Periodic and quasiperiodic nonquarterwave multilayer coatings for 90-deg reflection phase retardance

periodicPeriodicIntroductionThe concept of periodicity refers to the repetition of patterns or trends in various phenomena occurring over a specific interval of time. Periodic patterns can be observed in various fields, including chemistry, physics, mathematics, music, and even nature. This document aims to explore the concept of periodicity and its applications in different aspects of our lives.Chemistry and the Periodic TableIn the field of chemistry, the periodic table is a fundamental tool used to organize and categorize elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The periodic table was first proposed by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 and has since undergone several modifications to accommodate newly discovered elements.The periodic table consists of rows called periods and columns called groups. Elements within the same group often exhibit similar chemical behavior due to their similar electron configurations. The periodic table's arrangement enables scientists to predict an element's properties based on its position within the table. The periodicity of the table allows for the identification of trends in atomic size, electronegativity, and ionization energy.Physics and WavesThe concept of periodicity is also prevalent in the field of physics, particularly in the study of waves. Waves, such as sound, light, and electromagnetic waves, exhibit periodic behavior as they repeat oscillations over time.The properties of waves are defined by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. The amplitude represents the wave's maximum displacement from its equilibrium position, while the wavelength refers to the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave. Frequency, measured in hertz (Hz), is the number of oscillations the wave completes in one second, while the period is the time it takes for one complete oscillation.The periodic nature of waves makes them useful in various applications such as communication systems, medical imaging, and spectroscopy. By understanding the periodic behavior of waves, engineers and scientists can develop technologies that utilize wave phenomena effectively.Mathematics and TrigonometryIn mathematics, the concept of periodicity is deeply rooted in trigonometry, specifically in functions such as sine and cosine. These functions represent the relationship between angles and the coordinates of points on a unit circle.The sine and cosine functions repeat their values after a certain interval called the period. In trigonometry, the period of these functions is 2π radians or 360 degrees. This periodic behavior allows for the analysis and prediction of various phenomena, including the motion of pendulums, alternating current electrical systems, and periodic functions in statistics.Music and Harmonic SeriesOne of the most relatable applications of periodicity is in music. Musical notes are produced from vibrating objects,such as strings or air columns, which create regular patterns of sound waves. These sound waves can be described as periodic waves, with specific frequencies and harmonics.The harmonic series is a fundamental concept in music theory that explains the relationship between different musical tones. Each musical note corresponds to a specific frequency, and the harmonics of a note are integer multiples of its fundamental frequency. This periodic pattern of harmonics creates the unique sound quality and timbre of different instruments.Nature and Biological RhythmsPeriodicity can also be observed in various biological systems, such as the human body's circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm refers to the biological processes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, regulating sleep-wake patterns, hormone production, and metabolism.Other biological rhythms include the menstrual cycle in females, the hibernation patterns of animals, and the migration patterns of birds. These biological processes exhibit periodic behavior, influenced by internal and external factors, such as light or hormonal changes.ConclusionPeriodicity is a fundamental concept that permeates various aspects of our lives. Whether it is in the organization of elements in the periodic table, the analysis of wave phenomena in physics, the study of trigonometric functions in mathematics, the creation of music, or the regulation of biological processes, periodic patterns provide insight into the behavior of the world around us.By understanding and recognizing these patterns, scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and artists can harness the power of periodicity to make advancements in their respective fields. As we continue to explore and unravel the mysteries of the universe, the concept of periodicity will undoubtedly play a crucial role in our quest for knowledge.。

一阶电路first-order circuit三要素法three-element method for analyzingfirst-order circuitss 平面s-plane二端元件two-terminal element二端网络two-terminal network无源网络passive-terminal network有源网络active-terminal networkT 形网络T-networkΓ形网络inverted L-network, Γ-network入射波incidence wave三相three-phase三相电路three-phase circuit三相制three-phase system三相四线制three-phase four-wire system三角形连接delta-connection, △-connection 三角形网络delta-network三端网络three-terminal network端口portπ形网络π- network已调信号modulated signal支路branch支路电流法branch current method支路阻抗矩阵branch impedance matrix支路导纳矩阵branch admittance matrix分压器voltage divider分压比voltage division ratio分贝decibel(dB)分离图separated graph开路open-circuit开路阻抗open-circuit impedance开路阻抗矩阵open-circuit impedance matrix反接inversed connection, connection inopposition反射阻抗reflected impedance反相opposite in phase反向串联inverted series connection反向传输矩阵inverted transmission matrix互感mutual inductance互感应现象mutual induction phenomenon互感耦合mutual-inductance coupling互感耦合电路mutual-inductance coupled circuit 互易性reciprocity 互易定理reciprocity theorem互易网络reciprocity network中线 (零线 )neutral wire中性点 (中点 )neutral point无功功率reactive power无功功率守恒theorem of conservation of reactive 定理power无功伏安reactive Volt-Ampere无功分量reactive component无功因数reactive factor双口网络two-port network, two-port对称双口网络symmetrical two-port network不对称双口网unsymmetrical two-port network 络X 形双口网络lattice network复合双口网络composite two-port networkT 形桥式双口bridge-T two-port network网络双 T 网络double-T network双 T 选频网络double-T frequency selectionnetwork匹配matching方阵square matrix韦伯 (韦)Weber(Wb)乏var辅助分析computer-aided analysis瓦特 (瓦)watt(W)分布电感distributed inductance内部法internal approach分段线性化法piece-wise linear approximation 分布参数电路distributed circuit反射系数reflection coefficient反射波reflected wave匹配match无损耗线lossless line无损耗线的输input impedance of lossless line 入阻抗无畸变distortionless无畸变条件distortionless condition无畸变线distortionless line电路circuit电源source理想电源ideal source1 /15实际电源physical source电位potential电位差potential difference电位升potential rise电位降potential drop电位参考点potential reference point电压voltage电压圆图voltage circle diagram电压源voltage source电压控制电压voltage-controlled voltage source 源电压控制电流voltage-controlled current source 源电压反馈系数voltage feed-back factor线电压line voltage相电压phase voltage电流current电流源current source电流控制电压current-controlled voltage source 源电流控制电流current-controlled current source 源电流放大系数current amplification factor线电流line current相电流phase current电动势electromotiveforce(e.m.f.),electromotance电激流excitation current电阻resistance内电阻internal resistance自电阻self-resistance共电阻 ( 互电mutual resistance阻)电导conductance内电导internal conductance自电导self-conductance共电导 ( 互电mutual conductance导)电感inductance电容capacitance电抗reactance电纳susceptance电信号electric signal 电场能量electric field energy电场强度electric field intensity电磁场electromagnetic field电力网power network电报方程telegraphic equation正弦波sinusoidal wave正弦信号sinusoidal signal正弦函数sinusoidal function正弦响应sinusoidal response正弦交流电路sinusoidal responsealternating current circuit正序positive sequence正相序positive phase sequence正负号函数signup矢量vector节点node节点方程node equation节点电流方程node current equation节点电压法node voltage method节点关联矩阵node incidence matrix节点电导矩阵node conductance matrix广义节点Super-node对称三相电路symmetrical three-phase circuit 对称均匀链形symmetrical uniform chain network 网络对偶原理principle of duality对偶网络dual network对偶元件dual element对应端corresponding terminal对象阻抗image impedance对象参数image parameter对象传输常数image propagation constant平面网络planar network非平面网络non-planar network功率power功率因数power factor功率因数角power factor angle功率三角形power triangle功率守恒定理theorem of conservation of power 平均功率average power有功功率active power无功功率reactive power视在功率apparent power2 /15右手螺旋定则right-handed screw rule外网孔outer mesh失谐状态detuned condition小失谐状态slightly detuned condition四端网络four-terminal network, quadripole 主元pivot element, pivot平衡工作点balanced operating point龙格 -库塔法Runge-Kutta method四阶 R-K 法forth-order R-K method四分之一波长quarter-wave line线史密斯阻抗图Smith Chart网络network网络分析network analysis网络分析法method of network analysis网络方程法network-equation method网络变换法network-transformation method网络拓扑network topology网络模型network-model有源网络active network无源网络passive network线性网络linear network非线性网络nonlinear network网孔mesh网孔电流法mesh-current method网孔矩阵mesh matrix网孔阻抗矩阵mesh-impedance matrix网孔对支路关mesh-to-branch incidence matrix 联矩阵自感 (自感系self-inductance数)并联parallel connection并联谐振parallel resonance有效值effective value有源二端网络equivalent source theorem of active 的等效电源定two-terminal network理有源二端网络equivalent voltage source theorem 的等效电压源of active two-terminal network定理 (戴维南定(Thevenin's theorem)理)有源二端网络equivalent current source theorem 的等效电流源of active two-terminal network定理 (诺顿定(Norton's theorem)理 )同名端dotted terminal同相in phase回路loop回路电阻矩阵loop-resistance matrix回路电流法loop-current method回转器gyrator导纳admittance导纳角admittance angle导纳圆图admittance circle diagram自导纳self-admittance共导纳 (互导mutual admittance纳 )共轭匹配conjugate matching共轭旋转相量conjugate rotating phasor负载load负序negative sequence负相序negative-phase sequence全磁通total magnetic flux全波整流full-wave rectification全通图completely-connected graph 次级线圈secondary coil行row行阵row matrix行子阵row submatrix行矢量row vector列column列阵column matrix列子阵column submatrix列矢量column vector关联incidence关联矩阵incidence matrix正向关联positive incidence负向关联negative incidence似功率quasi-power似功率守恒定theorem of conservation of理quasi-power传递函数transfer function传播常数propagation constant传输矩阵transmission matrix传输效率transmission efficiency米勒定理Miller's theorem3 /15级联cascade connection伏特 (伏 )Volt(V)伏秒Volt-second伏安特性volt-ampere characteristic安培 (安 )Ampere(A)西门子 ( 西)Siemens(S)过渡过程transient state过电压over voltage过电流over current自由分量free component自激振荡self-sustained oscillation自然功率natural power自然频率natural frequency网络的自然频natural frequency of a network率网络变量的自natural frequency of network然频率variables零输入响应的natural frequency of zero-input自然频率response阶跃响应step response冲量响应impulse response冲量响应矩阵impulse response matrix动态电阻dynamic resistance网孔运算阻抗mesh operational impedance matrix矩阵网络函数network function网络函数的极pole-zero diagram of network零点分布图function行波travelling wave正向行波direct wave反向行波returning wave行波功率travelling wave power行波系数travelling wave ratio串联series connection串联谐振series resonance连支link连通图connected graph连续频谱continuous spectrum不连续频谱discrete spectrum初相initial phase初相角initial phase angle初级线圈primary coil角频率angular frequency均方根值root-mean-square value均匀频谱uniform spectrum均匀链形电路uniform chain circuit时变电流time-varying current位移电流displacement current运算放大器operational amplifier两瓦特表法two-wattmeter method亨利 (亨)Henry(H)时域分析time-domain analysis时域位移定理real shifting(translation)theorem 时间常数time constant初始条件initial condition初始状态initial state初值定理initial value theorem张弛振荡relaxtion oscillation阻尼系数damping coefficient均匀传输线uniform transmission line均匀传输线的primary parameters of uniform 原始参数transmission line均匀传输线的differential equations of uniform 微分方程transmission line均匀传输线的propagation constant of uniform 传播常数transmission line均匀传输线的characteristic impedance of uniform 特性阻抗transmission line均匀传输线的attenuation constant of uniform 衰减常数transmission line均匀传输线相phase constant of uniform 移常数transmission line均匀传输线输input impedance of uniform 入阻抗transmission line均匀传输线的lumped equivalent circuit of 集中参数等效uniform transmission line 电路折射波reflected wave状态state状态变量state variable状态矢量state vector状态变量法state variable approach状态方程state equation状态空间state space状态空间法state space approach状态轨迹state trajectory4 /15状态转换矩阵state transition matrix状态变量计算superposition method for computer 机辅助分析的aided analysis of state variables叠加法状态变量计算topological method for computer机辅助分析的aided analysis of state variables拓扑法极限环limit cycle极点pole步长step length延时线time-delay line线性linearity线性电阻linear resistance线性电感linear inductance线性电容linear capacitance线性网络定理linear network theorem线状频谱line spectrum周期period周期信号period signal非周期信号non-periodic signal非线性元件nonperiodic element非正弦周期电non-sinusoidal periodic current流电路circuit单位阵unit matrix单位阶跃函数unit step function单位阶跃电压unit step voltage单位冲量函数unit impluse function单位冲量电流unit impluse current单脉冲信号single pulse signal单口网络one-port network, one-port拓扑图topological graph, graph有向拓扑图oriented graph拓扑结构topology, topological construction 转移transfer转移阻抗transfer impedance转移导纳transfer admittance转移电压比transfer voltage ratio转移电流比transfer current ratio转移函数transfer function转置阵transposed matrix转移函数transfer function转移函数矩阵transfer function matrix空载状态no-load condition 空心变压器air-core transformer参考方向reference direction参考相量reference phasor参考节点reference node受控源controlled source受控源关联矩controlled source incidence matrix 阵图graph子图Sub-graph奇谐波函数odd harmonic function变比transformation ratio环流circulating current直流direct current直流网络direct current network直流分量direct current component阻抗impedance阻抗角impedance angle阻抗逆变器impedance inverter阻抗频率特性impedance-frequency characteristic 自阻抗self-impedance共阻抗mutual impedance内阻抗internal impedance输入阻抗input impedance欧姆 (欧)Ohm's欧姆定律Ohm's law广义欧姆定律generalized Ohm's law欧拉法Euler's method法拉 (法)Farad(F)微法micro-Farad(F)皮法pico-Farad(F)法拉第电磁感Faraday's law of electromagnetic 应定律induction奈培neper(Np)经典法classical method非零状态响应non-zero-state response非强制网络unforced network非线性电路nonlinear circuit非线性电阻nonlinear resistance电流控非线性current-controlled nonlinear电阻resistance电压控非线性voltage-controlled nonlinear电阻resistance范式normal form范式状态方程normal form state equations5 /15放电过程discharge过阻尼放电过Over-damped discharge程欠阻尼放电过Under-damped discharge程非振荡放电过non-oscillatory discharge程振荡放电过程oscillatory discharge临界阻尼放电critically damped discharge过程拉普拉斯Laplace拉普拉斯正变Laplace transformation换拉普拉斯反变inverse Laplace transformation 换拉普拉斯积分Laplace integral拉普拉斯象函Laplace transform数线性组合定理linear combination theorem终值定理final value theorem波长wavelength波阻抗wave impedance波腹loop波节node驻波standing wave驻波系数standing wave ratio规则信号regular signal卷积convolution Integral卷积定理convolution Integral theorem 响应response响应信号response signal相位 (相 )phase相位角phase angle相位差phase difference相位频率特性phase-frequency characteristic 相矢量phasor相矢量分析法phasor analysis相序phasor sequence信号signal信号源signal source总电导total conductance树tree树支tree branch 树余cotree星形 (Y) 连接star-connection, Y-connection星形网络star-connection network复数complex number复数平面complex plane复数阻抗complex impedance复数导纳complex admittance复数功率complex power复数导纳矩阵complex admittance matrix顺接connection in aiding顺序positive sequence独立电源independent source品质因数quality factor逆序negative sequence选择性selectivity选频特性frequency-selection characteristic 恒定分量constant component脉冲pulse脉冲幅度pulse amplitude脉冲高度pulse altitude脉冲宽度pulse width脉冲持续时间pulse duration脉冲重复周期repeating period of pulse指数衰减因子exponential attenuation factor指数矩阵exponential matrix临界电阻critical resistance临界值critical value复频率complex frequency复频率平面complex frequency plane复频谱函数complex frequency spectrumfunction复频域complex frequency domain复频域位移定complex理shifting(translation)theorem复频域等效电complex shifting equivalent circuit 路复频域中广义generalized ohm's law in the欧姆定律complex frequency domain复频域传播常complex frequency domain数propagation constant复频域特性阻complex frequency domain抗characteristic impedance复频域反射系complex frequency domain6 /15数reflection coefficient电容的复频域complex frequency domain阻抗impedance of capacitor电感的复频域complex frequency domain阻抗impedance of inductorRLC 串联电路complex frequency domain的复频域阻抗impedance of RLC series circuit 相移速度phase velocity柏德生法则Peterson's Rule容抗capacitive reactance容纳capacitive susceptance振幅amplitude振幅频谱amplitude spectrum振幅旋转相量amplitude rotating phasor效率efficiency矩阵matrix矩阵分析法matrix analysis特性characteristic特性方程characteristic equation特性阻抗characteristic impedance特性参数characteristic parameter特性损耗characteristic loss特性相移characteristic phase displacement 特勒根定理Tellegen's theorem离散性discreteness离散频谱discrete spectrum高次谐波higher harmonic高斯消去法Gauss elimination method高斯主元消去Gauss elimination with pivoting法T 形阻抗网络bridge-T impedance network浮地电感floating inductance积分电路integrating circuit积分定理integration theorem衰减attenuation衰减系数attenuation constant振荡oscillation阻尼振荡damped oscillation衰减振荡attenuated oscillation减幅振荡attenuated oscillation等幅振荡unattenuated oscillation无阻尼振荡自由振荡高阶电路特征方程特征根 (值 )特征多项式特征方程复频域形式部分分式展开法留数计算法逐步近似法预解矩阵载波调制信号被调制信号换路基本回路基本回路矩阵基本割集基本割集矩阵基本子阵基波基尔霍夫基尔霍夫方程基尔霍夫定律基尔霍夫电流定律基尔霍夫电压定律基尔霍夫电流定律的复频域形式基尔霍夫电压定律的复频域形式偶谐波函数理想元件理想激励源理想电压源理想电流源理想受控源7 /15undamped oscillationfree oscillationhigher order circuitscharacteristic equationcharacteristic root, eigenvaluecharacteristic polynomialcomplex frequency domaincharacteristic equationpartial-fraction expansionevaluation by the residuemethod step-by-stepapproximation resolvent matrixcarriermodulating signalmodulated signalswitchingfundamental loopfundamental loop matrixfundamental cut setfundamental cut set matrixfundamental submatrixfundamental harmonicKirchhoffKirchhoff's equationKirchhoff's lawKirchhoff's current lawKirchhoff's voltage lawKirchhoff's current law in thecomplex frequency domainKirchhoff's voltage law in thecomplex frequency domaineven harmonic functionideal elementideal excitation sourceideal voltage sourceideal current sourceideal controlled source理想变量器ideal transformer理想变压器ideal transformer旋转相矢量rotating phasor混合参数矩阵hybrid parameter matrix累接阻抗iterative impedance接地点ground point谐振resonance谐振状态resonance state谐振电路resonant circuit谐振阻抗resonant impedance谐振频率resonant frequency谐波harmonic谐波分量harmonic component离散化discretization常态树proper tree随机性信号random signal集中参数lumped parameter集中参数元件lumped element集中参数电路lumped circuit等效网络equivalent network等效阻抗equivalent impedance等效导纳equivalent admittance短路short-circuit短路导纳short-circuit admittance短路导纳矩阵short-circuit admittance matrix 超前lead滞后lag惠斯登电桥Wheatstone bridge割集cut set割集电导矩阵cut set conductance matrix 策动点driving point策动点阻抗driving point impedance策动点导纳driving point admittance策动点函数driving point function替代定理substitution theorem链形网络chain network晶体管电路transistor circuit插入功率比insertion power ratio插入衰减insertion loss傅里叶Fourier傅里叶级数Fourier's series 傅里叶积分Fourier's integral傅里叶积分变Fourier's integral transform 换傅里叶系数Fourier coefficient傅里叶正变换positive Fourier transform傅里叶反变换inverse Fourier transform暂态transient state暂态分量transient component强制分量forced component确定性信号regular signal输入input输入电路input circuit输入功率input power输入端口input port输出output输出电路output circuit输出阻抗output impedance输出端口output port感抗inductive reactance感纳inductive susceptance零电位点zero potential point零子阵zero submatrix数值解法numerical analysis数值积分法numerical integration愣次定律Lenz's law幅角argument频率frequency频率特性frequency characteristic频谱frequency spectrum频谱函数frequency spectrum function 频带frequency band频带宽度band width通频带pass-band频域frequency domain频域响应frequency domain response 简谐分量simple harmonic component 微分电路differentiating circuit微分定理differentiation theorem零状态zero state零状态响应zero state response零状态分量zero state component零输入响应zero-input response8 /15零输入分量zero-input component输出方程output equation输入 -输出法input-output approach数值解法numerical solution群速group velocity群时延group time-delay畸变distortion叠加定理superposition theorem磁通magnetic flux磁通链magnetic flux linkage磁耦合magnetic coupling磁场能量magnetic field energy端电压terminal voltage端线terminal wire端口port terminal模modulus缩减矩阵reduced matrix谱线spectrum line稳态steady state稳态响应steady state response赫兹Hertz(Hz)稳态分量steady state component稳定性stability静态电阻static resistance端部法terminal approach截断误差truncation error耦合系数coupling coefficient增广矩阵augmented matrix增广节点导纳augmented node admittance matrix 矩阵额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定功率rated power激励excitation激励信号excitation signal激励源excitation source激励函数excitation function瞬时值instantaneous value瞬时电压instantaneous voltage瞬时电流instantaneous current瞬时功率instantaneous power电压串联电阻 A voltage in series with a resister 电源变换Source transformation 电流并联电阻 A current source in parallel with aresister双边的Bilateral叠加Superposition麻烦的Cumbersome同时发生的Simultaneous术语Terminology二维的Planar安培表Ammeter编造的Fictitious操纵（作）Manipulation相关的Pertinent运算放大器The operational amplifier二极管Diode晶体管Transistor喜好Penchant明智的Judicious求助于Invoke复制品Replica比较器Comparator运动中的电荷Charge in motion定量关系Quantitative relationship绝缘体Insulator电介质材料Dielectric material时变电场Time-varying electric field位移电流Displacement current传导电流Conduction current无源元件Passive element单位是Be measured in图形上Graphically线圈Coiled wire短路Short current跃变Change instantaneously电弧Arcing微分Differential代数的Algebraic功率是消耗能Power is the time rate of对时间的倒数expending energy字母 C Letter C金属板Conductive plate零输入响应Natural response阶跃响应；零Step response状态响应9 /15系数Coefficient一阶电路First-order circuit指数Exponent倒数Reciprocal瞬间响应Transient response稳态响应Steady-state response示波器Oscilloscope类比的Analogous初始电压的指Exponential decay of the initial 衰减voltage减率The rate of decay基本微积分Elementary calculus等幅震荡Oscillation衍生物Derivation特征根Characteristic roots谐振角频率Resonant radian frequency量纲Dimension复频率Complex frequency过阻尼Over damp欠阻尼Under damp临界阻尼Critically damp正弦的Sinusoidal提及的Allude to配线电路Distribution circuit详述Spell out领域Realm间隔时间Interval相互的Reciprocal波幅Amplitude相位角Phase angle平面三角学Trigonometry均方根Rms value直流电压Dc voltage暂态分量Transient component无穷小Infinitesimal丧失Forfeit向量Phasor括号Argument符号Notation向量变换Phasor transform时域Time domain复数域Complex-number domain 黑体字Boldface letter极坐标假设下脚标无意义的术语，命名法无源元件有源元件阻抗电抗瞬时功率有功功率；平功率无功功率视在功率通过A滞后 B120 ° A超前 B120 °相序圆柱体表面定子线圈发电机线电压相电压动态元件滤波器听得见的选频电路衰减图式均衡器低通高通带通带阻滤波器初步通带阻带频率响应曲线幅频特性曲线相频特性曲线截止频率Polar formPostulateSubscriptNonsensical NomenclaturePassive elements Active elements ImpedanceReactance Instantaneous power Average powerReactive power Apparent powerViaA lagB by 120°A lead B by 120°Phase sequence PeripheryStatorWindingGeneratorLine-to-linevoltageLine-to-neutralvoltageReactivecomponentsFilterAudibleFrequency-selective circuitsAttenuateGraphicequalizerLow pass filtershigh pass filtersBand pass filtersBand rejectfiltersPreliminaryPassbandStopbandFrequencyresponse plotMagnitude plotPhase angle plotCutoff frequency 10/ 15Chapter 1 Elements and Laws of Eletrical Circuits电路electrical circuit电路模型circuitmodel电源source负载load导线line开关switch电荷electric charge电流current电压voltage电位potential电位升potential rise电位降potential drop电位差potential difference参考点referencepoint线性电阻linear resistance磁通链magnetic flux linkage功率power能量energy电阻器resistor电阻resistance电动势electromotive force （ e.m.f ）伏安特性u-i characteristicvolt-ampere characteristic电导器conductor电导conductance电感器inductor电感inductance电容器capacitor电容capacitance欧姆定律Ohm’s Law广义欧姆定律generalized Ohm ’s Law参考方向reference direction电压极性voltage polarity正极positive polarity负极negative polarity开路open-circuit短路short-circuit理想独立电压源ideal independent voltage实际电压源physical sourcesource理想独立电流源ideal independent current理想受控源ideal dependent / controlledsource source压控电压源voltage controlled voltage压控电流源voltage controlled currentsource（VCVS ）source（ VCCS ）流控电压源current controlled voltage流控电流源current controlled currentsource（CCVS ）source（ CCCS）节点node支路branch回路loop路径path网孔mesh网络network基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff ’s current law（KCL ）基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff ’s voltage law（KVL ）闭合面closed surface集总参数lumped parameter集总（参数）电路lumped circuit集总（参数）元件lumped element分布参数distributed parameter分布（参数）电路distributed circuit直流direct current （DC）交流alternating current（ AC ）有源元件active element无源元件passive elementChapter 2 Analysis methods to simple resistor circuits端钮terminal串联series connection分压voltage division并联parallel connection分流current division等效变换equivalent transformation等效电阻equivalent resistance入端电阻input resistance最大功率传输定理Maximum power transfer theorem Y- 变换Wye-Delta transformation11/ 15Chapter 3 methods of Analysis节点法node analysis / node voltage method支路电流法branch current method回路电流法loop analysis / loop current method外网孔outer mesh网孔电流法mesh analysis / mesh current method自导纳self admittance互导纳mutual admittance矩阵matrix行row列column参考节点reference node平面电路planar circuit方程equation消去法elimination technique克莱姆法则Cramer’s rule代入法substitution method运算放大器operational amplifier(op amp)同向输入端noninverting input反向输入端inverting input输出端output等效电路模型equivalent circuit model开环放大倍数open-loop gain闭环放大倍数closed-loop gain入端电阻input resistance输出电阻output resistance线性工作区linear region正向饱和区positive saturation反向饱和区negative saturation同向放大器noninverting amplifier反向放大器inverting amplifier加法器summing amplifier / summer积分器integrator微分器differentiator自激振荡self-excited oscillationChapter 4 Circuit Theorems叠加原理superposition theorem齐性原理homogeneity property输入 /激励input / excitation输出 /响应output / response线性电路linear circuit代数和algebraic sum替代定理substitution theorem戴维南定理Thevenin ’s theorem诺顿定理Norton ’s theorem二端网络two-terminal circuit开路电压open-circuit voltage短路电流short-circuit current特勒根定理Tellegen ’s theorem功率平衡定理power-balancing theorem互易定理reciprocal theorem对偶原理principle of duality对偶元件dual element对偶图dual graph对偶电路dual circuitChapter 5 Analysis of Op Amp Circuits非线性电路nonlinear circuit非线性元件nonlinear element压控电阻voltage-controlled resistor流控电阻current-controlled resistor工作点operating point静态电阻static resistance动态电阻dynamic resistance小信号分析small-signal analysis小信号模型small-signal mode分段线性化法piece-wise linear method数值解法numerical analysisChapter 6 First-order Circuit动态电路dynamic circuit一阶电路first-order circuit一阶微分方程first-order differential equation过渡过程transient process/ transient 线性非时变电路linear time-invaried circuit单位阶跃函数unit step function单位冲激函数unit impulse function单位斜坡函数unit ramp function起始条件initial condition起始值initial value换路定则switch law零输入响应zero-input response12/ 15零状态响应zero-state response稳态响应steady-state response 暂态响应transient response时间常数time constant指数函数exponential function冲激响应impulse response阶跃响应step response自由响应natural response自由分量natural component强迫响应forced response强制分量forced component全响应complete response稳态值final value卷积convolution时域延迟time delay换路switching跳变现象jump phenomenon脉冲持续时间pulse duration脉冲重复周期repeating period of pulseChapter 7 Second-order Circuit常系数微分方程constant coefficients differential齐次微分方程homogeneous differential equation equation二阶电路second-order circuit特征方程characteristic equation 特征根characteristic root特征值eigenvalue特征向量eigenvector特解particular solution通解general solution自然频率natural frequency衰减系数damping factor谐振频率resonant frequency过阻尼情况overdamped case欠阻尼情况underdamped case临界情况critically damped case固有频率natural frequency衰减振荡damped oscillation无损lossless正弦响应sinusoidal response波形waveform复数complex衰减attenuationChapter 8-9 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis复数complex幅值amplitude / magnitude相位phase相位差phase difference角频率angular frequency周期period频率frequency正弦的sinusoidal初相角initial phase angle瞬时值instantaneous value最大值maximum有效值effective value / root-mean-square value u 领先 i φu leads i byφu 落后 i φu lags i byφ同相in phase反相opposite in phase实部real part虚部imaginary part直角坐标形式rectangular form极坐标形式polar form指数形式exponential form相量phasor参考相量reference phasor旋转相量rotating phasor电压三角形voltage triangle瞬时功率instantaneous power平均功率average power阻抗impedance阻抗角impedance angle阻抗三角形impedance triangle导纳admittance电抗reactance电纳suspectance感性inductive感抗inductive reactance感纳inductive suspectance容性capacitive容抗capacitive reactance容纳capacitive suspectance正弦稳态响应sinusoidal steady-state response时域time-domain相量域phasor-domain瞬时概率instantaneous power视在 /表观功率apparent power功率因数power factor (pf)复功率complex power功率三角形power triangle复共轭complex conjugate有功分量active component有功功率active power无功分量reactive component功率守恒定理theorem of conservation of power无功功率reactive power阻抗匹配impedence matching共轭匹配conjugate matching串联谐振series resonance并联谐振parallel resonance谐振频率resonance frequency品质因数quality factor特性阻抗characteristic impedence频率响应frequency response选择性selectivity选频特性frequency-selection characteristicChapter 10 Magnetically Coupled Circuits耦合couple互感mutual inductance自感self-inductance磁通magnetic flux线圈coil铁心线圈iron core coil匝数turn耦合系数coupling coefficient变压器transformer空心变压器air-core transformer原边primary coils / windings副边secondary coils / windings引入阻抗reflected impendence理想变压器ideal transformer全耦合unity coupling coefficient全耦合变压器perfect coupling transformer变比turns ratio / transformation ratio自耦合变压器auto transformer多绕组变压器multiple-winding transformer激磁电感magnetizing inductance右螺旋定则right-hand screw rule漏感leakage inductance同名端dotted terminalterminals of same magnetic polarityChapter 11 Three-phase Circuits对称三相电路symmetrical three-phase circuit三相电源three-phase sources中线neutral line中性点neutral point三相四线制three-phase four-wire system相电压phase voltage线电压line voltage相序phase sequence正序positive / abc sequence负序negative / acb sequence相电流phase current线电流line currentChapter 12 Steady-State Response of Periodic Excitation信号signal周期函数periodic function周期性非正弦激励nonsinusoidal periodic excitation帕斯瓦尔定理Parseval ’s theorem 指数形式的付里叶级数exponential Fourier series付里叶系数Fourier coefficient基波fundamental harmonic基波频率fundamental frequency 谐波harmonic wave高次谐波higher harmonic频谱frequency spectrum谱线spectrum line线状频谱line spectrum奇次谐波oddharmonic偶次谐波even harmonic奇对称odd symmetry。

a r X i v :c o n d -m a t /0307131v 1 [c o n d -m a t .m t r l -s c i ] 7 J u l 2003Formation of a Quasi-Periodic Copper Thin FilmJ.Ledieu,J.-T.Hoeft,D.E.Reid and J.SmerdonSurface Science Research Centre,The University of Liverpool,Liverpool L693BX,UKR.D.DiehlDepartment of Physics,Pennsylvania State University,University Park,PA 16802,USAT.A.Lograsso and A.R.RossAmes Laboratory,Iowa State University,Ames,IA 50011,USAR.McGrathSurface Science Research Centre and Department of Physics,The University of Liverpool,Liverpool L693BX,UKWe have synthesised a thin film of copper with a quasi-periodic structure by the adsorption of copper atoms on the five-fold surface of the icosahedral quasicrystal Al-Pd-Mn at room temperature.The quasi-periodicity of the thin film is manifested in low energy electronic diffraction (LEED)measurements and in the existence of Fibonacci relationships between rows of copper atoms imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).These findings demonstrate the feasibility of single-element quasi-periodic thin film formation using quasicrystals as templates.Copper is one of the oldest elements known to mankind and it crystallizes in a face-centred cubic structure.Qua-sicrystals are a relatively new form of matter,first re-ported in 19841,and are bi-and tri-metallic alloys with long-range order but no translational symmetry.In the course of investigations aimed at understanding the in-teractions between quasicrystal surfaces and adsorbed atomic and molecular species 2,we have discovered that the adsorption of Cu on the five-fold surface of the icosa-hedral quasicrystal Al-Pd-Mn at 300K leads to the for-mation of a quasi-periodic Cu thin film.The quasi-periodic structure of the thin film is manifested in low energy electronic diffraction (LEED)measurements and in the existence of Fibonacci relationships between rows of Cu atoms on the surface imaged using scanning tun-neling microscopy (STM).The ability to synthesise such single-element quasi-periodic thin films will facilitate the study of the relationship between quasi-periodicity and physical properties and enable the probing of the tran-sition from two-dimensional (2D)to three-dimensional (3D)electronic properties in a quasi-periodic material.The starting point in these investigations is the prepa-ration of high quality clean surfaces of Al-Pd-Mn with large flat terraces (microns in size)and low surface cor-rugation in an ultra-high-vacuum (UHV)environment.The methodology for the preparation of these surfaces has been previously described in detail 3,4and consists of ex-situ polishing followed by several cycles of ion sputter-ing (1hour)and annealing to 940K (≈4hours)with a cumulative anneal time of 20hours.Surface preparation is facilitated using LEED to establish the degree of sur-face ordering and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)to check for contamination (and later to monitor Cu deposi-tion).Surfaces prepared in this manner have been shown to be essentially ideal terminations of the bulk quasicrys-tal structure 3,5,and the 2D structure of these surfaceshas been described as a Fibonacci pentagrid 6,with the five principal symmetry axes evident in the arrangement of the dominant structural motifs.This is illustrated in Fig.1(a)which shows a high resolution STM image of a small area (10nm x 10nm)of such a surface.Several groupings of atoms with five-fold and ten-fold symmetry are evident.The dark five-fold stars are Bergman clus-ters (a basic structural entity of this type of quasicrys-tal)which have been truncated in the surface formation process 4.White lines drawn on the figure join identical positions on the dark five-fold stars;the separations be-tween the lines are of two lengths L =0.74±0.02nm and S =0.46±0.02nm,whose ratio is within experimental error equal to the golden mean τ;[τis the irrational num-ber expected for the ratio of the two basic units of the Fibonacci sequence [τ=(√2 Cu islands form on the surface and as adsorption contin-ues the second layer is observed to begin growing whenthefirst layer is90±5%complete.For layers1to4theCu atoms within the layers are observed to self-organiseinto small domains within which there is a developingpattern of one-dimensional rows(Fig2(b)).From layers5to8a very well-developed row structure is observed(Fig.2(c)).From layer9the effect of layer growth be-fore previous layer completion becomes more marked asshown in Fig.2(d);this results in a diminishing domainsize and in the simultaneous existence of many incom-plete layers at the surface.The row structure persists inthese layers.The results were reproduced several timesand the growth was monitored up to yer.Fig.3(a)is a40nm x40nm image taken during thegrowth of the6th layer.This image reveals several in-triguing details.The islands have sharp edges where theborder is a single row.A plausible explanation for thegrowth mechanism is the initial adsorption of Cu on topof a growing layer,followed by diffusion of the adsorbedatoms along the Cu rows and subsequent attachment atthe end of each row.The rows themselves appear infive orientations,with the angles made by intersectionsof rows in the same layer corresponding to the internalangles of a pentagon.The intersections between rows areof two types.Two sets of rows can meet at vertex points,where the end of each row in one direction meets the endof another at an angle of108o(the internal angle ofaFIG.1:10nm x10nm STM image of thefive-fold surface of Al-Pd-Mn.The lines join identical positions on the dark five-fold stars;the separations between the lines are of two lengths L=0.74±0.02nm and S=0.46±0.02nm,whose ratio is within experimental error equal to the golden meanτ; furthermore the arrangement of these line separations(from bottom to top)LSLLSL forms a segment of the Fibonacci sequence.pentagon).Alternatively the rows in one direction inter-sect a single row at an angle of72o.The rows do not form a periodic structure.The corrugation across the rows is measured at0.025±0.005nm using STM.The atomic structure within the rows is not resolved in these experiments;this could be an indication of a large vibrational amplitude along the rows;alternatively it could reflect a low corrugation in electronic density along the rows.The fact that the LEED pattern shows discrete spots is indicative of long-range order both within and across domains and along the rows themselves.The row directions are also ob-served to be correlated from layer to layer,indicating that each layer acts as a template for the subsequent one in the growth process.The inter-row distances form aperiodic sequences hav-ing long and short separations.This is illustrated in Fig-ure4which shows a10nm x10nm image of the sur-face during formation of the6th layer.There are some vacancy defects in the rows themselves.Nevertheless se-quences of rows having S and L separations are visible. The average spacings are measured at0.45±0.02nm and L=0.73±0.03nm.The ratio of these numbers equals the golden meanτwithin experimental error.Two such sequences(SLLSLSL,reading from bottom to top)are indicated on thisfigure,on rows which meet at vertex points.This indicates that the same sequencing infor-mation is common to both sets of rows.The coherence length of the row structures appears to be determined by the domain walls which arise during the growth process. The close match of these row spacings in the Cu struc-ture with those illustrated for the clean surfaces(Figure FIG.2:(a)50nm x50nm STM snapshots of thefive-fold surface of Al-Pd-Mn during the growth of the Cu thinfilm.(a)0.09layers of Cu,(b)3.8layers,(c)5.5layers,(d)11.7 layers.31)indicate that the clean surfaces acts as a template for the ordered growth of the Cu atoms.The LEED pattern characteristic of this layered row structure is shown in Fig.3(b).The pattern has ten-fold symmetric rings of spots whose distances from the central spot(hidden by the electron gun in the Figure)exhibit aτ-scaling relationship.From layers9to20,with the si-multaneous growth of multiple layers,the LEED pattern becomes streaky and diffuse and eventually degrades and disappears by the25th layer.This is consistent with the diminishing domain size.Upon annealing to570K,STM images(notshown) FIG.3:(a)40nm x40nm STM image of thefive-fold surface of Al-Pd-Mn after deposition of5.5ML of Cu.(b)LEED pattern(beam energy50eV)corresponding to this phase. The relationships between spot positions are indicative ofτ-scaling within experimental error.reveal that the Cu thinfilm undergoes an irreversible transformation to a cubic structure Cu withfive domains rotated from each other by72o.The LEED pattern as-sociated with this phase,although10-fold symmetric,no longer has theτ-scaling relationships in the distances of the diffraction spots.The domain boundaries of this phase are decorated with excess Cu atoms.Flashing the sample to660K results in thermal desorption of the Cu film and the clean surface LEED pattern is restored. There has been a report of the use of these surfaces for the growth offive-fold symmetric nanoclusters7by the adsorption of sub-monolayer amounts of aluminum on Al-Cu-Fe.There has been a report of ordered atomic Si and Bi monolayers on quasicrystal surfaces8,and another report of the formation of a quasicrystalline bi-metallic Au-Al alloy by deposition and subsequent annealing of a Aufilm on an Al-Pd-Mn substrate9.In other work,the deposition of Ag at low temperature onto to a GaAs(110) substrate followed by annealing to room temperature was found to form a Ag(111)film with a surface quasiperi-odic modulation10,11.However the system described in this report is unique in that it constitutes a single ele-ment quasi-periodic thinfilm grown using a quasicrystal surface as a template.The quasi-periodicity of thefilm,together with the one-dimensionality of the row structure,suggest the pos-sibility of unusual vibrational and electronic properties in this system.The well-documented low density of elec-tronic states at the Fermi level in the bulk quasicrys-tal(the so-called pseudogap)means features in theva-FIG.4:(a)10nm x10nm STM image of thefive-fold sur-face of Al-Pd-Mn.The lines marks sequences of Cu rows with spacings given by SLLSLSL(from bottom to top).The spac-ings are S=0.45±0.02nm and L=0.73±0.03nm.The ratio of these numbers equals the golden meanτwithin ex-perimental error.4lence electronic structure of the Cufilm should be read-ily distinguishable from those of the substrate.This system also offers interesting possibilities for monitor-ing the transition from2D to3D electronic properties in a quasi-periodic material as the thickness of thefilm is increased,and for probing the relationship between quasi-periodicity and physical properties.The surface of thefilm itself has the potential to act as an adsorption template for the formation of further quasi-periodic sys-tems.Furthermore we have no reason to believe that the Cu/Al-Pd-Mn system is unique;we anticipate the dis-covery of further aperiodic thinfilm systems,with the promise of new electronic and/or magnetic properties. Acknowledgements The UK Engineering and Phys-ical Sciences Research Council,the US National Science Foundation,the U.S.Department of Energy,Basic En-ergy Sciences,and the EU Marie Curie Host Develop-ment Fund are acknowledged for funding.V.Humblot is thanked for experimental assistance and N.Brabner for the construction of the Cu evaporator.1D.Shechtman,I.Blech,D.Gratias,and J.W.Cahn,Phys. Rev.Lett53,1951(1984).2R.McGrath,J.Ledieu,E.J.Cox,and R.D.Diehl,J.Phys. Condensed Matter14,R119(2002).3J.Ledieu,C.A.Muryn,G.Thornton,R.D.Diehl,T.A. Lograsso,D.W.Delaney,and R.McGrath,Surf.Sci.472, 89(2001).4Z.Papadopolos,G.Kasner,R.D.Diehl,J.Ledieu,E.J. 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Unit 1outcome结果statistics统计statistical 统计的toss投die骰子dice 掷骰子intuitive直觉的analogously类似的conceptually概念的simultaneous同时的collection集合identical同一的，同样的individual个别的ensemble集，总和ensemble average集平均variable变量random variable随机变量stationary平稳的ergodic个态历经的ergodic process各态历经过程deterministic确定性的normalize使标准化的normalized规格化的，归一化的expectation期望值product乘积truncate截断，截短periodic周期的covariance协方差uncorrelated不相关的uniform均匀的overlap部分重叠separation间隔，距离spacing间隔，间距random process随机过程on the average 平均，一般来说make measurement 量度sample function 样本函数statistical average 统计平均值probability density function概率密度函数statistical characteristic统计特征autocorrelation function 自相关函数in connection with 与，，有关physical significance物理意义Fourier transform傅里叶变换power spectral density 功率谱密度be at liberty to被允许gaussian process高斯过程physical fact外界存在的事实upper-frequency频率上限fall off下降in the limit在极限情况下delta function狄拉克函数random pulse随机脉冲time invariant时不变的parseval's theorem巴塞瓦尔定理statistically independent统计独立successive pulse连续脉冲be representative of表示，代表词组sample function样本函数ensemble average集合平均physical significance物理意义a fourier transform pair傅里叶变换对deterministic waveform 确定波形in the limit 在极限情况下time invariant时不变的an upper-frequency limit频率上限parseval，s theorem帕斯瓦尔定理random pulses随机脉冲随机过程random process统计平均statistical average随机变量random variable自相关函数autocorrelation function傅里叶变换fourier transform功率谱密度power spectral density概率密度函数probability density function 高斯过程gaussian process平稳过程stationary process统计独立statistically时间平均值time average统计特征statistical character各态历经过程ergodic processUnit 2abstraction抽象encompass包括devise设计whereby凭那个，由此arbitarily任意地theorem定理infrequent 罕见的override压倒thereby由此gaussian高斯的unity单一complementary补充的derivation推导formidable困难的undertake进行，从事presumed假定的presumably推测起来likelihood可能likely可能interval间隔rounding舍入，四舍五入abrupt，急剧的，不连续reliably可靠的，安全的heuristic启发式的intuitive直觉的intuitively直觉的contemplate预期的vice versa反之亦然quantize量化reception接受extreme极端的，偏激的attenuate衰减distort失真distortion失真equalizer均衡器recoverable可恢复的enter into参加，涉及due to 由于be something of 有一点in principle 原则上provided that假如on principle按照原则probability of error 误码率be close to接近bandlimited gaussian channel限带高斯信道physical system物理系统turn out结果lower bound下界upper limit 上限root-mean-square均方根root-mean-square error 均方误差amount of information 信息量ideal lowpass filter理想低通滤波器rise time上升时间as a matter of convenience为方便起见white gaussian noise 高斯白噪声on the other hand 另一面trade off交替换位tradeoff折中signal-to-noise ratio信号噪声比be free to 随意make up for 补偿词组physical system物理系统rise time 上升时间amount of information信息量in principle原则上gaussian channel高斯信道probability density概率密度root-mean-square均方根trade off折中lower bound下界equalizer均衡器vice versa反之亦然upper limit上限通信理论communication theory香农定理Shannon，s theorem信道带宽channel bandwidth信号波形signal waveform理想低通滤波器ideal lowpass filter自相关函数autocorrelation function无噪音高斯信道noiseless gaussian channel 通信信道communication channel信息速率information rate信噪比signal-to-noise ratio信道容量channel capacity双边功率谱密度two-side power误码率probability of error那奎斯特采样速率nyquist sampling rate限带高斯信道bandlimited gaussian channel 高斯白噪声White gaussian noiseUnit 3analog模拟quantization量化volt伏特discrete离散的quantum量unipolar单级的polar极性的on-off开关的encoding编码encoder编码器decoder解码器likewise同样的amplitude振幅margin余量trinary三倍的immune免疫的hereafter今后unavailable不能避免的reconstructed重建的evaluation计算span横跨interval间隔compandor压扩器companding压扩uniformly均匀的compress压缩compressor压缩器compressor ratio压缩比quantizer均匀量化器uniform quantizer均匀量化器equivalent相等的serially连续的reshape改造distortion失真interconnect使相互连接filter滤波transition转换，转变PCM: pulse code modulation脉冲编吗调制PAM: pulse amplitude modulation脉冲振幅调制PPM: pulse phase modulation 脉宽调制pulse train脉冲序列amount to等于round off舍入step size步长quantum step size 量化步长positive pulse 正脉冲refer to as称为quantization error 量化步长peak magnitude峰值overall performance总性能crest factor振幅因数root-mean-square均方根Differential Pulse Code Modulation 差分脉冲编码调制adaptive DPCM 自适应DPCMpredictive coding预测编码correspond to相应，符合in practice 实际中in an attempt to 力图词组overall performance总性能crest factor振幅因数nonlinear operation 非线性炒作inverse operation 逆运算RMS均方根PAM脉福调制maximum magnitude最大幅值error intervals误差间隔entropy墒round off四舍五入quantum level量化水平DPCM差分脉码调制正脉冲positive pulse脉冲编码调制PCM量化步长quantum step size 峰值peak magnitude线性函数linear function脉冲序列pulse train均匀量化器uniform quantizer 预测编码predictive coding 压扩器compandor压缩比compression ratio Unit 4selectively仔细挑选formula公式formulas公式化sacrifice牺牲redundant冗余的demonstrate证明orthogonal正交的arbitrarily任意地raw未加工的raw data 原始数据denote 指示Retransmission转发sophisticated复杂的impractical不切实际的parity奇偶校验encoder编码器codeword码字modulo以。

振动方面的专业英语及词汇参见《工程振动名词术语》1 振动信号的时域、频域描述振动过程(Vibration Process)简谐振动(Harmonic Vibration)周期振动(Periodic Vibration)准周期振动(Quasi-periodic Vibration)瞬态过程(Transient Process)随机振动过程(Random Vibration Process)各态历经过程(Ergodic Process)确定性过程(Deterministic Process)振幅(Amplitude)相位(Phase)初相位(Initial Phase)频率(Frequency)角频率(Angular Frequency)周期(Period)复数振动(Complex Vibration)复数振幅(Complex Amplitude)峰值(Peak-value)平均绝对值(Average Absolute Value)有效值(Effective Value，RMS Value)均值(Mean Value，Average Value)傅里叶级数(FS，Fourier Series)傅里叶变换(FT，Fourier Transform)傅里叶逆变换(IFT，Inverse Fourier Transform)离散谱(Discrete Spectrum)连续谱(Continuous Spectrum)傅里叶谱(Fourier Spectrum)线性谱(Linear Spectrum)幅值谱(Amplitude Spectrum)相位谱(Phase Spectrum)均方值(Mean Square Value)方差(Variance)协方差(Covariance)自协方差函数(Auto-covariance Function)互协方差函数(Cross-covariance Function)自相关函数(Auto-correlation Function)互相关函数(Cross-correlation Function)标准偏差(Standard Deviation)相对标准偏差(Relative Standard Deviation)概率(Probability)概率分布(Probability Distribution)高斯概率分布(Gaussian Probability Distribution)概率密度(Probability Density)集合平均(Ensemble Average)时间平均(Time Average)功率谱密度(PSD，Power Spectrum Density)自功率谱密度(Auto-spectral Density)互功率谱密度(Cross-spectral Density)均方根谱密度(RMS Spectral Density)能量谱密度(ESD，Energy Spectrum Density)相干函数(Coherence Function)帕斯瓦尔定理(Parseval''''s Theorem)维纳，辛钦公式(Wiener-Khinchin Formula2 振动系统的固有特性、激励与响应振动系统(Vibration System)激励(Excitation)响应(Response)单自由度系统(Single Degree-Of-Freedom System) 多自由度系统(Multi-Degree-Of- Freedom System) 离散化系统(Discrete System)连续体系统(Continuous System)刚度系数(Stiffness Coefficient)自由振动(Free Vibration)自由响应(Free Response)强迫振动(Forced Vibration)强迫响应(Forced Response)初始条件(Initial Condition)固有频率(Natural Frequency)阻尼比(Damping Ratio) 衰减指数(Damping Exponent)阻尼固有频率(Damped Natural Frequency)对数减幅系数(Logarithmic Decrement)主频率(Principal Frequency)无阻尼模态频率(Undamped Modal Frequency)模态(Mode)主振动(Principal Vibration)振型(Mode Shape)振型矢量(Vector Of Mode Shape)模态矢量(Modal Vector)正交性(Orthogonality)展开定理(Expansion Theorem)主质量(Principal Mass)模态质量(Modal Mass)主刚度(Principal Stiffness)模态刚度(Modal Stiffness)正则化(Normalization)振型矩阵(Matrix Of Modal Shape)模态矩阵(Modal Matrix)主坐标(Principal Coordinates)模态坐标(Modal Coordinates)模态分析(Modal Analysis)模态阻尼比(Modal Damping Ratio)频响函数(Frequency Response Function)幅频特性(Amplitude-frequency Characteristics)相频特性(Phase frequency Characteristics)共振(Resonance)半功率点(Half power Points)波德图(Bodé Plot)动力放大系数(Dynamical Magnification Factor)单位脉冲(Unit Impulse)冲激响应函数(Impulse Response Function)杜哈美积分(Duhamel’s Integral)卷积积分(Convolution Integral)卷积定理(Convolution Theorem)特征矩阵(Characteristic Matrix)阻抗矩阵(Impedance Matrix)频响函数矩阵(Matrix Of Frequency Response Function)导纳矩阵(Mobility Matrix)冲击响应谱(Shock Response Spectrum)冲击激励(Shock Excitation)冲击响应(Shock Response)冲击初始响应谱(Initial Shock Response Spectrum)冲击剩余响应谱(Residual Shock Response Spectrum) 冲击最大响应谱(Maximum Shock Response Spectrum)冲击响应谱分析(Shock Response Spectrum Analysis 3 模态试验分析模态试验(Modal Testing)机械阻抗(Mechanical Impedance)位移阻抗(Displacement Impedance)速度阻抗(Velocity Impedance)加速度阻抗(Acceleration Impedance)机械导纳(Mechanical Mobility)位移导纳(Displacement Mobility)速度导纳(Velocity Mobility)加速度导纳(Acceleration Mobility)驱动点导纳(Driving Point Mobility)跨点导纳(Cross Mobility)传递函数(Transfer Function)拉普拉斯变换(Laplace Transform)传递函数矩阵(Matrix Of Transfer Function)频响函数(FRF，Frequency Response Function)频响函数矩阵(Matrix Of FRF)实模态(Normal Mode)复模态(Complex Mode)模态参数(Modal Parameter)模态频率(Modal Frequency)模态阻尼比(Modal Damping Ratio)模态振型(Modal Shape)模态质量(Modal Mass)模态刚度(Modal Stiffness)模态阻力系数(Modal Damping Coefficient)模态阻抗(Modal Impedance)模态导纳(Modal Mobility)模态损耗因子(Modal Loss Factor)比例粘性阻尼(Proportional Viscous Damping)非比例粘性阻尼(Non-proportional Viscous Damping) 结构阻尼(Structural Damping，Hysteretic Damping) 复频率(Complex Frequency)复振型(Complex Modal Shape)留数(Residue)极点(Pole)零点(Zero)复留数(Complex Residue)随机激励(Random Excitation)伪随机激励(Pseudo Random Excitation)猝发随机激励(Burst Random Excitation)稳态正弦激励(Steady State Sine Excitation)正弦扫描激励(Sweeping Sine Excitation)锤击激励(Impact Excitation)频响函数的H1 估计(FRF Estimate by H1)频响函数的H2 估计(FRF Estimate by H2)频响函数的H3 估计(FRF Estimate by H3)单模态曲线拟合法(Single-mode Curve Fitting Method) 多模态曲线拟合法(Multi-mode Curve Fitting Method) 模态圆(Mode Circle)剩余模态(Residual Mode)幅频峰值法(Peak Value Method)实频-虚频峰值法(Peak Real／Imaginary Method)圆拟合法(Circle Fitting Method)加权最小二乘拟合法(Weighting Least Squares Fitting method)复指数拟合法(Complex Exponential Fitting method) 1.2 振动测试的名词术语1 传感器测量系统传感器测量系统(Transducer Measuring System)传感器(Transducer)振动传感器(Vibration Transducer)机械接收(Mechanical Reception)机电变换(Electro-mechanical Conversion)测量电路(Measuring Circuit)惯性式传感器(Inertial Transducer，Seismic （地震？）Transducer)相对式传感器(Relative Transducer)电感式传感器(Inductive Transducer)应变式传感器(Strain Gauge Transducer)电动力传感器(Electro-dynamic Transducer)压电式传感器(Piezoelectric Transducer)压阻式传感器(Piezoresistive Transducer)电涡流式传感器(Eddy Current Transducer)伺服式传感器(Servo Transducer)灵敏度(Sensitivity)复数灵敏度(Complex Sensitivity)分辨率(Resolution)频率范围(Frequency Range)线性范围(Linear Range)频率上限(Upper Limit Frequency)频率下限(Lower Limit Frequency)静态响应(Static Response)零频率响应(Zero Frequency Response)动态范围(Dynamic Range)幅值上限(Upper Limit Amplitude)幅值下限(Lower Limit Amplitude)最大可测振级(Max．Detectable Vibration Level)最小可测振级(Min．Detectable Vibration Level)信噪比(S/N Ratio)振动诺模图(Vibration Nomogram)相移(Phase Shift)波形畸变(Wave-shape Distortion) 比例相移(Proportional Phase Shift)惯性传感器的稳态响应(Steady Response Of Inertial Transducer)惯性传感器的稳击响应(Shock Response Of Inertial Transducer)位移计型的频响特性(Frequency Response Characteristics Vibrometer)加速度计型的频响特性(Frequency Response Characteristics Accelerometer)幅频特性曲线(Amplitude-frequency Curve)相频特性曲线(Phase-frequency Curve)固定安装共振频率(Mounted Resonance Frequency) 安装刚度(Mounted Stiffness)有限高频效应(Effect Of Limited High Frequency)有限低频效应(Effect Of Limited Low Frequency)电动式变换(Electro-dynamic Conversion)磁感应强度(Magnetic Induction，Magnetic Flux Density)磁通(Magnetic Flux)磁隙(Magnetic Gap)电磁力(Electro-magnetic Force)相对式速度传感器(Relative Velocity Transducer)惯性式速度传感器(Inertial Velocity Transducer)速度灵敏度(Velocity Sensitivity)电涡流阻尼(Eddy-current Damping)无源微(积)分电路(Passive Differential (Integrate) Circuit)有源微(积)分电路(Active Differential (Integrate) Circuit)运算放大器(Operational Amplifier)时间常数(Time Constant)比例运算(Scaling)积分运算(Integration)微分运算(Differentiation)高通滤波电路(High-pass Filter Circuit)低通滤波电路(Low-pass Filter Circuit)截止频率(Cut-off Frequency)压电效应(Piezoelectric Effect)压电陶瓷(Piezoelectric Ceramic)压电常数(Piezoelectric Constant)极化(Polarization)压电式加速度传感器(Piezoelectric Acceleration Transducer)中心压缩式(Center Compression Accelerometer)三角剪切式(Delta Shear Accelerometer)压电方程(Piezoelectric Equation)压电石英(Piezoelectric Quartz)电荷等效电路(Charge Equivalent Circuit)电压等效电路(Voltage Equivalent Circuit)电荷灵敏度(Charge Sensitivity)电压灵敏度(Voltage Sensitivity)电荷放大器(Charge Amplifier)适调放大环节(Conditional Amplifier Section)归一化(Uniformization)电荷放大器增益(Gain Of Charge Amplifier)测量系统灵敏度(Sensitivity Of Measuring System) 底部应变灵敏度(Base Strain Sensitivity)横向灵敏度(Transverse Sensitivity)地回路(Ground Loop)力传感器(Force Transducer)力传感器灵敏度(Sensitivity Of Force Transducer)电涡流(Eddy Current)前置器(Proximitor)间隙-电压曲线(Voltage vs Gap Curve)间隙-电压灵敏度(Voltage vs Gap Sensitivity)压阻效应(Piezoresistive Effect)轴向压阻系数(Axial Piezoresistive Coefficient)横向压阻系数(Transverse Piezoresistive Coefficient) 压阻常数(Piezoresistive Constant)单晶硅(Monocrystalline Silicon)应变灵敏度(Strain Sensitivity)固态压阻式加速度传感器(Solid State PiezoresistiveAccelerometer)体型压阻式加速度传感器(Bulk Type Piezoresistive Accelerometer)力平衡式传感器(Force Balance Transducer)电动力常数(Electro-dynamic Constant)机电耦合系统(Electro-mechanical Coupling System) 2 检测仪表、激励设备及校准装置时间基准信号(Time Base Signal)李萨茹图(Lissojous Curve)数字频率计(Digital Frequency Meter)便携式测振表(Portable Vibrometer)有效值电压表(RMS Value Voltmeter)峰值电压表(Peak-value Voltmeter)平均绝对值检波电路(Average Absolute Value Detector) 峰值检波电路(Peak-value Detector)准有效值检波电路(Quasi RMS Value Detector)真有效值检波电路(True RMS Value Detector)直流数字电压表(DVM，DC Digital Voltmeter)数字式测振表(Digital Vibrometer)A/D 转换器(A/D Converter)D/A 转换器(D/A Converter)相位计(Phase Meter)电子记录仪(Lever Recorder)光线示波器(Oscillograph)振子(Galvonometer)磁带记录仪(Magnetic Tape Recorder)DR 方式(直接记录式) (Direct Recorder)FM 方式(频率调制式) (Frequency Modulation)失真度(Distortion)机械式激振器(Mechanical Exciter)机械式振动台(Mechanical Shaker)离心式激振器(Centrifugal Exciter)电动力式振动台(Electro-dynamic Shaker)电动力式激振器(Electro-dynamic Exciter)液压式振动台(Hydraulic Shaker)液压式激振器(Hydraulic Exciter)电液放大器(Electro-hydraulic Amplifier)磁吸式激振器(Magnetic Pulling Exciter)涡流式激振器(Eddy Current Exciter)压电激振片(Piezoelectric Exciting Elements)冲击力锤(Impact Hammer)冲击试验台(Shock Testing Machine)激振控制技术(Excitation Control Technique)波形再现(Wave Reproduction)压缩技术(Compression Technique)均衡技术(Equalization Technique)交越频率(Crossover Frequency)综合技术(Synthesis Technique)校准(Calibration)分部校准(Calibration for Components in system)系统校准(Calibration for Over-all System)模拟传感器(Simulated Transducer)静态校准(Static Calibration)简谐激励校准(Harmonic Excitation Calibration)绝对校准(Absolute Calibration)相对校准(Relative Calibration)比较校准(Comparison Calibration)标准振动台(Standard Vibration Exciter)读数显微镜法(Microscope-streak Method)?光栅板法(Ronchi Ruling Method)光学干涉条纹计数法(Optical Interferometer Fringe Counting Method)光学干涉条纹消失法(Optical Interferometer Fringe Disappearance Method)背靠背安装(Back-to-back Mounting)互易校准法(Reciprocity Calibration)共振梁(Resonant Bar)冲击校准(Impact Exciting Calibration)摆锤冲击校准(Ballistic Pendulum Calibration)落锤冲击校准(Drop Test Calibration)振动和冲击标准(Vibration and Shock Standard) 迈克尔逊干涉仪(Michelson Interferometer)摩尔干涉图象(Moire Fringe)参考传感器(Reference Transducer)3 频率分析及数字信号处理带通滤波器(Band-pass Filter)半功率带宽(Half-power Bandwidth)3 dB 带宽(3 dB Bandwidth)等效噪声带宽(Effective Noise Bandwidth)恒带宽(Constant Bandwidth)恒百分比带宽(Constant Percentage Bandwidth)1/N 倍频程滤波器(1/N Octave Filter)形状因子(Shape Factor)截止频率(Cut-off Frequency)中心频率(Centre Frequency)模拟滤波器(Analog Filter)数字滤波器(Digital Filter)跟踪滤波器(Tracking Filter)外差式频率分析仪(Heterodyne Frequency Analyzer) 逐级式频率分析仪(Stepped Frequency Analyzer)扫描式频率分析仪(Sweeping Filter Analyzer)混频器(Mixer)RC 平均(RC Averaging)平均时间(Averaging Time)扫描速度(Sweeping Speed)滤波器响应时间(Filter Response Time)离散傅里叶变换(DFT，Discrete Fourier Transform) 快速傅里叶变换(FFT，Fast Fourier Transform)抽样频率(Sampling Frequency)抽样间隔(Sampling Interval)抽样定理(Sampling Theorem)抗混滤波(Anti-aliasing Filter)泄漏(Leakage)加窗(Windowing)窗函数(Window Function)截断(Truncation)频率混淆(Frequency Aliasing)乃奎斯特频率(Nyquist Frequency)矩形窗(Rectangular Window)汉宁窗(Hanning Window)凯塞-贝塞尔窗(Kaiser-Bessel Window)平顶窗(Flat-top Window)平均(Averaging)线性平均(Linear Averaging)指数平均(Exponential Averaging)峰值保持平均(Peak-hold Averaging)时域平均(Time-domain Averaging)谱平均(Spectrum Averaging)重叠平均(Overlap Averaging)栅栏效应(Picket Fence Effect)吉卜斯效应(Gibbs Effect)基带频谱分析(Base-band Spectral Analysis)选带频谱分析(Band Selectable Spectral Analysis) 细化(Zoom)数字移频(Digital Frequency Shift)抽样率缩减(Sampling Rate Reduction)功率谱估计(Power Spectrum Estimate)相关函数估计(Correlation Estimate)频响函数估计(Frequency Response Function Estimate)相干函数估计(Coherence Function Estimate)冲激响应函数估计(Impulse Response Function Estimate)倒频谱(Cepstrum)功率倒频谱(Power Cepstrum)幅值倒频谱(Amplitude Cepstrum)倒频率(Quefrency)4 旋转机械的振动测试及状态监测状态监测(Condition Monitoring)故障诊断(Fault Diagnosis)转子(Rotor)转手支承系统(Rotor-Support System)振动故障(Vibration Fault)轴振动(Shaft Vibration)径向振动(Radial Vibration)基频振动(Fundamental Frequency Vibration)基频检测(Fundamental Frequency Component Detecting)键相信号(Key-phase Signal)正峰相位(+Peak Phase)高点(High Spot)光电传感器(Optical Transducer)同相分量(In-phase Component)正交分量(Quadrature Component)跟踪滤波(Tracking Filter)波德图(Bode Plot)极坐标图(Polar Plot)临界转速(Critical Speed)不平衡响应(Unbalance Response)残余振幅(Residual Amplitude)方位角(Attitude Angle)轴心轨迹(Shaft Centerline Orbit)正进动(Forward Precession)同步正进动(Synchronous Forward Precession)反进动(Backward Precession)正向涡动(Forward Whirl)反向涡动(Backward Whirl)油膜涡动(Oil Whirl)油膜振荡(Oil Whip)轴心平均位置(Average Shaft Centerline Position) 复合探头(Dual Probe)振摆信号(Runout Signal)电学振摆(Electrical Runout)机械振摆(Mechanical Runout)慢滚动向量(Slow Roll Vector)振摆补偿(Runout Compensation)故障频率特征(Frequency Characteristics Of Fault) 重力临界(Gravity Critical)对中(Alignment)双刚度转子(Dual Stiffness Rotor)啮合频率(Gear-mesh Frequency)间入简谐分量(Interharmonic Component)边带振动(Side-band Vibration)三维频谱图(Three Dimensional Spectral Plot)瀑布图(Waterfall Plot)级联图(Cascade Plot)阶次跟踪(Order Tracking)阶次跟踪倍乘器(Order Tracking Multiplier)监测系统(Monitoring System)适调放大器(Conditional Amplifier)趋势分析(Trend Analysis)倒频谱分析(Cepstrum Analysis)直方图(Histogram)确认矩阵(Confirmation Matrix)通频幅值(Over-all Amplitude)幅值谱(Amplitude Spectrum)相位谱(Phase Spectrum)报警限(Alarm Level)往复式制冷压缩机(Reciprocating refrigeration compressor)润滑系统（lubrication system）离心油泵(centrifugal oil pump)。

下面是整理出的是课程应用较多的英语单词和术语第二章：Fourier trigonometric series傅立叶三角级数Fourier exponential series 傅立叶复指数级数spectrum 频谱spectra（复数形式）measurand，被测变量, 被测物理量transient 瞬变信号stationary random 稳态信号ergodic各态历经的harmonic 谐波coefficient 系数integrate 求…的积分differentiate求…的微分order 次序，阶phase 相位amplitude幅度period周期periodic 周期的aperiodic 非周期的Dirichlet conditions 狄里赫利条件Eular fomula 欧拉公式quasi-periodic 准周期的deterministic 确定的nondeterministic 不确定的stochastic 随机的analog signal 模拟信号quantized signal 量化信号digital signal 数字信号sampled-data signal 采样信号symmetrical 对称的correlation function相关函数argument复数的辐角modulus一个复数的模even 偶数的odd奇数的sine正弦cosine余弦sinusoidal正弦的cosinusoidal余弦的abscissa axis横坐标convergent 收敛的necessary condition 必要条件sufficient condition充分条件convolution卷积filter滤波器；过滤Ramp：斜坡函数Step：阶跃函数Pulse：脉冲函数Resonance：谐振Mean value 均值mean square value均方值standard deviation 标准偏差variance方差（the square of the standard deviation.）Probability density function 概率密度函数virtual value（root mean square）有效值Correlation coefficient(相关系数)cross-covariance(协方差)Autocorrelation function(自相关函数)Cross-correlation function(互相关函数)Power spectral density(功率谱密度)Auto-spectral density(自功率谱密度)Cross-spectral density(互谱密度)Coherence function(相干函数)Aliasing phenomenon:混叠现象Anti-aliasing filters 抗混叠滤波Energy leakage 能量泄漏Hurdle effect 栅栏效应Truncation截断第三章Repeatability重复性Sensitivity 灵敏度Linearity 线性度Resolution 分辨率Hysteresis 迟滞Differential equation微分方程Transfer function传递函数Frequency-response function频率响应函数Pulse-response function 脉冲响应函数Serial connection串联Parallel connection并联Undistorted conditions of measurement 测量不失真条件Step response 阶跃响应natural frequency 固有频率damping ratio 阻尼系数第五章Bridge Circuits电桥Direct-current driven bridge circuit直流电桥Alternating-Current driven bridge circuit交流电桥Potential 电势Null methodDeflection methodLow-pass filter低通滤波器High-pass filter高通滤波器Bandpass filter带通滤波器Bandstop (Notch) filter带阻滤波器, 或陷波器cutoff frequency 截止频率Passband ripple 纹波幅度Bandwidth(带宽B)Modulation 调制demodulation解调Modulating signal调制波Carrier signal载波Rectify(整流)Envelope detect（包络检波）Angle modulation角度调制Phase modulation调相,PMFrequency modulation调频,FMSampling (采样)Sample-holding(采样保持)Quantization（量化）Encoding（编码）。

重要哲学术语英汉对照——转载自《当代英美哲学概论》a priori瞐 posteriori distinction 先验-后验的区分abstract ideas 抽象理念abstract objects 抽象客体ad hominem argument 谬误论证alienation/estrangement 异化，疏离altruism 利他主义analysis 分析analytic瞫ynthetic distinction 分析-综合的区分aporia 困惑argument from design 来自设计的论证artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能association of ideas 理念的联想autonomy 自律axioms 公理Categorical Imperative 绝对命令categories 范畴Category mistake 范畴错误causal theory of reference 指称的因果论causation 因果关系certainty 确定性chaos theory 混沌理论class 总纲、类clearness and distinctness 清楚与明晰cogito ergo sum 我思故我在concept 概念consciousness 意识consent 同意consequentialism 效果论conservative 保守的consistency 一致性，相容性constructivism 建构主义contents of consciousness 意识的内容contingent瞡ecessary distinction 偶然-必然的区分 continuum 连续体continuum hypothesis 连续性假说contradiction 矛盾（律）conventionalism 约定论counterfactual conditional 反事实的条件句criterion 准则，标准critique 批判，批评Dasein 此在，定在deconstruction 解构主义defeasible 可以废除的definite description 限定摹状词deontology 义务论dialectic 辩证法didactic 说教的dualism 二元论egoism 自我主义、利己主义eliminative materialism 消除性的唯物主义 empiricism 经验主义Enlightenment 启蒙运动（思想）entailment 蕴含essence 本质ethical intuition 伦理直观ethical naturalism 伦理的自然主义eudaimonia 幸福主义event 事件、事变evolutionary epistemology 进化认识论expert system 专门体系explanation 解释fallibilism 谬误论family resemblance 家族相似fictional entities 虚构的实体first philosophy 第一哲学form of life 生活形式formal 形式的foundationalism 基础主义free will and determinism 自由意志和决定论 function 函项（功能）function explanation 功能解释good 善happiness 幸福hedonism 享乐主义hermeneutics 解释学（诠释学，释义学）historicism 历史论（历史主义）holism 整体论iconographic 绘画idealism 理念论ideas 理念identity 同一性illocutionary act 以言行事的行为imagination 想象力immaterical substance 非物质实体immutable 不变的、永恒的individualism 个人主义（个体主义）induction 归纳inference 推断infinite regress 无限回归intensionality 内涵性intentionality 意向性irreducible 不可还原的Leibniz餾 Law 莱布尼茨法则logical atomism 逻辑原子主义logical positivism 逻辑实证主义logomachy 玩弄词藻的争论material biconditional 物质的双向制约materialism 唯物论（唯物主义）maxim 箴言，格言method 方法methodologica 方法论的model 样式modern 现代的modus ponens and modus tollens 肯定前件和否定后件 natural selection 自然选择necessary 必然的neutral monism 中立一无论nominalism 唯名论non睧uclidean geometry 非欧几里德几何non瞞onotonic logics 非单一逻辑Ockham餜azor 奥卡姆剃刀omnipotence and omniscience 全能和全知ontology 本体论（存有学）operator 算符(或算子)paradox 悖论perception 知觉phenomenology 现象学picture theory of meaning 意义的图像说pluralism 多元论polis 城邦possible world 可能世界postmodernism 后现代主义prescriptive statement 规定性陈述presupposition 预设primary and secondary qualities 第一性的质和第二性的质 principle of non瞔ontradiction 不矛盾律proposition 命题quantifier 量词quantum mechanics 量子力学rational numbers 有理数real number 实数realism 实在论reason 理性，理智recursive function 循环函数reflective equilibrium 反思的均衡relativity (theory of) 相对（论）rights 权利rigid designator严格的指称词Rorschach test 相对性（相对论）rule 规则rule utilitarianism 功利主义规则Russell餾 paradox 罗素悖论sanctions 制发scope 范围，限界semantics 语义学sense data 感觉材料，感觉资料set 集solipsism 唯我论social contract 社会契约subjective瞣bjective distinction 主客区分 sublation 扬弃substance 实体，本体sui generis 特殊的，独特性supervenience 偶然性syllogism 三段论things瞚n瞭hemselves 物自体thought 思想thought experiment 思想实验three瞯alued logic 三值逻辑transcendental 先验的truth 真理truth function 真值函项understanding 理解universals 共相，一般，普遍verfication principle 证实原则versimilitude 逼真性vicious regress 恶性回归Vienna Circle 维也纳学派virtue 美德注释计量经济学中英对照词汇(continuous)2007年8月23日，22:02:47 | mindreader计量经济学中英对照词汇(continuous)K-Means Cluster逐步聚类分析K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形MSC（多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal P-P, 正态概率分布图Normal Q-Q, 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Pareto, 直条构成线图（又称佩尔托图）Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式PCA（主成分分析）Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 构成图,饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡PLS（偏最小二乘法）Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal axis factoring,主轴因子法Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Pro, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和residual variance (剩余方差)Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system , SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequence, 普通序列图Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significant Level, 显著水平Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Test(检验)Test of linearity, 线性检验Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Unweighted least squares, 未加权最小平方法Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换注释。