Information flow inference for ML

acceleration transducer 加速度传感器acceptance testing 验收测试accessibility 可及性accumulated error 累积误差AC—DC-AC frequency converter 交—直—交变频器AC （alternating current) electric drive 交流电子传动active attitude stabilization 主动姿态稳定actuator 驱动器，执行机构adaline 线性适应元adaptation layer 适应层adaptive telemeter system 适应遥测系统adjoint operator 伴随算子admissible error 容许误差aggregation matrix 集结矩阵AHP （analytic hierarchy process) 层次分析法amplifying element 放大环节analog-digital conversion 模数转换annunciator 信号器antenna pointing control 天线指向控制anti—integral windup 抗积分饱卷aperiodic decomposition 非周期分解a posteriori estimate 后验估计approximate reasoning 近似推理a priori estimate 先验估计articulated robot 关节型机器人assignment problem 配置问题,分配问题associative memory model 联想记忆模型associatron 联想机asymptotic stability 渐进稳定性attained pose drift 实际位姿漂移attitude acquisition 姿态捕获AOCS (attritude and orbit control system) 姿态轨道控制系统attitude angular velocity 姿态角速度attitude disturbance 姿态扰动attitude maneuver 姿态机动attractor 吸引子augment ability 可扩充性augmented system 增广系统automatic manual station 自动-手动操作器automaton 自动机backlash characteristics 间隙特性base coordinate system 基座坐标系Bayes classifier 贝叶斯分类器bearing alignment 方位对准bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表benefit-cost analysis 收益成本分析bilinear system 双线性系统biocybernetics 生物控制论biological feedback system 生物反馈系统black box testing approach 黑箱测试法blind search 盲目搜索block diagonalization 块对角化Boltzman machine 玻耳兹曼机bottom—up development 自下而上开发boundary value analysis 边界值分析brainstorming method 头脑风暴法breadth—first search 广度优先搜索butterfly valve 蝶阀CAE （computer aided engineering) 计算机辅助工程CAM （computer aided manufacturing) 计算机辅助制造Camflex valve 偏心旋转阀canonical state variable 规范化状态变量capacitive displacement transducer 电容式位移传感器capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表CARD 计算机辅助研究开发Cartesian robot 直角坐标型机器人cascade compensation 串联补偿catastrophe theory 突变论centrality 集中性chained aggregation 链式集结chaos 混沌characteristic locus 特征轨迹chemical propulsion 化学推进calrity 清晰性classical information pattern 经典信息模式classifier 分类器clinical control system 临床控制系统closed loop pole 闭环极点closed loop transfer function 闭环传递函数cluster analysis 聚类分析coarse—fine control 粗—精控制cobweb model 蛛网模型coefficient matrix 系数矩阵cognitive science 认知科学cognitron 认知机coherent system 单调关联系统combination decision 组合决策combinatorial explosion 组合爆炸combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵compartmental model 房室模型compatibility 相容性，兼容性compensating network 补偿网络compensation 补偿，矫正compliance 柔顺，顺应composite control 组合控制computable general equilibrium model 可计算一般均衡模型conditionally instability 条件不稳定性configuration 组态connectionism 连接机制connectivity 连接性conservative system 守恒系统consistency 一致性constraint condition 约束条件consumption function 消费函数context—free grammar 上下文无关语法continuous discrete event hybrid system simulation 连续离散事件混合系统仿真continuous duty 连续工作制control accuracy 控制精度control cabinet 控制柜controllability index 可控指数controllable canonical form 可控规范型[control］plant 控制对象，被控对象controlling instrument 控制仪表control moment gyro 控制力矩陀螺control panel 控制屏，控制盘control synchro 控制[式]自整角机control system synthesis 控制系统综合control time horizon 控制时程cooperative game 合作对策coordinability condition 可协调条件coordination strategy 协调策略coordinator 协调器corner frequency 转折频率costate variable 共态变量cost—effectiveness analysis 费用效益分析coupling of orbit and attitude 轨道和姿态耦合critical damping 临界阻尼critical stability 临界稳定性cross—over frequency 穿越频率,交越频率current source inverter 电流[源］型逆变器cut—off frequency 截止频率cybernetics 控制论cyclic remote control 循环遥控cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人damped oscillation 阻尼振荡damper 阻尼器damping ratio 阻尼比data acquisition 数据采集data encryption 数据加密data preprocessing 数据预处理data processor 数据处理器DC generator-motor set drive 直流发电机-电动机组传动D controller 微分控制器decentrality 分散性decentralized stochastic control 分散随机控制decision space 决策空间decision support system 决策支持系统decomposition—aggregation approach 分解集结法decoupling parameter 解耦参数deductive-inductive hybrid modeling method 演绎与归纳混合建模法delayed telemetry 延时遥测derivation tree 导出树derivative feedback 微分反馈describing function 描述函数desired value 希望值despinner 消旋体destination 目的站detector 检出器deterministic automaton 确定性自动机deviation 偏差舱deviation alarm 偏差报警器DFD 数据流图diagnostic model 诊断模型diagonally dominant matrix 对角主导矩阵diaphragm pressure gauge 膜片压力表difference equation model 差分方程模型differential dynamical system 微分动力学系统differential game 微分对策differential pressure level meter 差压液位计differential pressure transmitter 差压变送器differential transformer displacement transducer 差动变压器式位移传感器differentiation element 微分环节digital filer 数字滤波器digital signal processing 数字信号处理digitization 数字化digitizer 数字化仪dimension transducer 尺度传感器direct coordination 直接协调disaggregation 解裂discoordination 失协调discrete event dynamic system 离散事件动态系统discrete system simulation language 离散系统仿真语言discriminant function 判别函数displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移振幅传感器dissipative structure 耗散结构distributed parameter control system 分布参数控制系统distrubance 扰动disturbance compensation 扰动补偿diversity 多样性divisibility 可分性domain knowledge 领域知识dominant pole 主导极点dose-response model 剂量反应模型dual modulation telemetering system 双重调制遥测系统dual principle 对偶原理dual spin stabilization 双自旋稳定duty ratio 负载比dynamic braking 能耗制动dynamic characteristics 动态特性dynamic deviation 动态偏差dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数dynamic exactness 动它吻合性dynamic input—output model 动态投入产出模型econometric model 计量经济模型economic cybernetics 经济控制论economic effectiveness 经济效益economic evaluation 经济评价economic index 经济指数economic indicator 经济指标eddy current thickness meter 电涡流厚度计effectiveness 有效性effectiveness theory 效益理论elasticity of demand 需求弹性electric actuator 电动执行机构electric conductance levelmeter 电导液位计electric drive control gear 电动传动控制设备electric hydraulic converter 电-液转换器electric pneumatic converter 电-气转换器electrohydraulic servo vale 电液伺服阀electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器electronic batching scale 电子配料秤electronic belt conveyor scale 电子皮带秤electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤elevation 仰角emergency stop 异常停止empirical distribution 经验分布endogenous variable 内生变量equilibrium growth 均衡增长equilibrium point 平衡点equivalence partitioning 等价类划分ergonomics 工效学error 误差error-correction parsing 纠错剖析estimate 估计量estimation theory 估计理论evaluation technique 评价技术event chain 事件链evolutionary system 进化系统exogenous variable 外生变量expected characteristics 希望特性external disturbance 外扰fact base 事实failure diagnosis 故障诊断fast mode 快变模态feasibility study 可行性研究feasible coordination 可行协调feasible region 可行域feature detection 特征检测feature extraction 特征抽取feedback compensation 反馈补偿feedforward path 前馈通路field bus 现场总线finite automaton 有限自动机FIP (factory information protocol）工厂信息协议first order predicate logic 一阶谓词逻辑fixed sequence manipulator 固定顺序机械手fixed set point control 定值控制FMS (flexible manufacturing system）柔性制造系统flow sensor/transducer 流量传感器flow transmitter 流量变送器fluctuation 涨落forced oscillation 强圃获荡formal language theory 形式语言理论formal neuron 形式神经元forward path 正向通路forward reasoning 正向推理fractal 分形体，分维体frequency converter 变频器frequency domain model reduction method 频域模型降阶法frequency response 频域响应full order observer 全阶观测器functional decomposition 功能分解FES （functional electrical stimulation) 功能电刺激functional simularity 功能相似fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑game tree 对策树gate valve 闸阀general equilibrium theory 一般均衡理论generalized least squares estimation 广义最小二乘估计generation function 生成函数geomagnetic torque 地磁力矩geometric similarity 几何相似gimbaled wheel 框架轮global asymptotic stability 全局渐进稳定性global optimum 全局最优globe valve 球形阀goal coordination method 目标协调法grammatical inference 文法推断graphic search 图搜索gravity gradient torque 重力梯度力矩group technology 成组技术guidance system 制导系统gyro drift rate 陀螺漂移率gyrostat 陀螺体Hall displacement transducer 霍尔式位移传感器hardware-in—the—loop simulation 半实物仿真harmonious deviation 和谐偏差harmonious strategy 和谐策略heuristic inference 启发式推理hidden oscillation 隐蔽振荡hierarchical chart 层次结构图hierarchical planning 递阶规划hierarchical control 递阶控制homeostasis 内稳态homomorphic model 同态系统horizontal decomposition 横向分解hormonal control 内分泌控制hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达hypercycle theory 超循环理论I controller 积分控制器identifiability 可辨识性IDSS （intelligent decision support system)智能决策支持系统image recognition 图像识别impulse 冲量impulse function 冲击函数，脉冲函数inching 点动incompatibility principle 不相容原理incremental motion control 增量运动控制index of merit 品质因数inductive force transducer 电感式位移传感器inductive modeling method 归纳建模法industrial automation 工业自动化inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏感器inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系inertial wheel 惯性轮inference engine 推理机infinite dimensional system 无穷维系统information acquisition 信息采集infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析器inherent nonlinearity 固有非线性inherent regulation 固有调节initial deviation 初始偏差initiator 发起站injection attitude 入轨姿势input-output model 投入产出模型instability 不稳定性instruction level language 指令级语言integral of absolute value of error criterion 绝对误差积分准则integral of squared error criterion 平方误差积分准则integral performance criterion 积分性能准则integration instrument 积算仪器integrity 整体性intelligent terminal 智能终端interacted system 互联系统，关联系统interactive prediction approach 互联预估法，关联预估法interconnection 互联intermittent duty 断续工作制internal disturbance 内扰ISM （interpretive structure modeling) 解释结构建模法invariant embedding principle 不变嵌入原理inventory theory 库伦论inverse Nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图inverter 逆变器investment decision 投资决策isomorphic model 同构模型iterative coordination 迭代协调jet propulsion 喷气推进job-lot control 分批控制joint 关节Kalman-Bucy filer 卡尔曼—布西滤波器knowledge accomodation 知识顺应knowledge acquisition 知识获取knowledge assimilation 知识同化KBMS (knowledge base management system）知识库管理系统knowledge representation 知识表达ladder diagram 梯形图lag—lead compensation 滞后超前补偿Lagrange duality 拉格朗曰对偶性Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换large scale system 大系统lateral inhibition network 侧抑制网络least cost input 最小成本投入least squares criterion 最小二乘准则level switch 物位开关libration damping 天平动阻尼limit cycle 极限环linearization technique 线性化方法linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动linear motion valve 直行程阀linear programming 线性规划LQR （linear quadratic regulator problem）线性二次调节器问题load cell 称重传感器local asymptotic stability 局部渐近稳定性local optimum 局部最优log magnitude—phase diagram 对数幅相图long term memory 长期记忆lumped parameter model 集总参数模型Lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理macro-economic system 宏观经济系统magnetic dumping 磁卸载magnetoelastic weighing cell 磁致弹性称重传感器magnitude—frequency characteristic 幅频特性magnitude margin 幅值裕度magnitude scale factor 幅值比例尺manipulator 机械手man—machine coordination 人机协调manual station 手动操作器MAP (manufacturing automation protocol）制造自动化协议marginal effectiveness 边际效益Mason’s gain formula 梅森增益公式master station 主站matching criterion 匹配准则maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计maximum overshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则mechanism model 机理模型meta-knowledge 元知识metallurgical automation 冶金自动化minimal realization 最小实现minimum phase system 最小相位系统minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计minor loop 副回路missile-target relative movement simulator 弹体—目标相对运动仿真器modal aggregation 模态集结modal transformation 模态变换MB (model base）模型库model confidence 模型置信度model fidelity 模型逼真度model reference adaptive control system 模型参考适应控制系统model verification 模型验证modularization 模块化MEC (most economic control）最经济控制motion space 可动空间MTBF (mean time between failures）平均故障间隔时间MTTF （mean time to failures）平均无故障时间multi—attributive utility function 多属性效用函数multicriteria 多重判据multilevel hierarchical structure 多级递阶结构multiloop control 多回路控制multi—objective decision 多目标决策multistate logic 多态逻辑multistratum hierarchical control 多段递阶控制multivariable control system 多变量控制系统myoelectric control 肌电控制Nash optimality 纳什最优性natural language generation 自然语言生成nearest-neighbor 最近邻necessity measure 必然性侧度negative feedback 负反馈neural assembly 神经集合neural network computer 神经网络计算机Nichols chart 尼科尔斯图noetic science 思维科学noncoherent system 非单调关联系统noncooperative game 非合作博弈nonequilibrium state 非平衡态nonlinear element 非线性环节nonmonotonic logic 非单调逻辑nonparametric training 非参数训练nonreversible electric drive 不可逆电气传动nonsingular perturbation 非奇异摄动non—stationary random process 非平稳随机过程nuclear radiation levelmeter 核辐射物位计nutation sensor 章动敏感器Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据[size=9pt]objective function 目标函数observability index 可观测指数observable canonical form 可观测规范型on—line assistance 在线帮助on—off control 通断控制open loop pole 开环极点operational research model 运筹学模型optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表optimal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术orbital rendezvous 轨道交会orbit gyrocompass 轨道陀螺罗盘orbit perturbation 轨道摄动order parameter 序参数orientation control 定向控制originator 始发站oscillating period 振荡周期output prediction method 输出预估法oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计overall design 总体设计overdamping 过阻尼overlapping decomposition 交叠分解Pade approximation 帕德近似Pareto optimality 帕雷托最优性passive attitude stabilization 被动姿态稳定path repeatability 路径可重复性pattern primitive 模式基元PR （pattern recognition) 模式识别P control 比例控制器peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法perceptron 感知器periodic duty 周期工作制perturbation theory 摄动理论pessimistic value 悲观值phase locus 相轨迹phase trajectory 相轨迹phase lead 相位超前photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase—structure grammar 短句结构文法physical symbol system 物理符号系统piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器playback robot 示教再现式机器人PLC （programmable logic controller) 可编程序逻辑控制器plug braking 反接制动plug valve 旋塞阀pneumatic actuator 气动执行机构point-to-point control 点位控制polar robot 极坐标型机器人pole assignment 极点配置pole—zero cancellation 零极点相消polynomial input 多项式输入portfolio theory 投资搭配理论pose overshoot 位姿过调量position measuring instrument 位置测量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器positive feedback 正反馈power system automation 电力系统自动化predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表pressure transmitter 压力变送器price coordination 价格协调primal coordination 主协调primary frequency zone 主频区PCA （principal component analysis) 主成分分析法principle of turnpike 大道原理priority 优先级process-oriented simulation 面向过程的仿真production budget 生产预算production rule 产生式规则profit forecast 利润预测PERT （program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 程序设定操作器proportional control 比例控制proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器protocol engineering 协议工程prototype 原型pseudo random sequence 伪随机序列pseudo—rate-increment control 伪速率增量控制pulse duration 脉冲持续时间pulse frequency modulation control system脉冲调频控制系统pulse width modulation control system 脉冲调宽控制系统PWM inverter 脉宽调制逆变器pushdown automaton 下推自动机QC (quality control）质量管理quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标qualitative physical model 定性物理模型quantized noise 量化噪声quasilinear characteristics 准线性特性queuing theory 排队论radio frequency sensor 射频敏感器ramp function 斜坡函数random disturbance 随机扰动random process 随机过程rate integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺ratio station 比值操作器reachability 可达性reaction wheel control 反作用轮控制realizability 可实现性，能实现性real time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野rectangular robot 直角坐标型机器人rectifier 整流器recursive estimation 递推估计reduced order observer 降阶观测器redundant information 冗余信息reentry control 再入控制regenerative braking 回馈制动,再生制动regional planning model 区域规划模型regulating device 调节装载regulation 调节relational algebra 关系代数relay characteristic 继电器特性remote manipulator 遥控操作器remote regulating 遥调remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器rendezvous and docking 交会和对接reproducibility 再现性resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻resolution principle 归结原理resource allocation 资源分配response curve 响应曲线return difference matrix 回差矩阵return ratio matrix 回比矩阵reverberation 回响reversible electric drive 可逆电气传动revolute robot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器rewriting rule 重写规则rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学risk decision 风险分析robotics 机器人学robot programming language 机器人编程语言robust control 鲁棒控制robustness 鲁棒性roll gap measuring instrument 辊缝测量仪root locus 根轨迹roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计rotameter 浮子流量计，转子流量计rotary eccentric plug valve 偏心旋转阀rotary motion valve 角行程阀rotating transformer 旋转变压器Routh approximation method 劳思近似判据routing problem 路径问题sampled—data control system 采样控制系统sampling control system 采样控制系统saturation characteristics 饱和特性scalar Lyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数SCARA (selective compliance assembly robot arm）平面关节型机器人scenario analysis method 情景分析法scene analysis 物景分析s—domain s域self-operated controller 自力式控制器self-organizing system 自组织系统self—reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制semantic network 语义网络semi—physical simulation 半实物仿真sensing element 敏感元件sensitivity analysis 灵敏度分析sensory control 感觉控制sequential decomposition 顺序分解sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计servo control 伺服控制，随动控制servomotor 伺服马达settling time 过渡时间sextant 六分仪short term planning 短期计划short time horizon coordination 短时程协调signal detection and estimation 信号检测和估计signal reconstruction 信号重构similarity 相似性simulated interrupt 仿真中断simulation block diagram 仿真框图simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度simulator 仿真器single axle table 单轴转台single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度陀螺single level process 单级过程single value nonlinearity 单值非线性singular attractor 奇异吸引子singular perturbation 奇异摄动sink 汇点slaved system 受役系统slower—than-real-time simulation 欠实时仿真slow subsystem 慢变子系统socio—cybernetics 社会控制论socioeconomic system 社会经济系统software psychology 软件心理学solar array pointing control 太阳帆板指向控制solenoid valve 电磁阀source 源点specific impulse 比冲speed control system 调速系统spin axis 自旋轴spinner 自旋体stability criterion 稳定性判据stability limit 稳定极限stabilization 镇定，稳定Stackelberg decision theory 施塔克尔贝格决策理论state equation model 状态方程模型state space description 状态空间描述static characteristics curve 静态特性曲线station accuracy 定点精度stationary random process 平稳随机过程statistical analysis 统计分析statistic pattern recognition 统计模式识别steady state deviation 稳态偏差steady state error coefficient 稳态误差系数step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数stepwise refinement 逐步精化stochastic finite automaton 随机有限自动机strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器strategic function 策略函数strongly coupled system 强耦合系统subjective probability 主观频率suboptimality 次优性supervised training 监督学习supervisory computer control system 计算机监控系统sustained oscillation 自持振荡swirlmeter 旋进流量计switching point 切换点symbolic processing 符号处理synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性synergetics 协同学syntactic analysis 句法分析system assessment 系统评价systematology 系统学system homomorphism 系统同态system isomorphism 系统同构system engineering 系统工程tachometer 转速表target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器task cycle 作业周期teaching programming 示教编程telemechanics 远动学telemetering system of frequency divisiontype 频分遥测系统telemetry 遥测teleological system 目的系统teleology 目的论temperature transducer 温度传感器template base 模版库tensiometer 张力计texture 纹理theorem proving 定理证明therapy model 治疗模型thermocouple 热电偶thermometer 温度计thickness meter 厚度计three—axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定three state controller 三位控制器thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统thruster 推力器time constant 时间常数time—invariant system 定常系统，非时变系统time schedule controller 时序控制器time-sharing control 分时控制time—varying parameter 时变参数top-down testing 自上而下测试topological structure 拓扑结构TQC (total quality control) 全面质量管理tracking error 跟踪误差trade—off analysis 权衡分析transfer function matrix 传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法transient deviation 瞬态偏差transient process 过渡过程transition diagram 转移图transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表transmitter 变送器trend analysis 趋势分析triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计Turing machine 图灵机two-time scale system 双时标系统ultrasonic levelmeter 超声物位计unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动unbiased estimation 无偏估计underdamping 欠阻尼uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性uninterrupted duty 不间断工作制，长期工作制unit circle 单位圆unit testing 单元测试unsupervised learing 非监督学习upper level problem 上级问题urban planning 城市规划utility function 效用函数value engineering 价值工程variable gain 可变增益，可变放大系数variable structure control system 变结构控制vector Lyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数velocity transducer 速度传感器vertical decomposition 纵向分解vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器vibrometer 振动计viscous damping 粘性阻尼voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortex precession flowmeter 旋进流量计vortex shedding flowmeter 涡街流量计WB （way base）方法库weighing cell 称重传感器weighting factor 权因子weighting method 加权法Whittaker-Shannon sampling theorem 惠特克—香农采样定理Wiener filtering 维纳滤波work station for computer aided design 计算机辅助设计工作站w-plane w平面zero—based budget 零基预算zero—input response 零输入响应zero—state response 零状态响应电气自动化专业词汇zero sum game model 零和对策模型z—transform z变换[/size］11。

英语系统化知识点总结1. GrammarGrammar is a set of structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. In English, the basic elements of grammar include:- Parts of speech: English consists of eight parts of speech, including nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each part of speech serves a specific function in a sentence, and understanding their usage is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences.- Sentence structure: English sentences generally follow a subject-verb-object (SVO) structure, but there are various sentence patterns and structures, such as simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. Understanding these structures is crucial for effective communication.- Verb tense and aspect: English has 12 major verb tenses, including simple present, simple past, simple future, present continuous, past continuous, future continuous, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, and future perfect continuous. Additionally, English verbs can also express aspect, such as progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive.- Subject-verb agreement: Ensuring that subjects and verbs agree in number and person is a fundamental aspect of English grammar. Problems with subject-verb agreement can lead to confusion and miscommunication.- Articles and determiners: English articles (a, an, the) and determiners (this, that, these, those) play a crucial role in specifying and identifying nouns. Understanding their usage is important for conveying accurate information.- Pronouns: Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns in a sentence. English pronouns include personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.2. VocabularyVocabulary refers to the words and phrases used in a particular language. Building a strong and varied vocabulary is essential for effective communication in English. Key aspects of English vocabulary include:- Word formation: English words can be formed through various processes, such as derivation, compounding, conversion, and affixation (prefixes and suffixes). Understanding these processes can help learners expand their vocabulary.- Synonyms and antonyms: Synonyms are words that have similar meanings, while antonyms are words with opposite meanings. Expanding one's knowledge of synonyms and antonyms can enhance the precision and richness of one's language use.- Collocations: Collocations are words that commonly occur together based on natural language usage. Learning common collocations can help learners use English more fluently and idiomatically.- Idioms and expressions: Idioms are phrases or expressions with meanings that cannot be understood from the individual words that comprise them. Familiarity with English idioms and expressions can enrich one's language use and cultural understanding.- Word families: English words can belong to the same family based on their common root. Understanding word families can help learners recognize related words and expand their vocabulary more efficiently.3. Reading ComprehensionReading comprehension is the ability to understand and interpret written texts. Proficiency in reading comprehension is crucial for academic success and professional development. Key components of reading comprehension in English include:- Text structure: English texts can have various structures, such as narrative, expository, persuasive, and descriptive. Understanding the structure of a text can aid in interpreting its content.- Skimming and scanning: Skimming involves quickly reading a text to gain a general understanding of its content, while scanning involves searching for specific information within a text. Both skills are essential for efficient reading comprehension.- Inference: Making inferences involves using clues in the text to deduce information that is not explicitly stated. This skill requires critical thinking and an understanding of context.- Summarizing: Summarizing a text involves condensing its key points into a brief and coherent form. This skill is important for extracting and retaining essential information from a text.- Critical thinking: Critical thinking skills, such as analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information, are vital for deep comprehension of complex texts.4. Writing SkillsEffective writing skills are essential for clear and coherent communication in English. Key components of writing skills in English include:- Organization: Well-organized writing follows a clear structure with a logical flow of ideas. This involves using introductory, body, and concluding paragraphs, as well as effective transitions between ideas.- Sentence structure: Varied and well-constructed sentences enhance writing clarity and readability. Understanding sentence structure and syntax is crucial for developing effective writing skills.- Coherence and cohesion: Coherence refers to the logical and consistent flow of ideas in a text, while cohesion involves the use of transitional devices and connectives to link ideas together.- Grammar and mechanics: Writing that displays a command of grammar, punctuation, spelling, and usage enhances communication and readability.- Audience and purpose: Effective writing takes into account the intended audience and purpose, adapting language and tone to suit the specific context.5. Speaking and Listening SkillsSpeaking and listening skills are essential for effective oral communication in English. Key elements of speaking and listening skills include:- Pronunciation and intonation: Clear and accurate pronunciation, as well as appropriate intonation, enhance oral communication and comprehension.- Listening comprehension: Effective listening skills involve understanding spoken language, including recognizing main points, understanding details, and inferring meaning from context.- Conversational skills: Engaging in conversation involves turn-taking, active listening, asking questions, and providing meaningful responses.- Public speaking: Public speaking skills include effective delivery, organization of content, and engaging with an audience.- Accent and dialect: Understanding diverse accents and dialects in English can facilitate effective communication with speakers from different regions and backgrounds.6. Cultural and Sociolinguistic CompetenceCultural and sociolinguistic competence involves understanding the cultural and social contexts that shape language use in English. Key aspects of cultural and sociolinguistic competence in English include:- Register and style: Different registers and styles of language are used in various social contexts and for different purposes. Understanding formal, informal, and technical language registers is important for effective communication.- Politeness and pragmatics: Politeness strategies and pragmatic conventions vary in different cultural and social contexts. Understanding these conventions is critical for successful communication.- Identities and diversity: Language use in English is shaped by various cultural and social identities, such as gender, age, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. Awareness of these identities and differences is essential for respectful and inclusive communication.- Multilingualism and language variation: English is spoken as a first, second, or additional language by speakers with diverse linguistic backgrounds. Understanding the impact of linguistic diversity on communication is important for effective intercultural interactions.- Taboos and sensitive topics: Sensitivity to cultural taboos and awareness of potentially sensitive topics in different cultural contexts is important for respectful and effective communication.ConclusionSystematic knowledge of English encompasses a wide range of linguistic and communicative competencies, including grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing skills, speaking and listening skills, and cultural and sociolinguistic competence. Developing proficiency in these areas is essential for effective English language use in academic, professional, and social settings. By mastering the fundamental aspects of English language and communication, learners can enhance their ability to understand, use, and appreciate the richness of the English language.。

most basic structures of Chomsky’s model,for Nida,kernels are the basic structural elements out of which language builds its elaborate(详尽复杂的) surface structures[用来构成语言复杂表层结构的基本结构成分].Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor(受体)language before being transformed into the surface structure in three stages:Literal transfer字面转移--minimal最低度~--literary书面~2）Analysis:generative-transformational grammar（转换生成语法by Chomsky）’s four types of functional classEvent(verb)事件：行动、过程等发生的事Object(noun)实体：具体的人和物Abstract(quantities and qualities,adjective)抽象概念Relational(gender,qualities,prepositions and conjunctions)关系2,Basic factors in translation1)The nature of message:content V.S.form2)The purpose(s)of the author/translatorTypes of purposes identified by Nida:①for information②suggest a behavior③imperative(祈使，命令)purpose3)The audiences(4types):children;new literates;average literate adult;specialists3,Relatedness(相关)of language&culture4,Two basic orientations(方向)in translating1)Formal Equivalence(F-E):focuses on the message itself,in both form and content.•Principles governing F-E:①grammatical units语法单元②consistency in word usage词语用法前后一致，连贯性③meanings in terms of the source context源语语境意义2)D-E(dynamic equivalence):①based on the principle of equivalent effect(•Principles governing it)②aiming at complete naturalness of expression;③unnecessary to understand the source culture.•Economic~can be transferable with cultural~.实际上三种形式均可互相转化。

八年级上册月考知识点英语As the first term of Grade 8 is coming to an end, it's time for a monthly exam. In this article, we will review some important knowledge points for the exam.Grammar1. Verb tenses: It's essential to master the simple present, simple past, and present continuous tenses. Also, be sure to understand whento use them in sentences correctly.2. Modal verbs: Modal verbs such as can, must, should, might, could, etc., are important to express different degrees of possibility, obligation, permission, etc.3. Gerunds and infinitives: Knowing when to use a gerund and when to use an infinitive is crucial. A gerund is a verb form that ends in "-ing," and an infinitive is a verb form that begins with "to."4. Conditionals: The correct use of conditional sentences is essential, and it's necessary to know the differences between the first, second, and third conditionals.5. Passive voice: Be sure to understand how to use the passive voice when describing a process, especially when it's related to science, technology, or social events.Vocabulary1. Synonyms and antonyms: It's crucial to master synonyms and antonyms to improve vocabulary acquisition. Learning how to use context clues to guess the meaning of words is also necessary.2. Homophones and homographs: Homophones are words that have the same sound but a different meaning, while homographs have the same spelling with different meanings.3. Prefixes and suffixes: Prefixes and suffixes can change the meaning of words, and understanding them is essential in building a solid vocabulary foundation.4. Idioms and phrases: Idioms and phrases can be challenging to use correctly, but they represent an essential part of the English language. Be sure to familiarize yourself with common idioms and phrases.Reading comprehension1. Skimming and scanning: Skimming means quickly looking at a text to get a general idea of what it's about, while scanning means reading a text to find specific information.2. Context clues: Knowing how to use context clues to guess the meaning of words and sentences is crucial in reading comprehension.3. Inference: Inference means using information that's not directly provided in the text to draw conclusions.4. Topic sentences: Topic sentences are essential to understand the main idea of a text paragraph quickly.Writing1. Sentence structure: A proper sentence structure is essential in writing, and it's necessary to know how to use punctuation marks and conjunctions.2. Coherence and cohesion: Writing must have coherence, meaning that the ideas are well connected and flow logically. Cohesion refers to the use of language features like transition words, pronouns, and conjunctions.3. Paragraph structure: A proper paragraph structure consists of a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence.4. Formal vs informal writing: Students should understand the difference between formal and informal writing and when to use each.In conclusion, the Grade 8 monthly exam covers many essential knowledge points, including grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, and writing. Students should pay close attention to these points to improve their chances of a successful exam.。

a glimpse into the future of idby Tim Bass<bass@>Tim Bass is the CEO and managing director for Silk Road, a consulting business inWashington, D.C. specializing in network design, management, and security.and Dave Gruber<david.gruber@>Dave Gruber, Lt. Col., is the communications squadron commander at Hickam AFB,Hawaii.Cyberspace is a complex dimension of both enabling and inhibiting data flows in electronic data networks. Current-generation intrusion-detection systems (IDSes) are not technologically advanced enough to create the situational knowledge required to monitor and protect these networks effectively. Next-generation IDSes will fuse data, combining short-term sensor data with long-term knowledge databases to create cyberspace situational awareness. This article offers a glimpse into the foggy crystal ball of future ID systems.Before diving into the technical discussion, we ask the reader to keep in mind the generic model of a datagram traversing the Internet. Figure 1 illustrates an IP datagram moving in a store-and-forward environment from source to destination; it is routed on the basis of a destination address with an uncertain source address decrementing the datagram time-to-live (TTL) at every router hop[1]. The datagram is routed through major Internet and IP transit providers.There is a striking similarity between the transit of a datagram on the Internet and an airplane through airspace, between future network management and air traffic control (ATC). At a very high abstract level, the concepts used to monitor objects in airspace apply to monitoring objects in networks. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) divides airspace management into two distinct entities. On the one hand, local controllers guide aircraft into and out of the airspace surrounding an airport. Their job is to maintain awareness of the location of all aircraft in their vicinity, ensure properseparation, identify threats to aircraft, and manage the overall safety of passengers. Functionally, this is similar to the role of network controllers, who must control the environment within their administrative domains. The network administrator must ensure that the proper ports are open and that the information is not delayed, that collisions are kept to a minimum, and that the integrity of the delivery systems is not compromised.Figure 1. Network object flow pathThis is similar to the situational awareness required in current-generation ATC. The FAA controls the routes between source and destination (airports), and airport authorities control the airports (as both router and host), maintaining the safety of the payload (passengers) and the transport agent (the airplane). The success of ATC depends on the fusion of data and information from short-term and long-term knowledge sources to create airspace situational awareness. This role is remarkably similar to network operators in future complex internetwork environments. As an example, consider the FAA and the National Weather Service as they monitor the weather. A change in environment can cause the FAA to make changes in air routes and landing criteria. This is similar to service providers keeping an eye out for unfavorable conditions in networks — for example, the loss of a major Internet transit network; severe congestion on major interdomain links; or attacks against routers, computers, and information. The same data-fusion concepts are shared across the airspace management functions and organizations. We expect that a similar fusion paradigm will occur with network management, Internet Traffic Control (ITC), and future intrusion-detection systems. Of course, this will not occur overnight (and may never become as comprehensive as ATC), but the analogy does help provide a glimpse into the future of ID.Figure 2. Hierarchy of IDS data-fusion inferencesFigure 2 illustrates the levels of situational knowledge inference required to support both the air traffic controller and the network manager. Sophisticated electronics must identify objects against a noise-saturated environment, track the objects, calculate their velocity, and estimate the projected threat. These are nontrivial technical requirements.Figure 3. Cyberattack with multiple sources andtargetsFigure 4. Intrusion-detection data fusionExperienced network-security professionals generally agree that current-generation intrusion-detection systems are not technically advanced enough to detect multiple, complex non-signature-based cyberattacks, illustrated in Figure 3. Next-generation cyberspace IDSes require the fusion of data from heterogeneous distributed network sensors, modeled in Figure 4.Historical Intrusion Detection SystemsWe offer a brief review of the state of the art of current-generation ID systems, from our recent ACM paper[2].Internet ID systems historically examine operating-system audit trails and Internet traffic[5, 6] to help insure the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of critical information infrastructures. ID systems attempt to protect information infrastructures against denial-of-service attacks, unauthorized disclosure of information, and the modification or destruction of data. The automated detection and immediate reporting ofthese events are required to respond to information attacks against networks and computers. The basic approaches to intrusion detection today may be summarized as: known pattern templates, threatening behavior templates, traffic analysis,statistical-anomaly detection, and state-based detection. These systems have not matured to a level where sophisticated network-centric attacks are reliably detected, verified, and assessed.[2]Computer intrusion-detection systems were introduced in the mid-1980s to complement conventional approaches to computer security. IDS designers often cite Denning's[5] 1987 intrusion-detection model built on host-based subject profiles, systems objects, audit logs, anomaly records, and activity rules. The underlying ID construct is arules-based pattern-matching system whereby audit trails are matched against subject profiles to detect computer misuse based on logins, program executions, and file access. The subject-anomaly model was applied in the design of many host-based IDSes, among them Intrusion Detection Expert System (IDES)[7]; Network Intrusion Detection Expert System (NDIX)[9]; and Wisdom & Sense (W&S), Haystack, and Network Anomaly Detection and Intrusion Reporter (NADIR) [10]. Other ID systems are also based on the Denning model; an excellent survey of them may be found in Mukherjee et al.[6]. The basic detection algorithms used in these systems include:weighted functions to detect deviations from normal usage patterns qcovariance-matrix—based approaches for normal usage profiling qrules-based expert-systems approach to detect security eventsqThe second-leading technical approach to present-day intrusion detection is themulti-host network-based IDS. Heberlein et al. extended the Denning model to traffic analysis on Ethernet-based networks with the Network Security Monitor (NSM) framework[11]. This was further extended with the Distributed Intrusion Detection System (DIDS), which combined host-based intrusion detection with network-traffic monitoring[6, 8]. Current commercial IDSes such as Real Secure by ISS and Computer Misuse Detection System (CMDS) by SAIC have distributed architectures using either rules-based detection, statistical-anomaly detection, or both.A significant challenge remains for IDS designers to fuse sensor, threat, and situational information from numerous heterogeneous distributed agents, system managers, and databases. Coherent pictures that can be used by network controllers to visualize and evaluate the security of cyberspace is required. Next, we review the basic principles of the art and science of multisensor data fusion applied to future ID systems in Bass[2] and Bass[3] to create highly reliable next-generation intrusion-detection systems that identify, track, and assess complex threat situations.Internet Situational Data FusionIn a typical military command-and-control (C2) system, data-fusion sensors are used to observe electromagnetic radiation, acoustic and thermal energy, nuclear particles, infrared radiation, noise, and other signals. In cyberspace ID systems the sensors are different because the environmental dimension is different. Instead of a missile launch and supersonic transport through the atmosphere, cyberspace sensors observeinformation flowing in networks. However, just as C2 operational personnel are interested in the origin, velocity, threat, and targets of a warhead, network-security personnel are interested in the identity, rate of attacks, threats, and targets of malicious intruders and criminals[2]. Input into next-generation IDSes consists of sensor data, commands, and a priori data from established databases. For example, the system input would be data from numerous distributed packet sniffers, system log files, SNMP traps and queries, signature-based ID systems, user-profile databases, system messages, threat databases, and operator commands. (See Figure 4.)The output of fusion-based ID systems consists of estimates of the identity (and possibly the location) of a threat source, the malicious activity, taxonomy of the threats, the attack rates, and an assessment of the potential severity of damage to the projected target(s). We extrapolated from Waltz[12] to suggest possible generic sensor characteristics of next-generation network fusion systems[2]:Detection Performance is the detection characteristics — false-alarm rate, qdetection probabilities, and ranges — for an intrusion characteristic against agiven network-centric noise background. For example, when detecting malicious activity, nonmalicious activity is typically modelled as noise.Spatial/Temporal Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two or more qnetwork-centric objects in space or time.Spatial Coverage is the span of coverage, or field of view, of the sensor (i.e., the qspatial coverage of a system log file is the computer system processes and system calls being monitored).Detection/Tracking Mode is the mode of operation of the sensor (i.e., scanning, qsingle or multiple network object tracking).Target Revisit Rate is the rate at which a network object or event is revisited by qthe sensor to perform measurements.Measurement Accuracy is the statistical probability that the sensor measurement qor observation is accurate and reliable.Measurement Dimensionality is the number of measurement variables for network qobject categories.Hard vs. Soft Data Reporting is the decision status of the sensor reports. (I.e., can qa command decision be made without correlation, or does the sensor requireconfirmation?)Detection/Tracking Reporting is the characteristic of the sensor with regard to qreporting events. (Does the sensor maintain a time-sequence of the events? type of historical event buffers?)In our fusion model, situational data is collected from network sensors with elementary observation primitives; identifiers, times of observation, and descriptions. The raw data requires calibration and filtering, referred to as Data Refinement (short-term knowledge). Object Refinement is a process that correlates data in time (and space if required); the data is assigned appropriate weighted metrics. Observations may be associated, paired, and classified according to intrusion-detection primitives.Situation Refinement (mid-term knowledge) provides situational knowledge and awareness after objects have been aligned, correlated, and placed in context in an object base. Aggregated sets of objects are detected by their coordinated behavior, dependencies, common points of origin, common protocols, common targets, correlated attack rates, or other high-level attributes.In the interdomain construct of Figure 1, network objects and data flows will be identified and tracked by placing sensors at or between the interdomain gateways. Without going into the details, it can be shown that temporal resolution of the cyberspace situational awareness is directly proportional to the ratio of the transit time of the datagram and the sensory fusion process and inference time.As an analogy we offer the tracking of an object in aerospace — for example, a projectile. If the intercept time of a projectile is greater than the time used by radar or another tracking system and other required processing, then it is not possible to track and react to the object before the projectile hits the target. For example, if the datagram will reach its destination in 30ms, then the decision-fusion process required for network situational awareness must be much less than 30ms. Highly critical situational awareness can be achieved by networking the sensors (and optional command and control links) out-of-band. Current-generation systems use in-band processing, which can only achieve limited temporal resolution.Extensible Threat Taxonomy FusionThe number of IP packets processed by the Internet gateways of Figure 5 is enormous. Gateway sensors acquire and forward proportionally large amounts of data to packet analysis and correlation processes. For example, a router processing 100,000 packets per second on a high-speed interface, logging 14 bytes of information per packet, produces approximately 1.4 MBPS of data per sensor. It is clear that distributed sensors in network-centric IP fusion systems require local processing. Consequently, sensor output data should be reduced at the sensor to minimize central fusion processing and transport overhead costs.Figure 5. Gateway sensors on ID fusion networkWe focus here on the sensor output by outlining an example extensible taxonomy framework of TCP/IP-based threats. Antony[14] discusses database requirements for fusion system and situational knowledge. He states that knowledge is either declarativeor procedural. Declarative knowledge is passive factual knowledge or knowledge of relationships (e.g., files). Procedural knowledge is a special case of declarative knowledge represented as patterns, algorithms, and transformations.Entity relationships are the most fundamental declarative models for sensor data representation. Binaries trees, family trees, and general taxonomies are examples of the elemental database relationships required for situational analysis; the vast majority can be represented by the SQL command[14]:SELECT(attribute) FROM (table) WHERE (condition)With this basic database model and data-selection primitives in mind, we offered a framework TCP/IP threat taxonomy[3]. This framework was offered as an extensible context-dependent TCP/IP threat tree based on the SNMP management information base (MIB) concept. The SNMP MIB concept for representing context-dependent data is well suited for network-centric threats (and countermeasures).Threats to TCP/IP at the physical layer are service disruptions caused by natural disasters such as fires or flooding, cuts to cables, malfunctioning transceivers, and other hardware failures. Threats to the network layer include IP source-address spoofing and route-cache poisoning. An extensible context-dependent framework for this is illustrated in Figures 6, 7, and 8.Figure 6. Example TCP/IP threat subtreeFigure 7. Example IP transport threat subtreeFigure 8. Example TCP transport threat subtreeThree primary data flows (services) exist on the Internet: User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)[1]. Domain Name System (DNS) cache poisoning and UDP port-flooding denial-of-service attacks are examples of two vulnerabilities exploited using UDP services. The ping-of-death and ICMP redirect bombs are examples of Internet attacks based on ICMP. TCP vulnerabilities include TCP sequence number and SYN flood attacks, as illustrated in Figure 8.Security threats and countermeasures can be represented using the ASN.1 MIB notation. For example, a TCP SYN flood attack could be represented with the following OBJECT IDENTIFIER (OID):tcpSYNFlood OID ::= { iso 3.6.1.5.1.3.1.1 }Additional sub-object examples for tcpSYNFlood OID could be the source address or the target address of the malicious SYN packet and a counter with the number of SYN floods:tcpSYNFlood.source OID ::= { iso 3.6.1.5.1.3.1.1.1 } tcpSYNFlood.dest OID ::= { iso 3.6.1.5.1.3.1.1.1.2 } tcpSYNFlood.number OID ::= { iso 3.6.1.5.1.3.1.1.1.3 } Developing an extensible TCP/IP security threat MIB is a solid first step on the road to creating Internet ID fusion systems. Other long-term knowledge databases include context-dependent countermeasure, threat profiles, and attack-capabilities databases. ConclusionFuture reliable services that provide long-term threat, countermeasure, and other security-related information to fusion systems are similar to the current state of the art of weather forecasting and threat assessment. Fusion from multiple short-term sensors further processed with long-term knowledge creates short mid-term situational awareness. Situational awareness is required to operate and survive in a complex world with both friendly and hostile activities.All intelligent biological organisms fuse short-term and long-term knowledge to create situational awareness. Humans continually create and redefine systems that help us increase and refine our situational knowledge. These systems include air traffic control, battlefield management, early-warning systems, and robotics. There are strong indications, based on our work in both the Air Force and commercial industry, that future ID systems will shift toward more advanced fusion-based models.Our crystal ball is as foggy as yours, but if the developments in situational awareness systems in air traffic control over the past 40 years are any indication, then Internet traffic-control systems and next-generation intrusion-detection systems have a significant and challenging future in store for all of us.References[1] Stevens, R. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1994.[2] Bass, T. "Intrusion Detection Systems and Multisensor Data Fusion: Creating Cyberspace Situational Awareness." Communications of the ACM. Forthcoming, 1999.[3] Bass, T. "Multisensor Data Fusion for Next Generation Distributed Intrusion Detection Systems." 1999 IRIS National Symposium on Sensor and Data Fusion, May 1999.[4] Bass, T.; Freyre, A.; Gruber, D.; and Watt., G. "E-Mail Bombs and Countermeasures: Cyber Attacks on Availability and Brand Integrity." IEEE Network, March/April 1998, pp. 10-17.[5] Denning, D. "An Intrusion-Detection Model." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, February 1987, pp. 222-232.[6] Mukherjee, B.; Heberlein, L.; and Levitt, K. "Network Intrusion Detection." IEEE Network Magazine, May/June 1994, pp. 26-41.[7] Denning, D., et al. "A Prototype IDES: A Real Time Intrusion Detection Expert System." Computer Science Laboratory, SRI International, August 1987.[8] Snapp. S. et al. "A System for Distributed Intrusion Detection." Proceedings of IEEE COMPCON, March 1991, pp. 170-176.[9] Bauer, D. and Koblentz, M. "NDIX — An Expert System for Real-Time Network Intrusion Detection." Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Networking Symposium, April 1988, pp. 98-106.[10] Hochberg et al. "NADIR: An Automated System for Detecting Network Intrusion and Misuse." Computers & Security, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993, pp. 235-248. [11] Heberlein, L. et al. "A Network Security Monitor." Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Symposium, Research in Security and Privacy, May 1990, pp.296-303.[12] Waltz, E., and Llinas, J. Multisensor Data Fusion. Boston: Artech House, 1990.[13] Waltz, E. Information Warfare Principles and Operations. Boston: Artech House, 1998.[14] Antony, R. Principles of Data Fusion Automation. Boston: Artech House, 1995.Need help? Use our Contacts page. Last changed: 16 Nov. 1999 mc Issue index;login: indexUSENIX home。

工商管理专业英语术语汇总专业简介: 工商管理主要研究管理学、经济学和现代企业管理等方面的基本知识和技能，包括企业的经营战略制定和内部行为管理等，运用现代管理的方法和手段进行有效的企业管理和经营决策，制定企业的战略性目标，以保证企业的生存和发展。

开设课程: 管理学原理、微观经济学、宏观经济学、技术经济学、管理信息系统、统计学、会计学、中级会计实务、财务管理、运筹学、市场营销、经济法、现代公司制概论、经营管理、公司金融、人力资源管理、企业战略管理等。

一、管理学原理术语术语术语术语术语管理 (Management)经营管理 (BusinessManagement)管理过程 (ManagementProcess)管理功能 (ManagementFunctions)管理层次 (ManagementLevels)管理者 (Manager)领导者 (Leader)领导风格 (LeadershipStyle)领导理论 (LeadershipTheory)领导技能 (LeadershipSkills)决策 (Decision Making)决策类型 (DecisionTypes)决策模型 (DecisionModels)决策方法 (DecisionMethods)决策过程 (DecisionProcess)规划 (Planning)规划类型 (PlanningTypes)规划原则 (PlanningPrinciples)规划工具 (PlanningTools)规划控制 (PlanningControl)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(Organizational Design)组织文化(OrganizationalCulture)组织变革(OrganizationalChange)激励 (Motivation)激励理论 (MotivationTheory)激励方法 (MotivationMethods)激励因素 (MotivationFactors)激励效果 (MotivationEffects)控制 (Control)控制类型 (ControlTypes)控制原则 (ControlPrinciples)控制方法 (ControlMethods)控制过程 (ControlProcess)沟通 (Communication)沟通模型(Communication Model)沟通方式(Communication Mode)沟通技巧(Communication Skills)沟通障碍(CommunicationBarriers)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则 (CoordinationPrinciples)协调方法 (CoordinationMethods)协调效果(CoordinationEffects)管理环境(Management Environment)管理伦理(ManagementEthics)管理创新(ManagementInnovation)管理战略(ManagementStrategy)管理评价(ManagementEvaluation)二、微观经济学术语术语术语术语术语微观经济学(Microeconomics)市场(Market)需求(Demand)供给(Supply)市场均衡(MarketEquilibrium)弹性(Elasticity)消费者行为(ConsumerBehavior)效用(Utility)边际效用(MarginalUtility)预算约束(BudgetConstraint)消费者选择(ConsumerChoice)无差异曲线(IndifferenceCurve)边际替代率(Marginal Rateof Substitution)消费者剩余(Consumer Surplus)需求曲线(DemandCurve)生产者行为(ProducerBehavior)生产函数(ProductionFunction)边际产品(MarginalProduct)规模报酬(Returns toScale)成本(Cost)短期成本(Short-runCost)长期成本(Long-runCost)边际成本(Marginal Cost)平均成本(AverageCost)供给曲线(Supply Curve)市场结构(Market Structure)完全竞争(PerfectCompetition)垄断(Monopoly)寡头(Oligopoly)垄断竞争(MonopolisticCompetition)价格歧视(Price Discrimination)博弈论(Game Theory)纳什均衡(NashEquilibrium)策略(Strategy)支配策略(DominantStrategy)外部性(Externality)公共品(Public Good)信息不对称(AsymmetricInformation)逆向选择(AdverseSelection)道德风险(Moral Hazard)市场失灵(MarketFailure)政府干预(GovernmentIntervention)税收(Taxation)补贴(Subsidy)福利经济学(WelfareEconomics)三、宏观经济学术语术语术语术语术语宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)国民收入(NationalIncome)国内生产总值(GrossDomestic Product)国民生产总值(GrossNational Product)消费者物价指数(Consumer PriceIndex)通货膨胀(Inflation)失业(Unemployment)菲利普斯曲线(Phillips Curve)经济增长(EconomicGrowth)经济周期(EconomicCycle)经济波动(Economic Fluctuation)经济危机(EconomicCrisis)经济衰退(EconomicRecession)经济萧条(EconomicDepression)经济恢复(EconomicRecovery)总需求(Total Demand)总供给(Total Supply)总需求总供给模型(Aggregate Demand andAggregate Supply Model)短期均衡(Short-runEquilibrium)长期均衡(Long-runEquilibrium)消费(Consumption)投资(Investment)政府支出(GovernmentSpending)净出口(Net Exports)国民收入恒等式(National IncomeIdentity)消费函数(Consumption Function)边际消费倾向(MarginalPropensity to Consume)投资函数(InvestmentFunction)边际效率投资(MarginalEfficiency ofInvestment)多重效应(MultiplierEffect)货币(Money)货币供应量(MoneySupply)货币需求量(Money Demand)货币市场平衡(MoneyMarket Equilibrium)利率(Rate ofInterest)货币政策(MonetaryPolicy)中央银行(Central Bank)开放市场操作(Open MarketOperations)存款准备金率(ReserveRequirement Ratio)贴现率(DiscountRate)财政政策(FiscalPolicy)政府预算(GovernmentBudget)财政赤字(Fiscal Deficit)公共债务(Public Debt)自动稳定器(AutomaticStabilizer)国际贸易(InternationalTrade)国际收支(Balance ofPayments)汇率(Exchange Rate)贸易政策(Trade Policy)汇率制度(ExchangeRate Regime)四、技术经济学术语术语术语术语术语技术经济学(Technical Economics)技术(Technology)技术创新(TechnologicalInnovation)技术进步(TechnologicalProgress)技术水平(TechnologicalLevel)技术选择(Technological Choice)技术评价(TechnologicalEvaluation)技术效益(TechnologicalBenefit)技术风险(TechnologicalRisk)技术转让(TechnologicalTransfer)技术方案(TechnicalScheme)技术参数(TechnicalParameter)技术指标(TechnicalIndicator)技术标准(TechnicalStandard)技术规范(TechnicalSpecification)工程项目(EngineeringProject)工程设计(EngineeringDesign)工程造价(EngineeringCost)工程投资(EngineeringInvestment)工程回收期(EngineeringPayback Period)工程效益分析(Engineering BenefitAnalysis)工程经济效益(Engineering EconomicBenefit)工程社会效益(Engineering SocialBenefit)工程环境效益(EngineeringEnvironmental Benefit)工程综合效益(EngineeringComprehensive Benefit)资金(Fund)资金需求(FundDemand)资金来源(FundSource)资金成本(Fund Cost)资金利润率(Fund ProfitRate)现金流量(Cash Flow)现金流量表(Cash FlowStatement)现金流量分析(CashFlow Analysis)现金流量折现(Discounted Cash Flow)现值净值(Net PresentValue)内部收益率(Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析(SensitivityAnalysis)变动成本(MarginalCost)变动收益(MarginalRevenue)边际分析(MarginalAnalysis)五、管理信息系统术语术语术语术语术语管理信息系统(Management Information System)信息系统(InformationSystem)信息技术(InformationTechnology)信息资源管理(InformationResource Management)信息系统规划(Information SystemPlanning)信息需求分析(Information Requirement Analysis)信息系统设计(Information SystemDesign)信息系统开发(Information SystemDevelopment)信息系统实施(InformationSystem Implementation)信息系统维护(Information SystemMaintenance)数据(Data)数据库(Database)数据库管理系统(DatabaseManagement System)数据模型(Data Model)数据字典(DataDictionary)数据仓库(Data Warehouse)数据挖掘(DataMining)数据分析(DataAnalysis)数据可视化(DataVisualization)数据安全(Data Security)网络(Network)计算机网络(Computer Network)网络拓扑(NetworkTopology)网络协议(NetworkProtocol)网络架构(NetworkArchitecture)局域网(Local AreaNetwork)广域网(Wide AreaNetwork)因特网(Internet)互联网(Internet of Things)网络安全(NetworkSecurity)系统(System)计算机系统(Computer System)操作系统(OperationSystem)系统分析(SystemAnalysis)系统设计(SystemDesign)软件(Software)软件工程(SoftwareEngineering)软件生命周期(SoftwareLife Cycle)软件开发方法(SoftwareDevelopment Method)软件质量(SoftwareQuality)硬件(Hardware)计算机硬件(ComputerHardware)输入设备(Input Device)输出设备(Output Device)存储设备(StorageDevice)处理器(Processor)内存(Memory)总线(Bus)接口(Interface)外设(Peripheral)人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)机器学习(MachineLearning)深度学习(DeepLearning)神经网络(Neural Network)自然语言处理(NaturalLanguage Processing)专家系统(Expert System)智能代理(IntelligentAgent)模糊逻辑(Fuzzy Logic)遗传算法(GeneticAlgorithm)人工神经网络(ArtificialNeural Network)电子商务(E-commerce)电子商务模式(E-commerce Model)电子商务平台(E-commerce Platform)电子支付(ElectronicPayment)电子商务安全(E-commerce Security)电子政务(E-government)电子政务模式(E-government Model)电子政务平台(E-government Platform)电子政务服务(E-government Service)电子政务安全(E-government Security)知识管理(Knowledge Management)知识(Knowledge)知识类型(KnowledgeType)知识获取(KnowledgeAcquisition)知识表示(KnowledgeRepresentation)知识组织(Knowledge Organization)知识共享(KnowledgeSharing)知识创新(KnowledgeInnovation)知识库(Knowledge Base)知识系统(KnowledgeSystem)六、统计学术语术语术语术语术语统计学(Statistics)统计方法(StatisticalMethod)统计推断(StatisticalInference)统计分析(StatisticalAnalysis)统计软件(StatisticalSoftware)数据(Data)数据类型(Data Type)数据来源(Data Source)数据收集(DataCollection)数据清洗(Data Cleaning)数据描述(Data Description)数据展示(DataPresentation)数据摘要(DataSummary)数据分布(DataDistribution)数据变换(DataTransformation)变量(Variable)变量类型(Variable Type)自变量(IndependentVariable)因变量(DependentVariable)控制变量(Control Variable)单变量分析(UnivariateAnalysis)双变量分析(BivariateAnalysis)多变量分析(MultivariateAnalysis)相关分析(CorrelationAnalysis)回归分析(RegressionAnalysis)随机变量(RandomVariable)概率(Probability)概率分布(ProbabilityDistribution)期望值(ExpectedValue)方差(Variance)标准差(StandardDeviation)均值(Mean)中位数(Median)众数(Mode)四分位数(Quartile)极差(Range)变异系数(Coefficient ofVariation)偏度(Skewness)峰度(Kurtosis)正态分布(NormalDistribution)抽样(Sampling)抽样方法(SamplingMethod)抽样误差(SamplingError)抽样分布(SamplingDistribution)中心极限定理(Central LimitTheorem)点估计(Point Estimation)区间估计(IntervalEstimation)置信区间(ConfidenceInterval)置信水平(ConfidenceLevel)标准误差(Standard Error)假设检验(HypothesisTesting)原假设(Null Hypothesis)备择假设(AlternativeHypothesis)显著性水平(Significance Level)拒绝域(Rejection Region)检验统计量(Test Statistic)P值(P-value)类型一错误(Type IError)类型二错误(Type IIError)功效(Power)参数检验(ParametricTest)非参数检验(Nonparametric Test)单样本检验(One-sample Test)双样本检验(Two-sample Test)配对样本检验(Paired-sample Test)Z检验(Z-test)T检验(T-test)F检验(F-test)卡方检验(Chi-squareTest)方差分析(Analysis ofVariance)七、会计学术语术语术语术语术语会计学(Accounting)会计对象(AccountingObject)会计要素(AccountingElement)会计科目(Accounting Subject)会计方程(AccountingEquation)会计核算(Accounting Calculation)会计原则(AccountingPrinciple)会计假设(AccountingAssumption)会计政策(Accounting Policy)会计准则(AccountingStandard)会计期间(AccountingPeriod)会计年度(AccountingYear)会计报告期(AccountingReporting Period)会计循环(Accounting Cycle)会计业务(AccountingBusiness)记账(Bookkeeping)记账方法(BookkeepingMethod)记账凭证(BookkeepingVoucher)记账账簿(Bookkeeping Book)记账账户(BookkeepingAccount)记账分录(Bookkeeping Entry)借贷记账法(Double-entryBookkeeping Method)借方(Debit Side)贷方(Credit Side)借贷平衡(Balance of Debitand Credit)会计报表(Accounting Statement)资产负债表(BalanceSheet)利润表(IncomeStatement)现金流量表(CashFlow Statement)所有者权益变动表(Statementof Changes in Owner'sEquity)会计科学(AccountingScience)会计理论(AccountingTheory)会计方法(AccountingMethod)会计技术(AccountingTechnique)会计创新(AccountingInnovation)财务会计(Financial Accounting)管理会计(ManagementAccounting)成本会计(CostAccounting)审计会计(AuditingAccounting)税务会计(Tax Accounting)资产(Asset)负债(Liability)所有者权益(Owner'sEquity)收入(Income)费用(Expense)收益(Revenue)损失(Loss)利润(Profit)毛利(Gross Profit)净利(Net Profit)存货(Inventory)应收账款(AccountsReceivable)预付账款(PrepaidExpenses)固定资产(FixedAssets)无形资产(Intangible Assets)应付账款(AccountsPayable)预收账款(UnearnedRevenue)长期负债(Long-termLiabilities)资本(Capital)留存收益(Retained Earnings)折旧(Depreciation)摊销(Amortization)减值(Impairment)计提(Accrual)结转(Carryover)对冲(Hedging)杠杆(Leverage)财务比率(FinancialRatio)资本结构(CapitalStructure)资本预算(Capital Budgeting)八、中级会计实务术语术语术语术语术语会计 (Accounting)资产 (Asset)负债 (Liability)所有者权益 (Owner'sEquity)收入 (Revenue)费用 (Expense)损益 (Profit or Loss)现金流量 (Cash Flow)资产负债表 (BalanceSheet)利润表 (IncomeStatement)现金流量表 (Cash FlowStatement)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changesin Owner's Equity)附注 (Notes)记账凭证 (Voucher)记账方法 (AccountingMethod)原始凭证 (Original Document)记账分录 (Journal Entry)总分类账 (GeneralLedger)明细分类账 (SubsidiaryLedger)总账科目 (GeneralAccount)明细科目 (SubsidiaryAccount)借方 (Debit)贷方 (Credit)借贷平衡原则 (Double-entry Principle)记账方向 (AccountingDirection)试算平衡表 (Trial Balance)调整分录 (AdjustingEntry)调整后试算平衡表(Adjusted TrialBalance)结转分录 (ClosingEntry)结转后试算平衡表(Post-closing TrialBalance)存货制度 (InventorySystem)存货核算方法 (InventoryAccounting Method)先进先出法 (FIFOMethod)后进先出法 (LIFOMethod)加权平均法 (WeightedAverage Method)科学成本法（Specific Identification Method）存货跌价准备（Allowance forInventory Decline）存货盘点（InventoryCounting）存货盈亏（InventoryProfit or Loss）固定资产（FixedAsset）折旧（Depreciation）折旧方法（DepreciationMethod）直线法（Straight-lineMethod）双倍余额递减法（Double-decliningBalance Method）年数总和法（Sum-of-the-years'-digitsMethod）残值（Residual Value）折旧年限（Useful Life）净残值率（SalvageRate）固定资产清理（Disposal of FixedAsset）无形资产（IntangibleAsset）商誉（Goodwill）知识产权（IntellectualProperty）专利权（Patent）商标权（Trademark）著作权（Copyright）长期股权投资（Long-term Equity Investment）成本法（Cost Method）权益法（EquityMethod）投资收益（InvestmentIncome）投资性房地产（InvestmentProperty）资产减值（Asset Impairment）减值损失（ImpairmentLoss）可回收金额（RecoverableAmount）可变现净值（NetRealizable Value）使用价值（Value inUse）金融资产（FinancialAsset）金融负债（FinancialLiability）公允价值（FairValue）利息收入（InterestIncome）利息支出（InterestExpense）汇兑收益（ExchangeGain）汇兑损失（ExchangeLoss）应收账款（AccountsReceivable）坏账损失（Bad DebtLoss）坏账准备（Allowancefor Bad Debt）应付账款（Accounts Payable）预收账款（UnearnedRevenue）预付账款（PrepaidExpense）应计收入（AccruedRevenue）应计费用（AccruedExpense）职工薪酬（Employee Compensation）工资与奖金（Wages andBonuses）社会保险费用（SocialInsurance Expense）住房公积金费用（Housing ProvidentFund Expense）职工福利费用（Employee WelfareExpense）借款费用 (BorrowingCost)资本化 (Capitalization)资本化利率(Capitalization Rate)资本化期间(Capitalization Period)资本化暂停(CapitalizationSuspension)现金等价物 (Cash Equivalent)现金流量表附表(Supplemental Scheduleof Cash Flow Statement)经营活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromOperating Activities)投资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromInvesting Activities)筹资活动现金流量(Cash Flow fromFinancing Activities)直接法 (Direct Method)间接法 (Indirect Method)现金流量净额 (NetCash Flow)现金流量增减表(Statement of Changesin Cash Flow)现金流量比率 (CashFlow Ratio)利润表 (Income Statement)收入确认原则 (RevenueRecognition Principle)营业收入 (OperatingRevenue)营业成本 (OperatingCost)营业税金及附加(Business Tax andSurcharges)销售费用 (Selling Expense)管理费用 (AdministrativeExpense)财务费用 (FinancialExpense)营业利润 (OperatingProfit)营业外收入 (Non-operating Income)营业外支出 (Non-operating Expense)利润总额 (Total Profit)所得税费用 (IncomeTax Expense)净利润 (Net Profit)每股收益 (EarningsPer Share)所有者权益变动表(Statement of Changes in Owner's Equity)股本 (Capital Stock)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)九、财务管理术语术语术语术语术语财务管理 (Financial Management)财务目标 (FinancialObjective)财务决策 (FinancialDecision)财务计划 (FinancialPlan)财务控制 (FinancialControl)资金 (Fund)资金需求 (FundDemand)资金供给 (FundSupply)资金流动 (Fund Flow)资金结构 (FundStructure)资本 (Capital)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本预算 (CapitalBudget)资本收益率 (CapitalReturn Rate)投资 (Investment)投资项目 (InvestmentProject)投资评价 (InvestmentEvaluation)投资回收期 (PaybackPeriod)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (Internal Rate of Return)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)风险分析 (RiskAnalysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)现金管理 (Cash Management)现金预测 (CashForecasting)现金流量预算表 (CashBudget)现金流量周期 (CashCycle)现金余额 (Cash Balance)应收账款管理 (AccountsReceivableManagement)应收账款周转率(Accounts ReceivableTurnover Ratio)坏账率 (Bad DebtRatio)应收账款账龄分析法(Aging Method ofAccounts Receivable)应收账款折现法（Discount Method ofAccounts Receivable）存货管理（Inventory Management）存货周转率（InventoryTurnover Ratio）经济订货量（Economic OrderQuantity）安全存量（SafetyStock）订货点（Reorder Point）短期融资（Short-term Financing）银行贷款（BankLoan）商业票据（CommercialPaper）应付账款融资（Accounts PayableFinancing）保兑仓融资（WarehouseReceipt Financing）长期融资（Long-term Financing）债券（Bond）债券价格（BondPrice）债券收益率（BondYield）债券评级（BondRating）股票（Stock）股票价格（StockPrice）股票收益率（StockReturn Rate）股息政策（DividendPolicy）股权融资（EquityFinancing）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（Operating LeverageCoefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（LeverageAdjustment Principle）十、运筹学术语术语术语术语术语运筹学 (Operations Research)决策 (Decision)决策变量 (DecisionVariable)目标函数 (ObjectiveFunction)约束条件 (Constraint)线性规划 (Linear Programming)图形法 (GraphicalMethod)单纯形法 (SimplexMethod)对偶理论 (DualityTheory)敏感性分析 (SensitivityAnalysis)整数规划 (Integer Programming)分支定界法 (Branch andBound Method)割平面法 (CuttingPlane Method)隐枚举法 (ImplicitEnumeration Method)0-1规划 (0-1Programming)非线性规划 (Nonlinear Programming)拉格朗日乘子法(Lagrange MultiplierMethod)KKT条件 (KKTCondition)梯度法 (GradientMethod)牛顿法 (Newton Method)动态规划 (Dynamic Programming)阶段 (Stage)状态 (State)决策 (Decision)最优值函数 (OptimalValue Function)贝尔曼方程 (BellmanEquation)网络优化 (NetworkOptimization)关键路径法 (CriticalPath Method)最短路问题 (ShortestPath Problem)最小生成树问题(Minimum Spanning TreeProblem)最大流问题 (Maximum Flow Problem)最小费用流问题(Minimum Cost FlowProblem)匹配问题 (MatchingProblem)背包问题 (KnapsackProblem)指派问题 (AssignmentProblem)非线性整数规划（Nonlinear Integer Programming）分数规划（FractionalProgramming）凸规划（ConvexProgramming）目标规划（GoalProgramming）多目标规划（Multi-objective Programming）随机规划（Stochastic Programming）鲁棒优化（RobustOptimization）参数规划（ParametricProgramming）可行方向法（FeasibleDirection Method）序列二次规划（Sequential QuadraticProgramming）队列论（QueueingTheory）到达过程（ArrivalProcess）服务过程（ServiceProcess）排队系统（QueueingSystem）排队模型（QueueingModel）M/M/1模型（M/M/1Model）M/M/c模型（M/M/cModel）M/G/1模型（M/G/1Model）G/M/1模型（G/M/1Model）排队长度（QueueLength）平均排队时间（Average Queueing Time）平均服务时间（AverageService Time）到达率（ArrivalRate）服务率（ServiceRate）利用率（UtilizationRate）十一、市场营销术语术语术语术语术语市场营销 (Marketing)市场营销管理(MarketingManagement)市场营销环境(MarketingEnvironment)市场营销计划(Marketing Plan)市场营销组合 (MarketingMix)市场 (Market)市场需求 (MarketDemand)市场细分 (MarketSegmentation)市场定位 (MarketPositioning)市场目标 (MarketTargeting)消费者行为 (ConsumerBehavior)消费者需求 (ConsumerNeed)消费者动机 (ConsumerMotivation)消费者态度(Consumer Attitude)消费者满意度 (ConsumerSatisfaction)产品 (Product)产品生命周期 (ProductLife Cycle)产品创新 (ProductInnovation)产品差异化 (ProductDifferentiation)产品定价 (Product Pricing)价格 (Price)价格策略 (PricingStrategy)价格弹性 (PriceElasticity)价格歧视 (PriceDiscrimination)价格竞争 (PriceCompetition)促销 (Promotion)促销策略 (PromotionStrategy)促销组合 (PromotionMix)广告 (Advertising)公关 (Public Relations)销售促进（Sales Promotion）个人销售（PersonalSelling）直接营销（DirectMarketing）网络营销（InternetMarketing）社会媒体营销（SocialMedia Marketing）分销（Distribution）分销渠道（DistributionChannel）分销策略（DistributionStrategy）物流（Logistics）运输（Transportation）库存管理（Inventory Management）订货量（OrderQuantity）经济批量（EconomicBatch Quantity）订货点（ReorderPoint）安全库存（Safety Stock）市场调研（Market Research）调研目的（ResearchObjective）调研方法（ResearchMethod）调研设计（ResearchDesign）调研样本（ResearchSample）数据收集（Data Collection）数据分析（DataAnalysis）数据呈现（DataPresentation）调研报告（ResearchReport）调研误差（ResearchError）十二、经济法术语术语术语术语术语经济法 (Economic Law)经济活动 (EconomicActivity)经济主体 (EconomicSubject)经济权利 (EconomicRight)经济责任 (EconomicResponsibility)经济法律关系 (Economic Legal Relationship)经济合同 (EconomicContract)经济纠纷 (EconomicDispute)经济诉讼 (EconomicLitigation)经济仲裁 (EconomicArbitration)民商事法律体系 (Civiland Commercial LegalSystem)民法典 (Civil Code)商法典 (CommercialCode)合同法 (Contract Law)物权法 (Property Law)侵权责任法 (Tort LiabilityLaw)民事诉讼法 (CivilProcedure Law)商事诉讼法(CommercialProcedure Law)仲裁法 (Arbitration Law)消费者权益保护法（Consumer Rights andInterests Protection Law）公司法（CompanyLaw）合伙企业法（PartnershipEnterprise Law）独资企业法（SoleProprietorshipEnterprise Law）外商投资企业法（Foreign InvestmentEnterprise Law）公司治理（CorporateGovernance）股东（Shareholder）董事会（Board ofDirectors）监事会（Board ofSupervisors）高级管理人员（SeniorManagement）股东大会（Shareholders'Meeting）股份（Share）股权（StockRight）股票（Stock）股本（Capital Stock）股利（Dividend）债券（Bond）债权（Debt Right）债务（Debt）债务人（Debtor）债权人（Creditor）破产（Bankruptcy）破产程序（BankruptcyProcedure）破产申请（BankruptcyApplication）破产管理人（BankruptcyAdministrator）破产债权人会议（Bankruptcy Creditors'Meeting）十三、现代公司制概论术语术语术语术语术语现代公司制 (Modern Corporation System)公司 (Company)公司法人 (CorporateLegal Person)公司治理 (CorporateGovernance)公司社会责任 (CorporateSocial Responsibility)股份有限公司 (Joint-stock Company)有限责任公司 (LimitedLiability Company)股东 (Shareholder)股份 (Share)股权 (Stock Right)董事会 (Board of Directors)监事会 (Board ofSupervisors)高级管理人员 (SeniorManagement)股东大会(Shareholders'Meeting)公司章程 (Articles ofAssociation)注册资本 (RegisteredCapital)实收资本 (Paid-inCapital)资本公积 (CapitalReserve)盈余公积 (SurplusReserve)未分配利润 (RetainedEarnings)股利 (Dividend)股息率 (DividendRate)现金分红 (CashDividend)股票分红 (StockDividend)分红政策 (Dividend Policy)上市公司（Listed Company）发行股票（IssueStock）募集资金（RaiseFunds）首次公开募股（InitialPublic Offering）再融资（Refinancing）股票市场（Stock Market）证券交易所（StockExchange）证券监管机构（SecuritiesRegulatory Authority）证券法（SecuritiesLaw）证券合同（SecuritiesContract）股票价格（StockPrice）股票指数（StockIndex）市盈率（Price-earningsRatio）市净率（Price-bookRatio）市场效率（MarketEfficiency）投资者保护（Investor Protection）信息披露（InformationDisclosure）内幕交易（InsiderTrading）操纵市场（MarketManipulation）证券欺诈（SecuritiesFraud）十四、经营管理术语术语术语术语术语经营管理 (Business Management)经营目标 (BusinessObjective)经营策略 (BusinessStrategy)经营模式 (BusinessModel)经营效率 (BusinessEfficiency)经营效果 (Business Effectiveness)经营创新 (BusinessInnovation)经营风险 (BusinessRisk)经营伦理 (BusinessEthics)经营文化 (BusinessCulture)组织 (Organization)组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)组织设计(OrganizationalDesign)组织变革 (OrganizationalChange)组织发展 (OrganizationalDevelopment)协调 (Coordination)协调机制 (CoordinationMechanism)协调原则(Coordination协调方法 (CoordinationMethod)协调技巧 (CoordinationSkill)Principle)控制 (Control)控制系统 (ControlSystem)控制过程 (ControlProcess)控制标准 (ControlStandard)控制反馈 (ControlFeedback)激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）资源（Resource）物质资源（MaterialResource）人力资源（HumanResource）财务资源（FinancialResource）信息资源（InformationResource）活动（Activity）生产活动（ProductionActivity）销售活动（SalesActivity）采购活动（PurchasingActivity）研发活动（Research andDevelopment Activity）目标（Objective）目标管理（ObjectiveManagement）目标设定（ObjectiveSetting）目标分解（ObjectiveDecomposition）目标评价（ObjectiveEvaluation）十五、公司金融术语术语术语术语术语公司金融 (CorporateFinance)投资决策 (InvestmentDecision)融资决策 (FinancingDecision)分红决策 (DividendDecision)资本结构 (CapitalStructure)资本成本 (CapitalCost)资本预算 (Capital Budget)现金流量 (Cash Flow)净现值 (Net PresentValue)内部收益率 (InternalRate of Return)敏感性分析(Sensitivity Analysis)风险分析 (Risk Analysis)投资组合理论 (PortfolioTheory)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset PricingModel)证券市场线 (SecurityMarket Line)贝塔系数（Beta Coefficient）无风险利率（Risk-freeRate）市场风险溢价（MarketRisk Premium）资本市场线（CapitalMarket Line）有效边界（EfficientFrontier）杠杆效应（LeverageEffect）操作杠杆系数（OperatingLeverage Coefficient）财务杠杆系数（Financial LeverageCoefficient）综合杠杆系数（Combined LeverageCoefficient）杠杆调整原则（Leverage AdjustmentPrinciple）股权融资（Equity Financing）债务融资（DebtFinancing）权益融资（Quasi-equity Financing）混合融资（HybridFinancing）转换债券（ConvertibleBond）可赎回债券（Redeemable Bond）可交换债券（Exchangeable Bond）优先股（PreferredStock）可转换优先股（Convertible PreferredStock）权证（Warrant）十六、人力资源管理术语术语术语术语术语人力资源管理 (Human Resource Management)人力资源规划 (HumanResource Planning)人力资源分析 (HumanResource Analysis)人力资源需求 (HumanResource Demand)人力资源供给 (HumanResource Supply)招聘 (Recruitment)招聘渠道 (RecruitmentChannel)招聘广告 (RecruitmentAdvertisement)招聘成本 (RecruitmentCost)招聘效果 (RecruitmentEffectiveness)选拔 (Selection)选拔方法 (SelectionMethod)选拔标准 (SelectionCriterion)选拔工具 (SelectionTool)选拔过程 (SelectionProcess)培训 (Training)培训需求分析 (TrainingNeeds Analysis)培训目标 (TrainingObjective)培训内容 (TrainingContent)培训方法 (TrainingMethod)培训评估（Training Evaluation）培训效果（TrainingEffectiveness）培训反馈（TrainingFeedback）培训转移（TrainingTransfer）培训成本（TrainingCost）术语术语术语术语术语评估（Performance Appraisal）评估目的（PerformanceAppraisal Purpose）评估标准（PerformanceAppraisal Criterion）评估方法（PerformanceAppraisal Method）评估结果（PerformanceAppraisal Result）激励（Motivation）激励理论（MotivationTheory）激励因素（MotivationFactor）激励方法（MotivationMethod）激励机制（MotivationMechanism）薪酬（Compensation）薪酬结构（CompensationStructure）薪酬水平（CompensationLevel）薪酬调整（CompensationAdjustment）薪酬管理（CompensationManagement）十七、企业战略管理术语术语术语术语术语企业战略管理(Corporate Strategy Management)战略 (Strategy)战略管理过程(Strategy ManagementProcess)战略分析 (StrategyAnalysis)战略制定 (StrategyFormulation)战略实施 (Strategy Implementation)战略评估 (StrategyEvaluation)战略控制 (StrategyControl)战略调整 (StrategyAdjustment)战略创新 (StrategyInnovation)环境分析(Environmental Analysis)宏观环境分析 (Macro-environmentalAnalysis)行业环境分析 (IndustryEnvironmentalAnalysis)微观环境分析 (Micro-environmental Analysis)PEST分析法（PESTAnalysis Method）波特五力模型（Porter's Five Forces Model）SWOT分析法（SWOT AnalysisMethod）VRIO分析法（VRIOAnalysis Method）价值链分析法（ValueChain Analysis Method）核心竞争力分析法（Core CompetenceAnalysis Method）目标管理（Objective Management）SMART原则（SMART Principle）平衡计分卡（BalancedScorecard）关键绩效指标（KeyPerformance Indicator）目标层次结构（ObjectiveHierarchy）战略选择（StrategyChoice）战略类型（StrategyType）成本领先战略（CostLeadership Strategy）差异化战略（DifferentiationStrategy）聚焦战略（FocusStrategy）集团化战略（Diversification Strategy）垂直一体化战略（Vertical IntegrationStrategy）水平一体化战略（HorizontalIntegration Strategy）国际化战略（InternationalizationStrategy）蓝海战略（Blue OceanStrategy）。

工程管理专业英语试卷工程管理专业英语试卷篇一：工程管理专业英语大纲《工程管理专业英语》教学大纲课程名称：工程管理专业英语课程编号：1030093 编写日期：2014年8月课程英文名称：Professional English for Construction Management总学时：36适用专业：工程管理专业一、课程性质、目的和任务本课程是工程管理专业的专业选修课。

通过本课程的学习，使学生既能掌握工程项目管理专业术语，又能培养和提高学生阅读与笔译专业英语文献的能力，并了解国外工程管理领域最新发展动态和前沿知识，还能够开拓其专业视野，为日后从事相关的工程管理工作和理论研究打下坚实的基础。

掌握工程管理专业英语所要求的知识。

二、课程教学内容及基本要求第一章1．教学内容：Organizing for Project Management2．基本要求（1）Organization of Project Management (重点)（2）Professional Construction Management3．学时分配：4学时第二章1．教学内容：The Employer2．基本要求（1）right of access to The site（2）employer claims（3）instructions3．学时分配：4学时第三章1．教学内容：Cost Estimation2．基本要求（1）Approaches to Cost Estimation (重点) （2）Types of Construction Cost Estimates 3．学时分配：4学时第四章1．教学内容：The Project Budget(1)2．基本要求（1）Set of Project Cost Accounts（2）Project Budget for a Design Firm （3）Project Budget for a Constructor3．学时分配：4学时第五章1．教学内容：The Project Budget(2)2．基本要求（1）How to Forecast for Activity Cost Control（2）Learn the Example 5.1 Estimate total cost3．学时分配：4学时第六章1．教学内容：The Contractor2．基本要求（1）The Contractor General Obligations（2）Contractor Representative（重点难点）（3）Progress Reports3．学时分配：4学时第七章1．教学内容：Types of Construction Contracts2．基本要求（1）Principles of Competitive Bidding（2）the Major Factors Impacting Bidding Competitions 3．学时分配：4学时第八章1．教学内容：Project Finance2．基本要求（1）Definition，Principle Advantages and Objectives（2）the Step in a Project Financing（3）Principle Agreements in a Project Financing3．学时分配：4学时第九章1．教学内容：Schedule Control2．基本要求（1）Project Control Process（2）Effects of Actual Schedule Performance（重点难点）（3）Incorporating Project Changes into The Schedule3．学时分配：4学时三、考核方式与成绩评定1．考核方式：考试2．成绩评定：各教学环节占总分的比例：作业、课堂表现、出勤：30%；期末考试：70%。