第五讲 短语
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现代汉语语法研究解海江xiehaijiang@第5讲短语•一、术语的变化和确定•二、短语在语法研究中的地位•三、短语的类型一、术语的变化和确定•1.短语:不同的名称:读、顿、短语、字群、扩词、仂语等。
•目前比较有影响的名称主要有三个:短语、词组、结构。
•20世纪50、60年代:以“词组”为通名,间或也有称为“结构”的。
•到70年代末,吕叔湘的《汉语语法分析问题》明确倾向于叫做“短语”,认为:“词组一般理解为必须包含两个以上的实词,一个实词搭上一个虚词,像‘我们的’、“从这里”之类就不大好叫做词组(只能叫做‘的字结构’、‘介词结构’什么的),可是管它叫短语就没有什么可为难的。
”•2.至于“结构”,不仅语音、语义、语法都有各自的结构系统,而且词、词与词的组合乃至句子也都有自身的结构,因此“结构”是个多义词,再加上它既可以指结构本身,又可以兼指结构关系,因而“结构”这一名称似乎内涵太多,所指太杂。
•3.胡裕树主编《现代汉语》(1981年增订本)把“实词与实词依靠一定的语法手段组合起来的语言单位”叫做“词组”,另把“实词和虚词各为一方的组合”叫做“结构”。
•4.邵敬敏《现代汉语通论》分为两类:词组和结构,合称短语。
•实词与实词按照一定的结构方式组合起来的短语叫“词组”;短语(词组)类型,主要根据短语各组成成份的词性、组合方式及其所形成的语法关系形式来分类,包括:偏正短语、述宾短语、述补短语、联合短语、主谓短语、同位短语、兼语短语和连谓短语等。
•实词与实词的非结构组合以及实词与虚词的组合叫“结构”。
短语(结构)类型,主要用实词或虚词的名称来命名,实词与实词的组合包括:量词结构、方位结构;实词与虚词的组合包括:介词结构、“的”字结构。
•5.从发展趋势看,“短语”将逐步取得正统的地位,但从教学方便起见,区分词组与结构,两者再合称为短语。
二、短语在语法研究中的地位•1.传统的语法研究:词本位、句本位•在分析句子时,从词到句,短语没有正式的地位。
高考英语3500词第五讲1.assume v. 假定, 设想【词根词缀:as-来,临近 + -sum-拿,买 + -e】2.assumption n. 假定, 设想【assump(assume,假定)tion(名词后缀)→假定、设想】consume v. 消耗,消费【词根词缀:con-共同 + -sum-拿,买 + -e】consumer n.消费者;用户,顾客【来自consume,消费.】3.astonish v. 使惊讶【词根词缀:as-加强意义 + -ton-雷鸣 + -ish动词词尾】astonishment n. 惊讶;令人惊讶的事物【astonish + ment名词后缀】4.astronaut n. 宇航员【词根词缀:-astr-星 + -o- + -naut-船】5.astronomer n. 天文学家【词根词缀:-astr-星 + -o-中缀 + -nom-学科,学术,法则 + -er名词词尾,人】6.astronomy n. 天文学【词根astro,星。
词根nomy,学说,学科。
】7.at prep. 在, 于, 向, 对准, 在...方面8.athlete n. 运动员【在古希腊时期,人们在祭祀神祗时,往往会举办各种比赛,如赛跑、格斗等体育活动,还有戏剧、演讲等其他类型的比赛。
比赛往往设有奖品,如桂冠。
参与比赛、争夺奖品的人在希腊语中就被称为athletes,字面意思就是“争夺奖品的人”,源自名词athlon(奖品)及动词athlein(争夺奖品)。
英语单词athlete就来源于此,原本表示参与比赛的选手,后来词义缩写为参与体育比赛的选手。
】athletess n. 女运动员9.athletic adj. 运动的, 体育的【athle(运动)+ tics(名词后缀)→体育、运动】athletics n.田径运动; 体育运动athleticism n. 运动天赋; 体育才能10.Atlantic adj. 大西洋的【传说一万多年以前在世界第二大洋大西洋上本来有一个名叫Atlantis的大陆,大陆上还有个王国,以后可能因地震而沉于海底。
UNIT5 短语Section A 1the Water Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, watch the races, a little crowded, like best, go…for one’s vacation, enjoy doing sth., eat out, five meals a day, put on, in two weeks, sound like, from…to…, be similar to, throw water at each other, wash away, have good luck, in the new yearSection A 2celebrate Middle-Autumn Festival, the shape of, carry …to…, shoot down, plan to do sth., try to do sth., refuse to do sth., fly up, so…that…,call out, lay out, start the tradition ofSection A 3one…, the other…, give…to…,take out, more and more popularSection B 1dress up, care about, make money, used to, end up, warn sb. to do sth., expect sb. to do sth., wake up, find out, decide to do sth., promise to do sth., in need,Section B 2introduce sb., make sb. do sth., give birth to life, not only…but also…(2) 句子:Section A 1Bill thinks that the races were not that interesting to watch.Bill wonders whether they’ll have the sweet rice dumplings again next year.What do you like best about the Dragon Boat Festival?What did you do on your vacation?But I believe that April is the hottest month of the year there.I wonder if it’s similar to the water festival of Dai people in Yunnan Province. Section A 2Chinese people have been celebrating Middle-Autumn Festival and enjoying mooncakes for centuries.They carry people’s wishes to the families they love and miss.However, most people think that the story of Chang’e is the most touching. Whoever drank this could live forever.Hou Yi was so sad that he called out her name to the moon every night.How he wished that Chang’e could come back!Section A 3Do you know that there are two special days for parents in America?I believe that there are many ways to show our love.It is also a good idea to help parents to do something instead.Section B 1Many would agree that when we think of Christmas, we probably think of gifts, Christmas trees and Santa Claus.A Christmas Carol is a famous novel written by Charles Dickens.He just cares about whether he can make more money.Marley used to be just like Scrooge, so he was punished after he died.He now treats everyone with kindness and warmth, spreading love and joy everywhere he goes.Section B 2Not only do people spread them around in different hiding places for an egg hunt, but they also give out these treats as gifts.。
第五讲7A Unit 5 Let's celebrate ! 复习讲义教学目标:1.能够熟练掌握本单元的重点单词、词组以及句型。
2.能够熟练掌握各种特殊疑问词的区别及其基本用法,并且学会运用。
3.牢记本单元的一些重要知识点。
教学重点:掌握特殊疑问词的基本用法。
教学内容一、短语1.dress up as a ghost 装扮成鬼2.a list of sth 一张……清单3.at Christmas 在圣诞节4.have a party 举行聚会5.have a big lunch 吃一顿丰盛的晚餐6.in the USA 在美国7.like …best 喜欢8.on October 31 在10月31号9.pumpkin lantern 南瓜灯10. knock on the door 敲门11.play a trick on sb 捉弄某人12. give sb sth as a treat 用某物招待某人13.have…for lunch 中饭吃……14. lion dance 狮子舞15.find out 找出,查明,发现,了解16.around the world 世界各地,全世界17.let off fireworks 燃烟花18.ask for 请求询问19.on holiday 度假20.an important festival 一个重要的节日二、知识点1.Let sb do sth 让某人做某事2.how about doing sth 做什么怎么样3.paint +宾语+颜色把什么涂成什么颜色paint the wall white 把墙涂成白色4.give sb sth =give sth to sb 给某人某物give us some candy as a treat 给我们一些糖作为招待5.There is/are....... 有.....6.What a+形容词+名词单数+(主语+谓语)What a nice day it is.三、必背句型1.What’s your favorite festival? 你最喜欢的节日是什么?2.What do you usually do on that day? 你通常在那天做什么?3.Thank you for telling me about the Mid-Autumn festival.谢谢你告诉我关于中秋节。
高考英语3500词第五讲1.assume v. 假定, 设想【词根词缀:as-来,临近 + -sum-拿,买 + -e】2.assumption n. 假定, 设想【assump(assume,假定)tion(名词后缀)→假定、设想】consume v. 消耗,消费【词根词缀:con-共同 + -sum-拿,买 + -e】consumer n.消费者;用户,顾客【来自consume,消费.】3.astonish v. 使惊讶【词根词缀:as-加强意义 + -ton-雷鸣 + -ish动词词尾】astonishment n. 惊讶;令人惊讶的事物【astonish + ment名词后缀】4.astronaut n. 宇航员【词根词缀:-astr-星 + -o- + -naut-船】5.astronomer n. 天文学家【词根词缀:-astr-星 + -o-中缀 + -nom-学科,学术,法则 + -er名词词尾,人】6.astronomy n. 天文学【词根astro,星。
词根nomy,学说,学科。
】7.at prep. 在, 于, 向, 对准, 在...方面8.athlete n. 运动员【在古希腊时期,人们在祭祀神祗时,往往会举办各种比赛,如赛跑、格斗等体育活动,还有戏剧、演讲等其他类型的比赛。
比赛往往设有奖品,如桂冠。
参与比赛、争夺奖品的人在希腊语中就被称为athletes,字面意思就是“争夺奖品的人”,源自名词athlon(奖品)及动词athlein(争夺奖品)。
英语单词athlete就来源于此,原本表示参与比赛的选手,后来词义缩写为参与体育比赛的选手。
】athletess n. 女运动员9.athletic adj. 运动的, 体育的【athle(运动)+ tics(名词后缀)→体育、运动】athletics n.田径运动; 体育运动athleticism n. 运动天赋; 体育才能10.Atlantic adj. 大西洋的【传说一万多年以前在世界第二大洋大西洋上本来有一个名叫Atlantis的大陆,大陆上还有个王国,以后可能因地震而沉于海底。
第五讲动词和动词短语考点一动词词义辨析1.(2013·**高考)While intelligent people can often ______ the ple*, a fool is more likely to plicate the simple.A.sacrifice B.substituteC.simplify D.survive解析:选C 考察动词辨析。
句意:聪明的人常常能把复杂的事情简单化,而愚蠢的人更可能把简单的问题复杂化。
根据句意可知,这里用simplify与后面的the simple对应,the ple*与后面的plicate照应。
sacrifice"牺牲〞;substitute"代替〞;survive"幸存〞。
2.(2013·新课标卷Ⅰ)Try not to cough more than you can ________ since it may cause problems to your lungs.A.check B.allowC.stop D.help解析:选D 考察动词辨析。
句意:尽量不要过多咳嗽,因为咳嗽过多可能引发你的肺部问题。
not more than one can help意为"能少尽量少〞,符合句意。
3.(2013·**高考)A good listener takes part in the conversation, ________ ideas and raising questions to keep the talk flowing.A.realizing B.copyingC.offering D.misunderstanding解析:选C 考察动词辨析。
句意:善于倾听的人在谈话的时候,往往会提出想法和问题,从而使得谈话能流畅地进展下去。
offer"提供,主动提出〞,符合句意。
第五讲介词与介词短语单句语法填空1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching for these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.2.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.3. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree in_ engineering or architecture.4.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands.5.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.6.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.一、介词1.表示方位的at, in, on, to, beside/by和near2.表示方位的between和among3.表示方位的across, through, over和past4.表示时间点的at, in和on5.表示时间段的for和since6.表示交通方式的by, in/on7.表示“用……”的by, in和with8.表示“除……外”的except, except for和besides(1)against的用法(2)beyond的用法(3)over的用法(4)to的用法(5)under的用法(6)with的用法二、介词短语介词的固定搭配考查有两种:一是考查固定搭配中的介词;二是考查介词短语。