamic mixture 动态混合物Organic matter 有机质Cells 细胞Pedology 土壤学Subsoil 亚土壤Mineral soil 矿物质土壤Parent material 母质Soil series 土系Soil surveyor 土壤勘测员Succession 演替Ecosystem patterns 生态系统格局Soil horizons 土层Humic acids 腐植酸Great soil groups 土壤群Population size 种群大小Age and stage structure 年龄和时期结构Zygote 受精卵Unitary organism 单体生物Modular organism 构件生物Ramets 无性系分株Clone 无性系Genet 基株Evolutionary individuals 进化个体Immediate ecological impact 直接生态作用Stable age distribution 稳定年龄分布Age pyramid 年龄金字塔Stationary age distribution 固定的年龄分布Stage structure 时期结构Sizes classes 个体大小群Natality 出生率Mortality 死亡率Survivorship 存活率Life tables 生命表K-factor analysis k-因子分析The fecundity schedule 生殖力表Population growth 种群增长Density-independent Population growth 非密度制约性种群增长Density-dependent growth-the logistic equation 密度制约性种群增长：逻辑斯缔方程Life expectancy 生命期望Survivorship curve 存活曲线Cohort 同生群Age-specific survival rate 特定年龄存活率Key factors 关键因子Killing factor 致死因子Basic reproduction rate 基础繁殖率Carrying capacity 环境容纳量Estimating density 估计密度Mark release recapture 标记重捕法H3Density dependence密度制约Equilibrium population density 平衡种群密度Relative density相对密度Allee effect阿利效应Exactly compensating准确补偿Undercompensating补偿不足Overcompensating过度补偿H4Population fluctuations 种群波动Chaos 混沌Expanding and contracting populations 增长种群和收缩种群Stable limit cycle 稳定极限环I1Competition 竞争Predation 捕食Parasitism 寄生Mutualism互利共生Intraspecific competition种内竞争Interspecific competition种间竞争Exploitation competition利用性竞争Interference competition干扰性竞争Cannibalism 自相残杀Altruism 利他主义Commensualism 偏利共生Amensualism偏害共生I2Dispersal扩散Territoriality领域性Niche shift生态位转移Allelopathy异株克生Competive asymmetry 竞争不对称Scramble competition争夺竞争Contest competition格斗竞争Zero net growth isocline零增长等斜线Self-thinning自疏Inbreeding近亲繁殖Reproductive value繁殖价值Leks 求偶场I3Competitive exclusion 竞争排斥Limiting similarity 极限相似性Competitive release 极限释放Character displacement 性状替换Apparent competition 表观竞争Enemy-free space 无敌空间Highly heterogeneous 高度异质性Gaps 断层Probability refuge 隐蔽机率J1Herbivores 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Omnivores 杂食动物Chemical defences 化学防御Behavioral strategies 行为对策Specialists 特化种Generalist 泛化种Monophagous单食者Oligophagous寡食者Polyphagous 多食者Parasites 寄生者J2Predator switching 捕食者转换Profitability of prey 猎物收益率Plant defence 植物防御The ideal free distribution 理想自由分布Functional response 功能反应Superpredation 超捕食K1Parasites 寄生物Modes of transmission 传播方式Social parasites 社会性寄生物Helminth worms 寄生蠕虫Insects 昆虫Necrotrophs 食尸动物Parasitoids 拟寄生物The cellular immune response 细胞免疫反应Vectors 媒介Optimal habitat use 最佳生境利用Brood parasitism 窝寄生Evolutionary constraint 进化约束K2Immunity 免疫Cevolution协同进化Gene for gene 基因对基因Mimics 模仿Herd immunity 群体免疫Antigenic stability 抗原稳定L1Pollination 传粉Symbiotic 共生性Obligate 专性Lichens 地衣Outcrossing 异型杂交Mitochondria 线粒体Chloroplasts 叶绿体M1Reproductive values 生殖价Hypothetical organism 假定生物Migration 迁移Senescence衰老Diapause 滞育Dormancy 休眠Longevity 寿命Enormous variation 巨大变异Energy allocation 能量分配Semelparity 单次生殖Iteroparity 多次生殖Carrying capacity 容纳量Current/future reproduction当前/未来繁殖Habitat disturbance 环境干扰The current/future reproductive output 当前/未来繁殖输出A high/low cost of reproduction 高/低繁殖付出Seed bank 种子库Torper蛰伏Hibernation 冬眠Cryptobiosis 隐生现象Aestivation 夏眠Migration 迁徙Morphological forms 形态学性状Generations世代Mechanistic level 机制水平N1Cooperation 合作Grouping-benefits 集群-好处Altruism 利他行为Group defens e 群防御Inclusive fitness 广义适合度Eusociality 真社会性Hymenoptera 膜翅目Haplodiploid 单倍二倍体Venomous sting毒刺N2Sex 性The costs of inbreeding 近交的代价Self-fertilization 自体受精Sexual versus asexual reproduction 有性和无性生殖Sex ratio 交配体制Monogyny 单配制Polygyny 一雄多雌制Polyandry 一雌多雄制Inbreeding depression 近交衰退Hermaphrodite 雌雄同体Recombine 重组Rare type advantage 稀少型有利Equal investment 相等投入Local mate competition局域交配竞争Epigamic 诱惑性Intrasexual selection 性内选择Intersexual selection 性间选择O1Alleles 等位基因Polymorphism 多型Genetic drift 遗传漂变Genetic bottleneck 遗传瓶颈Rare species 稀有物种Extinction 灭绝Chromosome染色体Genotype 遗传型Phenotype 表现型Gene pool 基因库Gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳O2Gene flow 基因流Differentiation 分化Sibling species 姊妹种Genetic revolution 遗传演变Peripheral isolates 边缘隔离PTransfer efficiencies 转换效率（net）primary productivity (净)初级生产力Respiratory heat 呼吸热Grazer system 牧食者系统Food chains 食物链Pathways of nutrient flow营养物流Food webs 食物网QCommunity structure 群落结构Community boundaries 群落边界Guilds同资源种团Community organization 群落组织Species diversity 物种多样性Energy flow 能量流Superorganism 超有机体Species-poor/rich 物种贫乏/丰富Biomass stability 生物量稳定性Tundra 冻原Island biogeography 岛屿生物地理学Turnover rate 周转率Source of colonists 移植者源Relaxation松弛Edgespecies 边缘物种Interior species 内部物种Corridor 走廊Greenways 绿色通道Community assembly群落集合Grazers 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Keystone species 关键物种Dominance control 优势控制Habitat affinity生境亲和力Prey switching 猎物转换RSuccession 演替Climax Community 顶级群落Pioneer species 先锋物种Primary succession 原生演替Alluvial deposit 冲积层Secondary succession 次生演替Acidifying effect 酸化作用Opportunistic机会主义Cellulose 植物纤维素Lignin 木质素Resource ratio hypothesis 资源比假说Fluctuations 波动Cyclic succession 循环演替Disturbance 干扰Patch dynamics板块动态Mini-succession 微型演替Cambium 形成层Neotropical forest 新热带雨林Priority effect 优先效应SVegetation 植被Ecotones 群落交错区Climate map 气候图Biomes 生物群系Heat budget 热量预算Zonation 分带Grassland 草地Primary regions 基本区域Desertification 荒漠化Arctic tundra 北极冻原Alpine tundra 高山冻原Permafrost 永冻层Coniferous boreal forest北方针叶林Temperature forest 温带森林Tropical forest 热带森林Salinization 盐渍化Primary saltwater regions 基本盐水区域Opens oceans 开阔海洋Continental shelves 大陆架The intertidal zone 潮间带Salt marsh 盐沼Mudflats淤泥滩Mangroves 红树林Pelagic 浮游生物Photic zone 有光带Phyto plankton 浮游植物Nekton 自泳动物Benthic 底栖Rocky shore 岩岸Zonation 分带Streams 溪流Ponds 池塘Environmental concerns 环境关系Catchment area 集水区Temperature inversion 温度逆转Biomanipulation 生物处理TThe goals of harvesting 收获目标Quota limitation 配额限制Environmental fluctuation环境波动Maximum possible yiel最大可能产量Net recruitment 净补充量Surplus yield 过剩产量Age structure 年龄结构Population data 种群数据Stable equilibrium 稳定平衡Harvesting effort 收获努力Gun licences 猎枪执照Rod licences钓鱼许可证Upwelling of cold water冷水上升流Fisheries 渔业Ocean productivity 大洋生产力The tragedy of the common公共灾难Overexploitation 过捕Pollution 污染Global decline 全球性下降By-catch 附带收获Community perturbations 群落扰动Oil spills 原油泄漏Eutrophication 富营养化Algal blooms 水华Red tides 赤潮Biomagnification 生物放大作用UPest 有害生物Natural enemies 天敌Ruderal 杂草型Economic/aesthetic injury level 经济/美学损害水平Cultural 栽培Biological control 生物防治‘Silent spring’寂静的春天Chemical toxicity 化学毒性Evolution of resistance抗性进化Microbial insecticide微生物杀虫剂Inoculation接种Augmentation扩大Inundation 爆发VRare species 稀有种Genetic diversity 遗传多样性Extinction 灭绝Endemic species 特有种Habitat fragmentation 生境片段化Insularization 岛屿化Biodiversity 生物多样性Strategies for conservation保育对策Antarctic treaty 南极协议Ecotourism生态旅游WAir pollution空气污染Acid rain 酸雨Water pollutants 水体污染物Soil pollution 土壤污染Acid deposition 酸降Pathogens病源体Chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量Anaerobes 厌氧菌The greenhouse effect 温室效应Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Ozone 臭氧Photochemical smog 光化学烟雾XOverview 概述Soil erosion 土壤侵蚀Soil compaction 土壤硬结Contour ploughing等高耕作Cover crops 覆盖作物No-till farming 免耕农业。

K-对策者 K-strategistisn维超体积资源空间 n-dimensional hyper-volume n维生态位 n-dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律 Law of Frequencyr-对策者 r-strategistis奥陶纪 Ordovician period白垩土草地 chalk grassland斑块 patch斑块性 patchiness斑块性种群 patchy population半荒漠 semi-desert半矩阵或星系图 constellation diagrams伴生种 companion species饱和密度 saturation density饱和期 asymptotic phase保护哲学 conservation philosophy北方针叶林 northern conifer forest被动取样假说 passive sampling hypothesis本能 instinct本能行为 instinctive behavior避敌 avoiding predator边缘效应 edge effect变异性 variability标志重捕法 mark recapture methods标准频度图解 frequency diagram表现型适应 phenotypic adaptation并行的 simultaneous并行同源 paralogy捕食 predation不重叠的 non-overlapping残存斑块 remnant patch残余廊道 remnant corridor操作性条件作用 operant conditioning草原生态系统 grassland system层次性结构 hierachical structure产卵和取食促进剂 oviposition and feeding stimulant 产业生态学 industry ecology长日照植物 long day plant超体积生态位 hyper—volume niche成本外摊 externalized cost程序化死亡 programmed cell death尺度效应 scaling effect抽彩式竞争 competive lottery臭氧层破坏 ozone layer destruction出生率 natality或birth rate初级生产 primary production初级生产力 primary productivity初级生产者 primary producer传感器 sensor串行的 serial垂直结构 vertical structure春化 vernalization次级生产 secondary production次级生产力 secondary productivity次生演替 secondary successon粗密度 crude density存活曲线 survival curve存活值 survival value存在度 presence搭载效应 hitchhiking effect大陆—岛屿型复合种群 mainland-island metapopulation 带状廊道 strip corridor单联 single linkage单体生物 unitary organism单位努力捕获量 catch per unit effort单元的 monothetic淡水生态系统 fresh water ecosystem氮循环 nitrogen cycling等级(系统)理论 hierarchy theory等级的 hierarchical底内动物 infauna底栖动物 benthos地表火 surface fire地带性生物群落 biome地理信息系统 geographic information system 地面芽植物 hemicryptophytes地上芽植物 chamaephytes地植物学 geobotany第三纪 Tetiary period第四纪 Quaternary period点突变 genic mutation或point mutation电荷耦合器 charge coupled device, CCD顶极阶段 climax stage顶极群落 climax community顶极种 climax species动态率模型 dynamic pool model动态平衡理论 dynamic equilibrium theory动态生命表 dynamic life table动物痕迹的计数 counts of animal signs动物计数 counts of animals冻原 tundra短日照植物 short day plant断层 gaps多波段光谱扫描仪 multichannel spectrum scanner, MSS多度 abundance多样化 variety多元的 poly thetic厄尔尼诺 El Nino反馈 feedback反射 reflex泛化种 generalist防卫行为 defennce behavior访花昆虫 flower visitor非等级的 non-hierarchical非空间模型 non-spatial model非内稳态生物 non-homeostatic organism非平衡态复合种群 nonequilibrium metapopulation非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群 nonequilibrium habitat-tracking metapopulation非平衡态下降复合种群 nonequilibrium decliningmetapopulation非生态位 non—niche非生物环境 physical environment非线性关系 nonlinear分布 dispersion分解者 decomposer分支过程 branching process分子分类学 molecular taxonomy分子进化的中性理论 the neutral theory of molecular evolution分子生态学 molecular ecology分子系统学 molecular systematics浮游动物 plankton负反馈 negative feedback)负荷量 carrying capacity负相互作用 negative interaction负选择 negative selection附底动物 epifauna复合种群 metapopulation富营养化现象 eutrohication改良 relamation盖度 coverage盖度比 cover ratio干扰 disturbance干扰斑块 disturbance patch干扰廊道 disturbance corridor干扰作用 interference高度 height高斯假说 Coarse's hypothesis高斯理论 Coarse's theory高位芽植物 phanerophytes格林威尔造山运动 Grenville Orogenesis 个体 individual个体论概念 individualistic concept更新 renewal功能生态位 functional niche攻击行为 aggressive behavior构件 modules构件生物 modular organism关键种 keystone species关联系数 association coefficients光饱和点 light saturation point光补偿点 light compensation point光周期 photoperiod过滤器 filter哈德-温伯格原理 Hardy-Weinberg principle 海洋生态系统 Ocean ecosytem寒武纪 Cambrian period旱生植物 siccocolous河流廊道 river corridor恒有度 contancy红树林 mangrove呼吸量 respiration互利 mutualism互利素 synomone互利作用 synomonal化感作用 allelopathy化学防御 chemical defence化学生态学 chemical ecology化学物质 allelochemicals化学隐藏 chemocryptic划分的 divisive环境 environment环境伦理学 environmental ethics环境容纳量 environmental carryin capacity 环境资源斑块 environmental resource patch环境资源廊道 environmental resource corridor 荒漠 desert荒漠化 desertification荒漠生态系统 desert ecosystem黄化现象 eitiolation phenomenon恢复生态学 restoration ecology混沌学 chaos混合型 mixed type活动库 exchange pool获得性行为 acquired behavior机体论学派 organismic school基础生态位 Fundamental niche基质 matrix极点排序法 polar ordination集群型 clumped寄生 parasitism加速期 accelerating phase价值 value价值流 value flow间接排序 indirect ordination间接梯度分析 indirect gradiant analysis减速期 decelerating phase简单聚合法 lumping碱性植物 alkaline soil plant建群种 constructive species接触化学感觉 contact chemoreception解磷菌或溶磷菌 Phosphate-solubiIizing Microorganisms, PSM进化适应 evolutionary adaptation经典型复合种群 classic metapopulation经济密度 economic density景观 landscape景观格局 landscape patten景观过程模型 process based landscape model景观结构 landscape structure景观空间动态模型 spatial dynamic landscape model景观生态学 landscape ecology净初级生产量 net primary production竞争 competition竞争排斥原理 competition exclusion principle静态生命表 static life table局部种群 local population距离效应 distance effect聚合的 agglomerative均匀型 uniform菌根 mycorrhiza抗毒素 phytoalexins可持续发展 sustainable development 空间结构 spatial structure空间模型 spatial model空间生态位 spatial niche空间异质性 spatial heterogeneity库 pool矿产资源 mineral resources廊道 corridor离散性 discrete利己素 allomone利己作用 allomona利他行为 altruism利他作用 kairomonal连续体 continuum联想学习 associative learning猎食行为 hunting behavior林冠火 crown fire磷循环 phosphorus cycling零假说 null hypothesis领悟学习 insight learning领域性 territoriality流 flow绿色核算 green accounting逻辑斯谛方程 logistic equation铆钉假说 Rivet hypothesis密度 density密度比 density ratio密度制约死亡 density－dependent mortality 面积效应 area effect灭绝 extinction铭记 imprinting模拟 hametic模型 modeling牧食食物链 grazing food chain内禀增长率 intrinsic rate of increase内稳态 homeostasis内稳态生物 homeostatic organisms内源性 endogenous内在的 intrinsic耐阴植物 shade－enduring plants能量分配原则 principle of energy allocation能量流动 energy flow能源资源 energy resources能值 emergy泥盆纪 Devonian period拟寄生 parasitoidism逆分析 inverse analysis年龄分布 age distribution年龄结构 age structure年龄性别锥体 age-sex pyramid年龄锥体 age pyramids偶见种 rare species排序 ordination配额 quota配偶选择 mate selection偏害 amensalism偏利 commensalism频度 frequency平衡选择 balancing selection平台 plantform平行进化 parallel evolution栖息地 habitat期望值外推法 extrapolation by expected value气候驯化 acclimatisation器官 organs亲本投资 parental investment亲族选择 kin selection趋光性 phototaxis趋化性 chemotaxis趋同进化 convergent evolution趋性 taxis趋异进化 divergent evolution趋异适应 radiation adaptation取食促进剂 oviposition and feeding stimulant 取样调查法 sampling methods去除取样法 removal sampling全联法 complete linkage全球 global全球变暖 global warnning全球定位系统 global Positioning System全球生态学 global ecology确限度 fidelity群丛 association群丛单位理论 association unit theory群丛组 association group群落 community群落的垂直结构 vertical structure群落生态学 community ecology群落水平格局 horizontal pattern群落外貌 physiognomy群落演替 succession群系 formation群系组 formation group热带旱生林 tropical dry forest热带季雨林 tropical seasonal rainforest热带稀树草原 tropical savanna热带雨林 tropical rainforest热力学第二定律 second law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律 first law of thermodynamics人工斑块 introduced patch人工廊道 introduced corridor人口调查法 cencus technique人口统计学 human demography日中性植物 day neutral plant冗余 redundancy冗余种假说 Redundancy species hypothesis三叠纪 Triassic period森林生态系统 forest ecosystem熵值 entropy value上渐线 upper asymptotic社会性防卫行为 defence behavior社会优势等级 dominance hierarchy摄食行为 feed behavior生活史 life history生活史对策 life history strategy生活小区 biotope生活型 life form生活周期 life cycle生境 habitat生境多样性假说 habitat diversity hypothesis 生理出生率 physiological natality生理死亡率 physiological mortality生命表 life table生态出生率 ecological natality生态对策 bionomic strategy生态反作用 ecological reaction生态幅 ecological amplitude生态工程 ecological engineering生态工业 ecological industry生态规划 ecological planning生态恢复 ecological restoration生态经济 ecological economics生态旅游 ecotourism生态密度 ecological density生态农业 ecological agriculture生态入侵 ecological invasion生态设计 ecological design生态适应 ecological adaptation生态死亡率 ecological mortality生态位 niche生态位宽度 niche breadth生态位相似性比例 niche proportional similarity 生态位重叠 niche overlap生态文明 ecological civilization生态系统 ecosystem生态系统产品 ecosystem goods生态系统多样性 ecosystem diversity生态系统服务 ecosystem service生态系统生态学 ecosystem ecology生态系统学 ecosystemology生态型 ecotype生态学 ecology生态因子 ecological factor生态元 ecological unit生态作用 ecological effect生物 organism生物地球化学循环 biogecochemical cycle 生物多样性 biodiversity生物量 biomass生物潜能 biotic potential生物群落 biotic community，biome生物群落演替 succession生殖潜能 reproductive potential剩余空间 residual space失共生 aposymbiosis湿地 wetland湿地生态系统 wetland ecosystem湿地植物 hygrophyte时间结构 temporal structure实际出生率 realized natality实际死亡率 realized mortality食草动物 herbivores食肉动物 carnivores食物链 food chain食物网 food wed矢量 vector适合度 fitness适应辐射 adaptive radiation适应值 adaptive value适应组合 adaptive suites收获理论 harvest theory收益外泄 externalized profit衰退型种群 contracting population水平格局 horizontal pattern水土流失 soil and water erosion水循环 water cycling瞬时增长率 instantaneous rate死亡率 mortality & death rate松散垂直耦连 loose vertical coupling松散水平耦连 loose horizontal coupling 溯祖过程 coalescent process溯祖理论 coalescent theory酸性土理论 acid soil plant酸雨 acid rain随机型 random碎屑食物链 detritus food chainK-对策者 K-strategistisn维超体积资源空间 n-dimensional hyper-volume n维生态位 n-dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律 Law of Frequencyr-对策者 r-strategistis奥陶纪 Ordovician period白垩土草地 chalk grassland斑块 patch斑块性 patchiness斑块性种群 patchy population半荒漠 semi-desert半矩阵或星系图 constellation diagrams伴生种 companion species饱和密度 saturation density饱和期 asymptotic phase保护哲学 conservation philosophy北方针叶林 northern conifer forest被动取样假说 passive sampling hypothesis本能 instinct本能行为 instinctive behavior避敌 avoiding predator边缘效应 edge effect变异性 variability标志重捕法 mark recapture methods标准频度图解 frequency diagram表现型适应 phenotypic adaptation并行的 simultaneous并行同源 paralogy捕食 predation不重叠的 non-overlapping残存斑块 remnant patch残余廊道 remnant corridor操作性条件作用 operant conditioning草原生态系统 grassland system层次性结构 hierachical structure产卵和取食促进剂 oviposition and feeding stimulant 产业生态学 industry ecology长日照植物 long day plant超体积生态位 hyper—volume niche成本外摊 externalized cost程序化死亡 programmed cell death尺度效应 scaling effect抽彩式竞争 competive lottery臭氧层破坏 ozone layer destruction出生率 natality或birth rate初级生产 primary production初级生产力 primary productivity初级生产者 primary producer传感器 sensor串行的 serial垂直结构 vertical structure春化 vernalization次级生产 secondary production次级生产力 secondary productivity次生演替 secondary successon粗密度 crude density存活曲线 survival curve存活值 survival value存在度 presence搭载效应 hitchhiking effect大陆—岛屿型复合种群 mainland-island metapopulation 带状廊道 strip corridor单联 single linkage单体生物 unitary organism单位努力捕获量 catch per unit effort单元的 monothetic淡水生态系统 fresh water ecosystem氮循环 nitrogen cycling等级(系统)理论 hierarchy theory等级的 hierarchical底内动物 infauna底栖动物 benthos地表火 surface fire地带性生物群落 biome地理信息系统 geographic information system 地面芽植物 hemicryptophytes地上芽植物 chamaephytes地植物学 geobotany第三纪 Tetiary period第四纪 Quaternary period点突变 genic mutation或point mutation电荷耦合器 charge coupled device, CCD顶极阶段 climax stage顶极群落 climax community顶极种 climax species动态率模型 dynamic pool model动态平衡理论 dynamic equilibrium theory动态生命表 dynamic life table动物痕迹的计数 counts of animal signs动物计数 counts of animals冻原 tundra短日照植物 short day plant断层 gaps多波段光谱扫描仪 multichannel spectrum scanner, MSS多度 abundance多样化 variety多元的 poly thetic厄尔尼诺 El Nino反馈 feedback反射 reflex泛化种 generalist防卫行为 defennce behavior访花昆虫 flower visitor非等级的 non-hierarchical非空间模型 non-spatial model非内稳态生物 non-homeostatic organism非平衡态复合种群 nonequilibrium metapopulation非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群 nonequilibrium habitat-trackingmetapopulation非平衡态下降复合种群 nonequilibrium declining metapopulation非生态位 non—niche非生物环境 physical environment非线性关系 nonlinear分布 dispersion分解者 decomposer分支过程 branching process分子分类学 molecular taxonomy分子进化的中性理论 the neutral theory of molecular evolution分子生态学 molecular ecology分子系统学 molecular systematics浮游动物 plankton负反馈 negative feedback)负荷量 carrying capacity负相互作用 negative interaction负选择 negative selection附底动物 epifauna复合种群 metapopulation富营养化现象 eutrohication改良 relamation盖度 coverage盖度比 cover ratio干扰 disturbance干扰斑块 disturbance patch干扰廊道 disturbance corridor干扰作用 interference高度 height高斯假说 Coarse's hypothesis高斯理论 Coarse's theory高位芽植物 phanerophytes格林威尔造山运动 Grenville Orogenesis 个体 individual个体论概念 individualistic concept更新 renewal功能生态位 functional niche攻击行为 aggressive behavior构件 modules构件生物 modular organism关键种 keystone species关联系数 association coefficients光饱和点 light saturation point光补偿点 light compensation point光周期 photoperiod过滤器 filter哈德-温伯格原理 Hardy-Weinberg principle 海洋生态系统 Ocean ecosytem寒武纪 Cambrian period旱生植物 siccocolous河流廊道 river corridor恒有度 contancy红树林 mangrove呼吸量 respiration互利 mutualism互利素 synomone互利作用 synomonal化感作用 allelopathy化学防御 chemical defence化学生态学 chemical ecology化学物质 allelochemicals化学隐藏 chemocryptic划分的 divisive环境 environment环境伦理学 environmental ethics环境容纳量 environmental carryin capacity环境资源斑块 environmental resource patch环境资源廊道 environmental resource corridor 荒漠 desert荒漠化 desertification荒漠生态系统 desert ecosystem黄化现象 eitiolation phenomenon恢复生态学 restoration ecology混沌学 chaos混合型 mixed type活动库 exchange pool获得性行为 acquired behavior机体论学派 organismic school基础生态位 Fundamental niche基质 matrix极点排序法 polar ordination集群型 clumped寄生 parasitism加速期 accelerating phase价值 value价值流 value flow间接排序 indirect ordination间接梯度分析 indirect gradiant analysis减速期 decelerating phase简单聚合法 lumping碱性植物 alkaline soil plant建群种 constructive species接触化学感觉 contact chemoreception解磷菌或溶磷菌 Phosphate-solubiIizing Microorganisms, PSM进化适应 evolutionary adaptation经典型复合种群 classic metapopulation经济密度 economic density景观 landscape景观格局 landscape patten景观过程模型 process based landscape model景观结构 landscape structure景观空间动态模型 spatial dynamic landscape model景观生态学 landscape ecology净初级生产量 net primary production竞争 competition竞争排斥原理 competition exclusion principle静态生命表 static life table局部种群 local population距离效应 distance effect聚合的 agglomerative均匀型 uniform菌根 mycorrhiza抗毒素 phytoalexins可持续发展 sustainable development 空间结构 spatial structure空间模型 spatial model空间生态位 spatial niche空间异质性 spatial heterogeneity库 pool矿产资源 mineral resources廊道 corridor离散性 discrete利己素 allomone利己作用 allomona利他行为 altruism利他作用 kairomonal连续体 continuum联想学习 associative learning猎食行为 hunting behavior林冠火 crown fire磷循环 phosphorus cycling零假说 null hypothesis领悟学习 insight learning领域性 territoriality流 flow绿色核算 green accounting逻辑斯谛方程 logistic equation铆钉假说 Rivet hypothesis密度 density密度比 density ratio密度制约死亡 density－dependent mortality 面积效应 area effect灭绝 extinction铭记 imprinting模拟 hametic模型 modeling牧食食物链 grazing food chain内禀增长率 intrinsic rate of increase内稳态 homeostasis内稳态生物 homeostatic organisms内源性 endogenous内在的 intrinsic耐阴植物 shade－enduring plants能量分配原则 principle of energy allocation 能量流动 energy flow能源资源 energy resources能值 emergy泥盆纪 Devonian period拟寄生 parasitoidism逆分析 inverse analysis年龄分布 age distribution年龄结构 age structure年龄性别锥体 age-sex pyramid年龄锥体 age pyramids偶见种 rare species排序 ordination配额 quota配偶选择 mate selection偏害 amensalism偏利 commensalism频度 frequency平衡选择 balancing selection平台 plantform平行进化 parallel evolution栖息地 habitat期望值外推法 extrapolation by expected value 气候驯化 acclimatisation器官 organs亲本投资 parental investment亲族选择 kin selection趋光性 phototaxis趋化性 chemotaxis趋同进化 convergent evolution趋性 taxis趋异进化 divergent evolution趋异适应 radiation adaptation取食促进剂 oviposition and feeding stimulant 取样调查法 sampling methods去除取样法 removal sampling全联法 complete linkage全球 global全球变暖 global warnning全球定位系统 global Positioning System全球生态学 global ecology确限度 fidelity群丛 association群丛单位理论 association unit theory群丛组 association group群落 community群落的垂直结构 vertical structure群落生态学 community ecology群落水平格局 horizontal pattern群落外貌 physiognomy群落演替 succession群系 formation群系组 formation group热带旱生林 tropical dry forest热带季雨林 tropical seasonal rainforest热带稀树草原 tropical savanna热带雨林 tropical rainforest热力学第二定律 second law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律 first law of thermodynamics人工斑块 introduced patch人工廊道 introduced corridor人口调查法 cencus technique人口统计学 human demography日中性植物 day neutral plant冗余 redundancy冗余种假说 Redundancy species hypothesis 三叠纪 Triassic period森林生态系统 forest ecosystem熵值 entropy value上渐线 upper asymptotic社会性防卫行为 defence behavior社会优势等级 dominance hierarchy摄食行为 feed behavior生活史 life history生活史对策 life history strategy生活小区 biotope生活型 life form生活周期 life cycle生境 habitat生境多样性假说 habitat diversity hypothesis 生理出生率 physiological natality生理死亡率 physiological mortality生命表 life table生态出生率 ecological natality生态对策 bionomic strategy生态反作用 ecological reaction生态幅 ecological amplitude生态工程 ecological engineering生态工业 ecological industry生态规划 ecological planning生态恢复 ecological restoration生态经济 ecological economics生态旅游 ecotourism生态密度 ecological density生态农业 ecological agriculture生态入侵 ecological invasion生态设计 ecological design生态适应 ecological adaptation生态死亡率 ecological mortality生态位 niche生态位宽度 niche breadth生态位相似性比例 niche proportional similarity 生态位重叠 niche overlap生态文明 ecological civilization生态系统 ecosystem生态系统产品 ecosystem goods生态系统多样性 ecosystem diversity生态系统服务 ecosystem service生态系统生态学 ecosystem ecology生态系统学 ecosystemology生态型 ecotype生态学 ecology生态因子 ecological factor生态元 ecological unit生态作用 ecological effect生物 organism生物地球化学循环 biogecochemical cycle 生物多样性 biodiversity生物量 biomass生物潜能 biotic potential生物群落 biotic community，biome生物群落演替 succession生殖潜能 reproductive potential剩余空间 residual space失共生 aposymbiosis湿地 wetland湿地生态系统 wetland ecosystem湿地植物 hygrophyte时间结构 temporal structure实际出生率 realized natality实际死亡率 realized mortality食草动物 herbivores食肉动物 carnivores食物链 food chain食物网 food wed矢量 vector适合度 fitness适应辐射 adaptive radiation适应值 adaptive value适应组合 adaptive suites收获理论 harvest theory收益外泄 externalized profit衰退型种群 contracting population水平格局 horizontal pattern水土流失 soil and water erosion水循环 water cycling瞬时增长率 instantaneous rate死亡率 mortality & death rate松散垂直耦连 loose vertical coupling松散水平耦连 loose horizontal coupling 溯祖过程 coalescent process溯祖理论 coalescent theory酸性土理论 acid soil plant酸雨 acid rain随机型 random碎屑食物链 detritus food chainK-对策者 K-strategistisn维超体积资源空间 n-dimensional hyper-volume n维生态位 n-dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律 Law of Frequencyr-对策者 r-strategistis奥陶纪 Ordovician period白垩土草地 chalk grassland斑块 patch斑块性 patchiness斑块性种群 patchy population半荒漠 semi-desert半矩阵或星系图 constellation diagrams伴生种 companion species饱和密度 saturation density饱和期 asymptotic phase保护哲学 conservation philosophy北方针叶林 northern conifer forest被动取样假说 passive sampling hypothesis本能 instinct本能行为 instinctive behavior 避敌 avoiding predator边缘效应 edge effect。

暗物质引力场的标量叠加原理英文版Dark Matter: The Principle of Scalar Addition in Gravitational FieldsDark matter is a mysterious substance that makes up a significant portion of the universe's mass, yet it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible to telescopes. Despite its elusive nature, one of the ways in which dark matter can be detected is through its gravitational effects on visible matter.In the study of gravitational fields, one important principle is the scalar addition of gravitational forces. This principle states that the total gravitational force acting on an object is the vector sum of the individual gravitational forces exerted by all the masses in the vicinity. In the case of dark matter, its gravitational influence can be detected through the scalar addition of its gravitational force with the forces exerted by visible matter.The scalar addition of gravitational forces allows scientists to map out the distribution of dark matter in the universe. By measuring the gravitational effects on visible matter, researchers can infer the presence of dark matter and estimate its mass and distribution. This principle has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of dark matter and its role in shaping the structure of the cosmos.In conclusion, the principle of scalar addition in gravitational fields is a powerful tool for studying dark matter and its gravitational effects. By applying this principle, scientists can unravel the mysteries of dark matter and gain valuable insights into the composition and dynamics of the universe.暗物质引力场的标量叠加原理暗物质是一种神秘的物质，占据了宇宙质量的相当部分，但它不会发射、吸收或反射光线，使得它对望远镜不可见。

上海市鲁迅中学2021学年第二学期高一英语期中考试考试卷（满分100分，考试时间60分钟）2022.4I.Grammar and vocabulary（25分）Section A(每题1.5分）Directions:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Life Doesn’t Just Happen to UsBeing good at something and having a passion for it are not enough.Success depends mainly on our view of ourselves and of the events in our lives.When twelve-year-old John Wilson walked into his chemistry class on a rainy day in1931,he had no way of knowing that his life was to change completely.The class experiment that day was to show1heating a container of water would bring air bubbling to the surface.Somehow,the container the teacher gave Wilson2(heat)mistakenly held something more volatile(易挥发的)than water.When Wilson heated it,the container exploded,3(leave)Wilson blinded in both eyes.When Wilson returned home from hospital two months later,his parents attempted to find a way to deal with the disaster that4(happen)to their lives.But Wilson did not regard the accident5a disaster.He learned braille(盲文)quickly and continued his education at Worcester College for the Blind.There,he not only did well as a student but also became an6(accomplish)public speaker.Later,he worked in Africa,7many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment.For him,it was one thing to accept his own fate of being blind and quite another to allow something to continue when it8be fixed so easily.Wilson did his best to prevent the preventable9tens of millions in Africa and Asia could recover their sight.Wilson received several international awards for his great contributions.He lost his sight but found a vision.He proved that it’s not what happens to us10determines our lives—it’s what we make of what happens.Section B(每题1分）Directions:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that thereSports Icons(偶像)Who Lead a ChangeChina’s sports industry has entered a new era when the superstars themselves become the absolute focus of public pared with the gold medals and____11__the Chinese team has received,sports stars play the role of___12__people and improving the status of their sports in China.The following is an overview of those stars who once were,currently are or in the future will become milestones to change China’s sports demographics(统计数据).Yao Ming:China’s Ambassador(大使)Standing at2.29meters,Yao Ming used basketball to become one of the mainstream____13___ambassadors in modern China.He first played for his hometown Shanghai Sharks team in the CBA where he became a CBA champion ad Finals MVP in2002.Soon afterwards,Yao was chosen by the Houston Rockets as the top overall pick in2002.Over an eight-year span with the Rockets,Yao became an eight-time NBA All-Star.Besides his____14___in the CBA and the NBA,Yao was also a big reason for China’s continued dominance in the Asia basketball scene and their constant presence at world-level competitions.To this day,Yao remains one of China’s most____15___sports and cultural icons.Liu Xiang:A Great BreakthroughChina’s world champion hurdler,Liu Xiang____16__the nation’s long-sleeping interest in track and field events after he became the first man to ever win a men’s track and field event for China.Before Liu won a gold medal in the men’s 110m hurdle race at the Athens2004Olympic Games and set a world record two years later,Chinese people had never shown such a strong interest in track and field events.Liu has become a significant player in China’s track and field events and the craze that has followed him is____17___to Yao Ming’s influence on China’s basketball.Both athletes prove how powerful a super sports star can be on____18____the development of a sport in China.Li Na:New Image of China’s TennisBeing the first Asian to win the singles title of a Grand Slam tournament,Li Na opened the door to tennis in China and even Asia.Her victory at the French Open2011was like a fairy tale and she has since been____19___as a national sports hero equal to Yao Ming and Liu Xiang.A record-breaking116million viewers from China tuned in to watch Li become the French Open champion,marking the start of a women’s tennis boom in a country_____20____left out of the tennis conversation.III.Reading Comprehension(58分）Section A(每题2分）Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Filling ineach blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Today’s youth seem content to take the easy route and enjoy the ride of life.When(21)______situations arise,they often pull a long face and(22)_______.How you live your teen years will have a profound influence on the rest of your life. You must learn to use your(23)_______wisely.You may not see it now,(24)_______developing leadership characteristics at a young age is very important.(25)_______we get older,it becomes harder to overcome bad habits and replace them with good ones.Possessing leadership qualities is essential,both in this life and in the world to come.There are certain qualities that one needs to develop in order to become a leader:justice,judgment,dependability,initiative,decisiveness,tact,integrity,enthusiasm, poise,unselfishness,courage,knowledge and loyalty.You may recognize these as good qualities to have,without realizing how they apply to leadership.The more these qualities are part of your nature,the more(26)_______and enjoyable your life will be.All of these are qualities that one must possess to one degree or another.(27)_______popular opinion,leadership is something that is learned.No one is born a leader.We are all capable of(28)_______the leadership qualities mentioned above—some just choose not to.Of course,not everyone can be the “top dog”,(29)_______all the time.However,everyone does have the capacity to lead in some way—but(30)_______is required!Understand that learning is a fact of life—learning to ride a bike,learning to drive,learning to type,learning mathematics,etc.All of these activities(31)_______action.While we are born with many different abilities,if we do not (32)_______and develop them,those abilities will never come to fruition.Youth is an excellent time to start developing leadership characteristics.(33)_______the time to study each one in detail.Put them into practice as you interact with other people.Determine which areas you are weak in,striving to always improve.Observe the leaders,and how they handle situations and carry themselves.Also,study the lives of great leaders. The results will(34)_______you in this life—and(35)_______!fortable B.enjoyable C.tough D.convenientplain ugh C.shout D.regret23.A.intelligence B.challenge C.degree D.time24.A.for B.while C.but D.since25.A.Before B.After C.Though D.As26.A.efficient B.effective C.productive D.sufficient27.A.In spite of B.Contrary to C.As for D.Regardless of28.A.demanding B.carrying C.expecting D.exhibiting29.A.let alone B.depend on C.start off D.get together30.A.action B.perseverance C.intelligence D.patience31.A.cause B.require C.profit D.set32A.increase B.export C.recall D.exploit33.A.Spend B.Pay C.Take D.Consume34A.charge B.encourage C.serve D.entitle35A.out B.off C.away D.beyondSection B（每题2分）Directions:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)To take the apple as forbidden fruit is the most unlikely story the Christians(基督徒)have ever cooked up.For them, the forbidden fruit from Eden is evil.So when Columbus brought the tomato back from South America,a land mistakenly considered to be Eden,everyone jumped to the obvious conclusion.Wrongly taken as the apple of Eden,the tomato was shut out of the door of Europeans.What made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake,a plant that was thought to have come from Hell.What earned the plant its awful reputation was its roots which looked like a dried-up human body occupied by evil spirits.Though the tomato and the mandrake were quite different except that both had bright red or yellow fruit,the general population considered them one and the same,too terrible to touch.Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato,and until the early1700s most of the Western people continued to drag their feet.In the1880s,the daughter of a well-known plant expert wrote that the most interesting part of an afternoon tea at her father’s house had been the“introduction of this wonderful new fruit—or is it a vegetable?”As late as the twentieth century some writers still classed tomatoes with mandrakes as an“evil fruit”.But in the end tomatoes carried the day.The hero of the tomato was an American named Robert Johnson,and when he was publicly going to eat the tomato in1820,people journeyed for hundreds of miles to watch him drop dead.“What are you afraid of?”he shouted.“I’ll show you fools that these things are good to eat!”Then he bit into the tomato.Some people fainted.But he survived and,according to a local story set up a tomato-canning factory.36.The tomato was shut out of the door of early Europeans mainly because__________.A.it made Christians evilB.it was the apple of EdenC.it came from a forbidden landD.it was religiously unacceptable37.What is the main reason for Robert Johnson to eat the tomato publicly?A.To make himself a hero.B.To remove people’s fear of the tomato.C.To speed up the popularity of the tomato.D.To persuade people to buy products from his factory.38.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To challenge people’s fixed concepts of the tomato.B.To give an explanation to people’s dislike of the tomato.C.To present the change of people’s attitudes to the tomato.D.To show the process of freeing the tomato from religious influence.(B)What’s better than a video game that your kids can play over and over again?A membership to one of the many exciting places in Seattle that your kids visit over and over again(for a year at least).Click to join us and read on for our top picks.Woodland Park ZooThe Park Zoo was the most highly sought after membership by families in the Seattle area,and for good reason:there’s something for everyone!In addition to the hundreds of animals found throughout the92acres,there are plenty of outdoor spaces to run around(including playgrounds).Tel:206-5428-2500Online:Annual Membership:$69/Flexible Guest Adult;$49/Named Adult;$19/Child;Under2FreePoint Defiance ZooPoint Defiance Zoo is the only combined zoo and aquarium in the Pacific Northwest spread out over29acres.Your kids will enjoy getting up close and personal to the live sharks,riding a camel and exploring the interactive Kids’Zone. Tel:253-591-5337Online:Annual Membership:$124/Household;$105/Two adults;$24/ChildSeattle AquariumThe Aquarium is particularly great for any budding environmentalists in your family who want to learn more about conservation efforts that affect the waters in the Pacific Northwest.Tel:206-386-4300Online:Annual Membership:$189/Family Plus(2adults,5children,1guest);$149/Family(2adults,5children)Museum of FlightThe Museum is the perfect indoor place to free your kids to dream big about the wide world.With all sorts of planes that you can see,touch and climb inside,this museum fulfills your flight dream.Tel:206-764-5700Online:Annual Membership:$100/Family;$75/Two Adults39.What do these places have in common?A.They are all in Seattle.B.Kids can see animals there.C.They all have outdoor activities.D.Members can get free admission.40.Which place is favored by aircraft lovers?A.Woodland Park Zoo.B.Point Defiance Zoo.C.Seattle Aquarium.D.Museum of Flight.41.How much does it cost for a family to visit Point Defiance Zoo?A.$117.B.$124.C.$129.D.$148.(C)In recent years,3D printers have mostly been used to create small,specialized items.This includes parts for automobiles,airplanes and medical devices.Many consumer products can also be3D printed as well,from clothes to foods. Now,an increasing number of startup(新创办的)companies are using3D printing to build entire homes.Since the technology is still developing,not many have yet been built.However,the top companies plan to greatly increase production in the coming years.The startup company Icon,based in Austin,Texas,made news in2018by completing the first permitted3D printed home in the U.S.At the time,it said the home had been built in just a day.Since then,the company says it has been developing new technologies in robotics,software and manufacturing materials.It designed its own3D printer and said the robot-powered machine could create structures up to185square meters.The printing process uses a cement-based mixture that Icon says is stronger and saves more money than traditional building materials.To date,Icon has completed243D printed homes in the U.S.and Mexico.Among them was a community of3D printed homes in a poor neighborhood in Mexico.The company has also completed a series of structures for homeless people in Austin.And it says it plans to open America's first housing development of3D printed homes this summer.A New York company,SQ4D,also uses3D printing technology to build homes.In February,the company showed off a130-square-meter model home to demonstrate(证明)its printer's abilities.SQ4D plans to sell its homes starting at $299,000.The company has even started listing the homes on the Internet selling site Zillow.Kirk Andersen is SQ4D's director of operations.He told Reuters the3D printer will permit buyers to easily create their own home design,room by room.While3D printing as a home building method is just getting started,Andersen said others in the construction industry need to get prepared for big changes.“This is the beginning.This is just scratching the surface,”he said.42.What can we learn about3D printing technology from Paragraph1?A.It needs to be perfected.B.It enjoys the highest status.C.It is being used for building homes.D.It helps produce some large and unique items.43.What feature do3D printed homes have when compared with traditional building methods?A.They're more comfortable.B.They're more environment-friendly.C.They're more complex.D.They're less expensive.44.What is Andersen's attitude to the future of3D printing as a home building way?A.Concerned.B.Favorable.C.Doubtful.D.Indifferent.45.What is the main idea of the text?A.The development of smart homes.B.The importance of3D printers.C.3D printing in building homes.D.Construction industry's future.Section C（每题2分）Directions:Read the passage carefully.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.It is true that the settlers'journey was extremely difficult.B.Many parents also had to carry their small childrenC.Many of them lost their home.D.They hoped they could make more money.E.There were also a lot of accidents.F.So they left and went to find farmland in the west.In the19th century,millions of Europeans went to the USA because they wanted to find a better life.Many of them couldn't find work in cities like New York.(46)_______The people,called settlers,traveled west through the mountains on the Oregon Trait.Some of these people hoped to find gold in California.The journey sometimes took more than one year.There are a lot of films,called Westerners,about the settlers on the trail.In most of the film,we see the Native Americans(American Indians)attacking the settlers,and the“Indians"killing many white people.But the truth is that the Native Americans were not the biggest problem for the settlers.In fact,most of them were very helpful to the settlers.(47).Many of them walked3,200kilometers,the whole length of the trail.They had wagons,but the wagons were often too full,so people could not travel in them.(48)___________The people were very poor and many did not even have shoes--they walked the whole trail barefoot,in extremely,cold temperature.More than50,000people,including many women and children,died on the trail.A lot of people died of illnesses like cholera,because the drinking water wasn't clean.(49)_________Many people died under the wheels of wagons,or from accidental gunshots.IV.Translation（17分）Directions:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets.Translation：4+4+4+550.使他感到欣慰的是考试延期了。

关于命运英语作文Title: The Enigma of Fate。

Fate, an enigmatic force that has intrigued and bewildered humanity since time immemorial. It embodies the notion that our lives are predetermined, guided by an unseen hand towards an inevitable destiny. Yet, within the tapestry of fate, lies a paradoxical interplay between predestination and free will, sparking profound philosophical debates and existential contemplation.At its core, fate is often perceived as a predetermined path set in motion by cosmic forces beyond our comprehension. It is the belief that events unfold according to a preordained script, where every twist and turn is orchestrated by an omnipotent force. This deterministic view of fate provides solace to some,offering reassurance in the face of life's uncertainties.It suggests that regardless of the challenges we encounter, our ultimate destiny remains unchanged.However, fate's dominance over our lives is not without contention. Skeptics argue that human agency, the power of free will, defies the constraints of fate. They posit that our choices, actions, and decisions shape the course of our lives, steering us away from predetermined outcomes. Inthis view, fate is not a fixed path but rather a fluid concept influenced by the complexities of human existence.The intersection of fate and free will raises profound questions about the nature of existence and the extent of our control over our destinies. Are we merely pawns in a cosmic game, subject to the whims of an indifferent universe? Or do we possess the autonomy to defy fate and carve our own paths?Literature and mythology abound with tales that grapple with the complexities of fate. From the tragic hero doomed by prophecy to the ordinary individual thrust into extraordinary circumstances, these narratives explore the tension between fate and free will. In Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex," the titular character's relentless pursuit of truthleads him to uncover a prophecy that foretells his tragic fate, setting in motion a series of events beyond his control. Similarly, in Shakespeare's "Macbeth," the protagonist's ambition drives him to commit heinous acts, ultimately sealing his inevitable downfall.In the realm of philosophy, thinkers have long pondered the implications of fate on human existence. Stoicism, for instance, advocates acceptance of fate as a fundamental aspect of the natural order. According to Stoic teachings, individuals should cultivate inner resilience andtranquility in the face of life's adversities, recognizing that some events lie beyond their control. Conversely, existentialist philosophy champions the idea of individual freedom and responsibility, asserting that humans are the architects of their own destinies, unbound by external forces.In the modern era, advances in science and technology have further complicated our understanding of fate. Quantum mechanics, for instance, challenges classical notions of determinism, suggesting that the universe operates onprobabilistic principles rather than fixed laws. Theconcept of chaos theory introduces the idea that seemingly random events can have profound and unpredictable consequences, challenging the notion of a predetermined fate.Despite the myriad interpretations and philosophical debates surrounding fate, its allure remains undiminished. Whether viewed as a cosmic inevitability or a product of human agency, fate continues to captivate the human imagination, beckoning us to ponder the mysteries of existence.In conclusion, the enigma of fate persists as a perennial source of contemplation and speculation. Whether embraced as an immutable force or rejected in favor of free will, fate remains an integral aspect of the human experience. As we navigate the labyrinth of existence, we are confronted with the profound question: are we mastersof our own destiny, or mere actors on a predetermined stage? Perhaps the answer lies somewhere in the interplay betweenfate and free will, a delicate balance between the forces that shape our lives and the choices we make along the way.。

假如我回到了三国时期作文英文回答：Back to the Three Kingdoms Period.As I stepped back in time to the Three Kingdoms period, I was filled with a sense of awe and wonder. The political intrigue, the military strategies, and the larger-than-life personalities of the era were all so captivating. It was a time of great chaos and upheaval, but also a time of incredible heroism and bravery.The Three Kingdoms period was a time of constantwarfare and shifting alliances. The three main powers –Wei, Shu, and Wu – were locked in a struggle for dominance, and the fate of China hung in the balance. As I walked through the bustling streets of ancient cities, I couldfeel the tension in the air, and I could see the fear and uncertainty in the eyes of the people.The military strategies of the era were truly remarkable. The use of cavalry, infantry, and naval forces was highly advanced, and the famous battles of Red Cliffs, Guandu, and Hefei were legendary in their scale and intensity. As I witnessed these battles firsthand, Icouldn't help but be in awe of the sheer magnitude of the conflict and the incredible feats of bravery and skill displayed by the warriors.But amidst all the chaos and violence, there were also moments of great heroism and sacrifice. The legendaryfigures of the Three Kingdoms – such as Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan – were not just skilled warriors and cunning strategists, but also men of great honor and integrity.Their stories inspired me, and I couldn't help but feel a deep respect for their unwavering commitment to their cause and their people.As I immersed myself in the world of the Three Kingdoms, I realized that this was a time of immense historical significance. The events of this period would shape the course of Chinese history for centuries to come, and thelegacy of the Three Kingdoms would continue to inspire and captivate people for generations.中文回答：回到了三国时期。

相信绝望之中有希望英语作文800字The all-encompassing darkness seemed to consume everything, extinguishing the last vestiges of hope. Yet, beneath the suffocating weight of despair, a flicker of defiance refused to be extinguished. It was a belief, an unwavering conviction, that even in the most dire of circumstances, there existed a glimmer of hope, a beacon guiding the lost through the treacherous storms of life.Like a fragile seedling struggling to break through the unforgiving earth, hope emerged from the depths of despair with a tenacity that defied the odds. It whispered promises of brighter days, of paths yet untrodden and possibilities yet unfulfilled. It reminded us that even when the present held only darkness, the future held the potential for light.Hope did not deny the harsh realities of our situation. It did not sugarcoat the pain or minimize the challengesthat lay ahead. Instead, it provided a lens through whichwe could perceive a different perspective, one that focusednot on the insurmountable obstacles but on the small steps we could take to overcome them.Like a gentle breeze that carries the scent of distant shores, hope infused our weary souls with a renewed sense of purpose. It reminded us that we were not alone in our struggles and that there were those who believed in our ability to triumph over adversity. It whispered words of encouragement, urging us to embrace the unknown with courage and to never surrender to the clutches of despair.Hope was not a mere platitude or an empty promise. It was a tangible force that manifested itself in countless ways. It fueled our determination to persevere when the going got tough. It inspired us to reach out for help when our burdens seemed too heavy to bear. It gave us the strength to face our fears and to step outside of our comfort zones.Like a compass guiding a ship through turbulent waters, hope kept us on course when the winds of adversity threatened to blow us astray. It reminded us of our goalsand aspirations, and it propelled us forward even when the path ahead was shrouded in uncertainty. It taught us the value of resilience, the importance of adaptability, andthe power of perseverance.Hope did not guarantee success or an easy path. It did not promise the absence of pain or disappointment. However, it provided us with something far more valuable: the unwavering belief that no matter how dark the present may seem, a brighter future was always possible.In the tapestry of life, despair and hope areinextricably intertwined. They are two sides of the same coin, forever vying for dominance over our hearts and minds. Yet, it is our choice which one we choose to embrace. When we choose hope, we choose to believe in the possibility ofa better tomorrow. We choose to defy the darkness and to illuminate the path ahead with the light of our own determination.Hope is not a passive acceptance of fate. It is anactive force that empowers us to shape our own destinies.It is a catalyst for change, a spark that ignites the flame of possibility within our hearts. When we embrace hope, we embrace the power to transform our lives and to create a future that is worthy of our dreams.So, even when the shadows of despair threaten to consume us, let us cling tightly to the flame of hope. Let us believe that the future holds more than we can currently imagine. Let us embrace the unknown with courage and the challenges with determination. For in the depths of despair, it is hope that will light our way and guide us towards a brighter tomorrow.。

本来开心的心情突然低落的作文英文回答：My heart brimmed with an inexplicable elation, soaring high to the heavens. However, like a cruel jest, fate swiftly shattered this fragile happiness, plunging me into a bottomless pit of despair. The weight of the world seemed to crush down upon my weary soul, leaving me gasping for the breath that had been extinguished from my very being.A kaleidoscope of emotions swirled within me, each vying for dominance. Anger gnawed at my insides, a venomous serpent coiled tightly around my heart, poisoning my thoughts. The once vibrant colors of life now faded into a dull, monochromatic existence, devoid of all joy and meaning.Betrayal, like a sharp dagger, pierced through my soul, leaving an open wound that refused to heal. The trust I had placed in others had been shattered, leaving me feelingvulnerable and alone. The laughter and companionship that had once filled my life now seemed like distant echoes, fading into nothingness.Despair clung to me like a stubborn shadow, suffocating me with its icy embrace. The hope that had once flickered within me was extinguished, leaving behind only a cold, empty void. The future stretched out before me like an unending expanse of darkness, devoid of purpose or direction.The once familiar faces that had brought me comfort now seemed alien and distant. Their words, once filled with warmth and kindness, now sounded hollow and meaningless.The world I had once known had been irrevocably altered, leaving me lost and adrift in a sea of uncertainty.中文回答：原本喜悦的心情，却在瞬间跌入谷底。