Domain-Specific Languages

动态语言实现规则引擎的方法Dynamic languages such as Python, Ruby, and JavaScript have become popular choices for implementing rule engines due to their flexibility and ease of use. 动态语言比如 Python，Ruby 和 JavaScript由于其灵活性和易用性，已经成为实现规则引擎的流行选择。

These languages allow developers to create rules and execute them at runtime, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. 这些语言允许开发人员在运行时创建规则并执行它们，适用于各种应用。

One approach to implementing a rule engine in a dynamic language is to use a domain-specific language (DSL) to express the rules. 在动态语言中实现规则引擎的一种方法是使用特定领域语言（DSL）来表达规则。

A DSL allows the rules to be written in a more human-readable and domain-specific format, making it easier for non-technical users to understand and modify the rules. DSL 允许规则以更易读且特定于领域的格式编写，使非技术用户更容易理解和修改规则。

Another approach is to use a framework or library that provides rule engine capabilities. 另一种方法是使用提供规则引擎功能的框架或库。

语言学导论知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新潍坊学院第一章测试1.Which of the following property of language enables language users toovercome the barriers caused bytime and place, due to this feature oflanguage, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in anysituation? （）参考答案:Transferability2.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the factthat Language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and thesystem of meanings. （）参考答案:对3.The informative function is predominantly the major role of language, it isalso called _________ function in the framework of functional grammar. （）参考答案:ideational4.According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community. （）参考答案:Languengue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personaland situational constraints. （）参考答案:对6._____ is realized by mood and modality.（）参考答案:Interpersonal function7.Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework o flanguage functions?（）参考答案:The phatic function is to establish communion with others8.Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. （）参考答案:错petence and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use oflanguage in concrete situations. （）参考答案:对10.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionalityof language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is important for us. （）参考答案:对第二章测试1.Of the consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /m/, /z/ and /g/, which has the featuresof voiceless and velar? （）参考答案:/k/2. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of wordfrom another in a given language is a _______. （）参考答案:phoneme3.Which of the following CANNOT be considered as minimal pair? （）参考答案:/s/-/θ/4._______ is one of the suprasegmental features.（）参考答案:Tone5.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulationinvolves the following EXCEPT_______.（）参考答案:Bilabial6.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _______ of the pphoneme.（）参考答案:Allophones7.Conventionally a_______ is put in slashes. （）参考答案:phoneme8.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?（）参考答案:[w]9.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? （）参考答案:[n]10.Which of the following is the correct description of [v]? （）参考答案:voiced labiodental fricative第三章测试1.In terms of______ , words can be divided into closed-class words and open-class words.（）参考答案:membership2.Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are ______ items. （）参考答案:closed-class3.Bound morphemes do not include. （）参考答案:Words4.______ refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person,or number. （）参考答案:Inflection5.Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day＋break—daybreak. （）参考答案:inflection and compound6.Which of the following words are formed by blending? （）参考答案:Smog7. A prefix is an affix which appears ______.（）参考答案:before the stem8.Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. （）参考答案:对9.Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. （）参考答案:错10.Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves.（）参考答案:对第四章测试1._______ refer to the relationship that linguistic units have with other unitsbecause they may occur together in a sentence. （）参考答案:Syntagmatic relations2.The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to _______ construction.（）参考答案:exocentric3.______refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoinedwith another. （）参考答案:Conjoining4.IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures.（）参考答案:错5.__________ is concerned with the internal organization of words.（）参考答案:Syntax6.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by_______in 1957.（）参考答案:N·Chomsky7.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. （）参考答案:sentence8. A sentence is considered_______ when it does not conform to the grammaticalknowledge in the mind of native speakers. （）参考答案:wrong9.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_______. （）参考答案:all of the other answers10.Phrase structure rules have properties. （）参考答案:Recursive第五章测试1.“ We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statementrepresents___.（）参考答案:contexutalism2._______is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaningcomponents, called semantic features.（）参考答案:Componential analysis3.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by_______.（）参考答案:grammatical rules4.Words which have different meanings but are written differently and soundalike are called hyponyms.（）参考答案:错5.In a sentense relation of hyponymy, a superordinate entails all hyponyms. （）参考答案:对6.In componential analysis, _______be analyzed into HUMAN, ADULT and MALE.（）参考答案:manponential analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. （）参考答案:word8.The relationship between “flower” and“rose” is _______. （）参考答案:hyponymy9.Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. （）参考答案:对10.Converse opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reveral of arelationship between the two items. （）参考答案:对第六章测试1.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the_______. （）参考答案:commissives2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in thestudy of meaning _________ is considereD.（）参考答案:context3. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is oftenstudied in isolation. （）参考答案:grammatical4.Which of the following is true?（）参考答案:Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.5.According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.（）参考答案:to commit the speaker to something’s being the case6.All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, butthey differ _________. （）参考答案:in their strength or force7._________ is advanced by Paul Grice. （）参考答案:Cooperative Principle8.Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic andinherent. （）参考答案:错9.It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if thecontext of language use was left unconsidered.（）参考答案:对10.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in thestudy of meaning the context of use is considered.（）参考答案:对第七章测试1.is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified byshared linguistic system. （）参考答案:A speech community2._______is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandardvocabulary, typically of aibitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages andfigures of speech. （）参考答案:Slang3.In a speech community people have something in common_______--a languageor a particular variety of language and rules for using it. （）参考答案:linguistically4._______refers to the use of a word which is thought to be less offensive orunpleasant than another worD.（）参考答案:Euphemism5.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its_________.（）参考答案:accent6._______are the major source of regional variation of language. （）参考答案:Geographical barriers7.Linguist______published his paper “The social stratifi cation of English in NewYork City”in 1966. （）参考答案:Labow8. A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standardvariety of that language.（）参考答案:错9.The standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or morevernaculars is the result of a deliberate governmental policy. （）参考答案:错10. A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.（）参考答案:对。

编程语言英语知识点总结IntroductionIn the world of software development, programming languages are the building blocks of all digital applications. They enable developers to write code, create algorithms, and design user interfaces. With the evolution of technology, new programming languages emerge, offering different features and functionalities. In this comprehensive knowledge summary, we will explore the fundamental concepts of programming languages, their types, and the popular languages used in the software industry.Basic Concepts of Programming Languages1. Syntax and Semantics:Syntax and semantics are the core elements of any programming language. Syntax refers to the rules and structure of the language, while semantics relates to the meaning and interpretation of the code. In simpler terms, syntax determines how the code should be written, while semantics defines what the code does.2. Variables and Data Types:Variables are used to store data values in a program. They act as containers that hold different types of data, such as numbers, strings, or boolean values. Data types define the characteristics of the data and specify how it should be processed by the computer.3. Control Structures:Control structures govern the flow of a program by allowing developers to define conditional statements (if-else) and looping constructs (while, for). They enable the program to make decisions and perform repetitive tasks.4. Functions and Methods:Functions and methods are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks. They help in organizing and modularizing the code, making it easier to maintain and understand. Types of Programming Languages1. Procedural Languages:Procedural languages focus on defining a sequence of instructions for the computer to execute. They are based on procedures or subroutines that contain a series of steps to perform a specific task. Popular examples include C, Pascal, and Fortran.2. Object-Oriented Languages:Object-oriented languages are designed around the concept of objects, which encapsulate data and behavior. They support features such as inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. Some well-known object-oriented languages are Java, C++, and Python.3. Functional Languages:Functional languages emphasize the application of mathematical functions to solve problems. They treat computation as the evaluation of functions and promote concepts like immutability and recursion. Haskell, Lisp, and Erlang are notable functional languages.4. Scripting Languages:Scripting languages are used for automating tasks, such as system administration, web development, and game scripting. They are often interpreted rather than compiled, making them suitable for rapid prototyping and development. Examples include JavaScript, PHP, and Ruby.5. Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs):DSLs are tailored for specific domains or industries and focus on solving specialized problems within those domains. They are used in areas like finance, healthcare, and telecommunications. SQL for database querying and HTML for web markup are prime examples of DSLs.Popular Programming Languages1. Python:Python is a high-level, general-purpose language known for its simplicity and readability. It features a rich standard library and supports multiple programming paradigms. It is widely used in web development, data science, and artificial intelligence.2. JavaScript:JavaScript is a versatile language primarily used for client-side web development. It enables interactive and dynamic web pages by allowing developers to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM) and handle user events.3. Java:Java is a robust, platform-independent language that powers enterprise-grade applications, mobile apps, and embedded systems. It emphasizes portability, security, and performance, making it a popular choice for large-scale projects.4. C++:C++ is an extension of the C programming language, with an added focus on object-oriented programming and generic programming. It is widely used in system software, game development, and performance-critical applications.5. C#:C# (pronounced as C sharp) is a modern language developed by Microsoft and used inthe .NET framework. It combines the power of C++ with the simplicity of Java and is favored for building Windows desktop applications and web services.6. Ruby:Ruby is a dynamic, object-oriented language known for its elegant syntax and developer-friendly environment. It is commonly used in web development, thanks to the Ruby on Rails framework, which facilitates rapid application development.7. Swift:Swift is a relatively new language introduced by Apple for iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS development. It offers modern features, including safety, concurrency, and syntax clarity, making it a preferred choice for Apple ecosystem apps.8. PHP:PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development. It powers a significant portion of the web, particularly in the context of content management systems like WordPress and e-commerce platforms like Magento.ConclusionProgramming languages play a crucial role in shaping the digital landscape and enabling developers to build innovative solutions. Understanding the basic concepts and types of programming languages provides a strong foundation for mastering any language. With the right knowledge and skills, developers can leverage the capabilities of different languages to create robust and efficient software applications. Stay updated with the latest trends and advancements in the world of programming languages to stay ahead in the ever-evolving tech industry.。

Generative Model Transformer : An Open Source MDA Tool InitiativeJorn BettinSoftMetaWarePO Box 617Waiheke IslandAuckland, New Zealand jorn.bettin@Ghica van Emde BoasBronstee Software & ServicesFranz Lisztlaan 52102 CJ HeemstedeNetherlandsemdeboas@E.D. WillinkThales Research andTechnology LimitedReading, Englanded.willink@ABSTRACTThe Generative Model Transformer (GMT) project is an Open Source initiative to build a Model Driven Architecure TM tool that allows fully customisable Platform Independent Models, Platform Description Models, Texture Mappings, and Refinement Transformations. The project should result in (a) a tool that fulfils the MDA promise for faster/more accurate/better maintainable application development, (b) a tool for industrial use, and (c) MDA related research—which is encouraged and needed. A distinctive feature of GMT is the emphasis of model transformations as "first-class model citizens". The implementation of model transformations is envisaged to be in conformance with the future OMG modeling standard for Queries, Views, and Transformations (QVT).Categories and Subject DescriptorsD.2.2 [Design Tools and Techniques]: Model Driven Architecture - d omain-specific architectures.General TermsDesign, Standardization, Languages.KeywordsModel Driven Architecture (MDA), Generative Model Transformer (GMT), model transformation, QVT, domain-specific languages, Open Source.1.INTRODUCTIONThe GMT project [1] is the result of a BOF session following the OOPSLA'02 workshop Generative Techniques in the Context of MDA [2]. The goals of GMT are aligned with the OMG's objectives for MDA [3] and can be summarised as(a)facilitating a paradigm shift away from the current paradigmwhere "traditional" source code is the ultimate specification of software systems to a paradigm where "models and transformations between models" are the sourcespecifications of software and(b)making available an MDA platform that is fully open,allowing Platform Independent Models (PIMs), Platform Description Models (PDMs), and model mappings to be shared in a vendor-independent format—just as traditional text based source can be shared today.GMT represents the interest of those who would like to see a much more widespread acceptance of model-driven and highly automated approaches in the software community, and who don't believe that this goal can be achieved with commercial MDA tools alone—especially since none of the current MDA tools provide the extensive support for fully customizable model transformations as envisaged by GMT. An open source platform should make MDA accessible and practical for the average software development organization.GMT will provide a related set of components that can be used by other MDA tool components, and will consist of four main components:• A mapping component that can combine two XMI-encoded models into one new XMI-encoded model.• A model transformation component using XMI as input and output.• A text generation component, using XMI as input and text (code) as output.• A workflow component that provides the required glue between the three functional components above, any additional user-developed MDA tool components, and popular IDEs/tool platforms such as Eclipse.2.THE MDA PROCESS WITH GMTAny component that fulfils the basic requirement of allowing XMI input should be usable as a GMT tool component.Figure 1 shows how the GMT tool might be used in practice. In the diagram we've accommodated the fact that a complex transformation may be better represented as a series of simpler transformations.Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).OOPSLA’03, October 26–30, 2003, Anaheim, California, USA. ACM 1-58113-751-6/03/0010.Figure 1The terms Platform Independent Model, Platform Specific Model, and Platform Description Model are fundamental to the standard terminology used in the project. To differentiate between the loose specification of traditional software design patterns and the precise specification of patterns required for automation we use the term texture for "a pattern specification in an unambiguous UML-based format" [4]. Note that at each stage in the model transformation process one of the inputs is a set of textures—some textures may be very simple, others may be more complex. Thus it is appropriate to speak of texture mappings.2.1The Target Audience of GMTThe large breadth of the audience makes it necessary to define a tool architecture that is based on plug-ins and relies on XMI as the format for information exchange between tools.GMT will be useful for those who need to•apply MDA techniques for a specific application area (for example order management using relational database and JSP according to enterprise-specific infrastructure standards),i.e. Software Analysts and Software Architects with expertknowledge of the target domain and/or platform.•develop real deployable applications, i.e. Software Developers with average knowledge and experience of the target domain and/or programming language.•design domain specific languages for the purpose of significantly automating development of a product family ina specific domain, i.e. Language Designers with deepknowledge in specific vertical or horizontal domains.2.2Relationship to the OMG QVT RFPThere is a very strong relationship between the goals of the Queries, Views and Transformations (QVT) initiative [5] and the goals of the GMT project. Currently we are evaluating the initial submissions to the RFP [6], [7]. Although compatibility with QVT is a goal, in some areas GMT development may outpace the QVT standardisation process. This may mean that QVT compliance will have to be retrofitted into GMT.As a side effect our project may help to raise the bar of a future OMG QVT standard, so that the commercial MDA vendors are forced towards a higher degree of inter-operability.3.CURRENT PROJECT STATUSThe GMT project has just started, and we are currently concentrating on the design of the core architecture that will allow various MDA tool components to plug-in to GMT, such that GMT manages the workflow and co-ordinates model transformations across a chain of MDA components. By October 2003 we expect to be in a position to demonstrate the GMT backbone and initial prototype MDA tool components. In parallel with the practical work on the GMT tool, the project is fuelled by MDA-related research from a number of institutions [8], [9]. 4.FURTHER WORK AND OUTLOOK Significant work lies ahead in order to achieve the ambitious goals of the GMT initiative. The initial QVT submissions provide a useful starting point in terms of abstract and concrete syntax for model transformations, but only a tool that implements the suggested standards will be able to highlight deficits and practical usability issues.We believe that development tools—including advanced MDA tools—are destined to go down the same path as operating systems, they become part of the basic infrastructure. We are convinced that the Open Source path provides the best route to achieve the paradigm shift away from textual source code to models and model transformations as the source specification for software.5.REFERENCES[1]Generative Model Transformer project./gmt/[2]OOPSLA'02 workshop "Generative Techniques in theContext of MDA"./oopsla2002/mda-workshop.html.[3]OMG, Model Driven Architecture./mda/[4]Original GMT project proposal./oopsla2002/mdatoolproposal.pdf.[5]OMG, “Request For Proposal: MOF 2.0/QVT”, OMGDocument, ad/2002-04-10.[6]DSTC, IBM, “MOF Query/Views/Transformations, InitialSubmission”,.au/Research/Projects/Pegamento/public ations/ad-03-02-03.pdf.[7]QVT Partners, “Initial submission for MOF 2.0Query/Views/Transformations RFP”,/downloads/1.0/qvtpartners1.0.pdf.[8]Wei Zhao, B.R. Bryant, C.C. Burt, R.R. Raje, A.M. Olson.A Generative and Model Driven Framework for AutomatedSoftware Product Generation..au/~hws/cgi-bin/CBSE6/Proceedings/proceedings.cgi[9] E.D. Willink, UMLX : A graphical transformation languagefor MDA. (May 2003)。

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