Havfl_r比亚迪铁电池

随着国家对新能源汽车行业扶植力度的加大，越来越多的新能源汽车走进大众的视野。

很多汽车品牌强势进军新能源汽车领域，使得新能源汽车技术不断成熟、供消费者选择的车型也越来越多，加上新能源汽车经济实用、绿色环保的特点，越来越多的家庭和企业将新能源汽车作为买车、换车的第一选择.新能源汽车江湖有句话:“新能源汽车，得电池者得天下”。

动力电池技术成了关乎一台新能源汽车性能的关键，因此本期文章，知科君为大家普及一下新能源电动汽车最重要的核心部件—-—汽车动力电池首先我们了解下电池，总称为化学电池,现阶段我们将总类的化学电池可以分为；一次电池,也称干电池，即不能够再充电的电池,如生活中常用的5号碱性电池;二次电池，即可充电的电池,这也是汽车动力电池最基本的要求;燃料电池,指正负极本身不含活性物质，活性材料连续不断从外部加入，如氢燃料电池；对于新能源汽车动力电池,我们主要关注化学电池中的二次电池和燃料电池，也就是有两条技术路线。

一条是以锂电池为主要研究方向的二次电池，目前发展迅速可谓“炙手可热”；另一条是一直被寄予厚望的以氢燃料为主要研究方向的燃料电池，氢燃料电池，目前与二次电池比起来,有一个很大的优势,就是可以在很快时间(五分钟左右）给电池加满燃料，而不是等上几个小时来充满电。

氢燃料电池充入的是氢气，而最终产生水分，也没有废旧电池回收的问题，可以说是真正的新能源汽车，但由于氢的来源问题还未实现大规模量产和工业化应用、以及最重要的安全、储存等方面因素，目前发展还是很大的瓶颈，不如二次电池发展的成熟。

在二次电池中，就目前锂电池无论在能量密度，循环寿命和环保性能上都具有很大的优势，是目前动力电池的首选,动力电池技术成了关乎一台新能源车型性能的关键,因此很多车企纷纷押宝在新能源电池领域。

目前市面上主流的新能源电动汽车电池种类大致归为铅酸电池、镍氢电池、钴酸锂、锰酸锂、磷酸铁锂以及三元锂(镍钴锰酸锂）等几大门类。

今天知科君就带大家从目前市场上动力电池的主流技术路线。

Nickel-iron storage battery FL series Installation and operation manualSignificant guidelines▪Avoid direct flame or sparks near storage batteries under any circumstances, especially during charging.▪ Avoid smoking while manipulating with storage battery.▪Use rubber gloves, long-sleeved outfit, proper safety spectacles or protective mask for the purpose of protection.▪ Electrolyte is harmful to skin and eyes. In case of skin or eye contact immediately wash with ample amount of water. In case of eye damage immediately wash eyes with water and seek medical advice.▪ Before operating storage battery, take off all the rings, watches and other objects with metallic parts.▪ Use insulated instruments.▪Avoid static electricity and take measures to protect against electric shock. ▪ For drainage of electrostatic charging, which may be accumulated on outfit and/or instruments, touch the grounded part before starting operation of storage battery.1. Acceptance of delivered products Unpack storage battery immediately upon receipt.Do not turn packaging upside down.▪Storage batteries are usually delivered filled and charged.▪If a storage battery has been delivered unfilled and discharged, then it is needed to be filled with electrolyte before installation. O pen the valves and fill the cells.2. StoringStore a battery in dry, clean, cool (0°С to +30°С) and well-ventilated premises at open rack.Do not store batteries in direct sunlight or at high temperature.▪ Elements are not filled and discharged. ▫ It is recommended to store elements not filled and discharged.▫ Elements may be stored for many years in such conditions.▪ Elements are filled and charged.▫ If elements are stored filled, one needs to charge them completely before placing in storage.▫Filled and charged elements may be stored for no longer than 12 months as from the date of shipment.▪At delivery in wooden boxes, they should be opened before placing of batteries in storage. One needs to take off the box top and packaging material from the top of the elements.3. Installation3.1. WiringMake sure that the elements are connected together with polarity compliance. One should connect storage battery with load using nickel-plated cable terminals. Attachment fittings and terminals must beprotected against corrosion by coatingwith thin-film rust-preventive oil.3.2. Electrolyte for elements▪ If elements are delivered not filled anddischarged.Use table 2 in order to choose electrolyteproperly.Open valves and fill elements withelectrolyte up t o “MAX” marking.Wait for 4-24 hours and, if needed, pourmore electrolyte before putting storagebattery into service.▪If elements are delivered filled andcharged.Check the electrolyte level. It should be notmore than by 10 mm less than top marking“MAX”. If the level is lower, add distilled ordeionized water.4. Putting into serviceMake sure that this procedure is carried outunder conditions of sufficient ventilation.Proper commissioning is of highimportance. It is preferable to performconstant-current charging.If limiting current is lower than 0,2 C5,perform charging over proportionallylonger period of time.▪If elements are supplied withoutelectrolyte:▫ charge for 10 hours at current equal to 0,2С5 А;▫ discharge, after 1-hour pause, at currentequal to 0,2 С5 А down to voltage equal to1,0 V per element;▫repeat this procedure several times,capacity of the battery should grow aftereach cycle, continue training until thenominal capacity will be achieved (it couldtake from 3 to 8 cycles);▪Elements filled and charged atmanufacturing plant, and stored for morethan 6 months should be:▫ charged for 10 hours at current equal to0,2 С5 А (recommended),▫ or for 30 hours at voltage equal to 1,65 Vper element and at current no more than0,2 С5 А;▫discharged at current equal to 0,2 С5 Аdown to voltage equal to 1,0 V perelement,▫charged according to the followingsection.▪Elements filled and charged atmanufacturing plant, and stored for lessthan 6 months should be:▫ charged for 10 hours at current equal to0,2 С5 А (recommended),▫ or for 24 hours at voltage equal to 1,65Vper element and at current no more than0,2 С5 А,▫or for 48 hours at voltage equal to 1‚55Vper element and current no more than 0,2С5 А.▪ Electrolyte refill after putting into service:one needs to wait 4 hours after operation.Check the electrolyte level and bring it toupper marking by adding:▫ distilled or deionized water5. Charging modes▪Uninterrupted parallel operation withoccasionally occurring battery discharge.Suggested charging voltage (+20°С to+25°С):In case of two-step charging:▫ trickle charge1,45 - 1,5 V per element,▫ forced charge 1,7 - 1,75 V per element.High voltage would ensure raising chargingrate and efficiency.In case of one-step charging:1,65 -1‚7 V per element.6. Periodic maintenance▪Keep storage battery clean using onlywater. Do not use wire brushes or anysolvents. Vent plugs may be rinsed withclean water, if needed.▪Check electrolyte level. Do not allowthis level to drop lower than minimal markby no means. Use only distilled or deionizedwater for refill. Refill rate is determined bypractical consideration. Note: after filling ofstorage battery with electrolyte of requiredsort –at plant or at putting into service –periodic inspection of electrolyte density isnot needed. Proper understanding ofdensity measurement results is complicatedand may result in errors.▪Check tightness of all attachmentfittings biyearly.Attachment fittings and terminal nuts mustbe protected against corrosion by coatingwith thin-film rust-preventive oil.▪Check charging voltage. If storagebattery is connected in-parallel, it is highlyessential that suggested charging voltageshould remain at the permanent level.Charging voltage must be checked at leastonce a year.High water consumption by storage batterygenerally indicates incorrect voltagesetting of charging device.7.Replacement of electrolyteIn most cases of fixed storage batteries use,electrolyte efficiency remains for a wholeservice life of storage battery. However, atoperation of storage battery under specificconditions, carbonation of electrolyte mayoccur; in such cases, it is sufficient toreplace electrolyte in order to restorenormal operation. In order to replaceelectrolyte in these elements, one shoulduse electrolyte according to the table 2.Electrolyte must be replaced whencarbonation level reaches the value morethan 75 g/l.It is also recommended to replaceelectrolyte at storage battery depletion(discharge at current 0,2 С5 A - 0,25 С5 Аdown to voltage equal to 0 V per element).8.EnvironmentAll life-expired storage batteries must berecycled in order to protect theenvironment.Table 2Instruction manual for electrolyte preparation.To prepare 1 liter of electrolyte (ρ = 1,2 kg/l) you need:1.Stainless steel, glass or plastic (resistant to alkalis) container2.Solution mixer or you can mix it manually using the glass stick or stainless steel instrument3.Scales4.Gloves, glasses, apron.5.Potassium hydroxide – 0,285 kg.6.Lithium hydroxide (monohydrate) – 0,040 kg.7.Distilled water – 0,9 kg.Step by step instruction:1.Put 0,9 kg. water in to the container.2.Put 0,285 kg. of potassium hydroxide in to the water. It will start to heat up.3.Mix the solution. (careful)4.Put 0,040 kg. of the lithium hydroxide while the solution is still hot.5.Mix the solution until everything will be dissolved.6.Wait until the temperature of the solution will fall to ambient. Now it is ready.。

比亚迪e5动力电池比亚迪e5动力电池二、锂电池技术目前，越来越多的传统式混合动力汽车、插电式与纯电动汽车都采用的是锂离子蓄电池。

锂离子蓄电池是上世纪90年代发展起来的高容量可充电电池，比镍氢电池发展的更晚，其能量大于氢镍电池，能存储更多的电能量，而且具有循环寿命长、自放电率小、电池无记忆效应和不污染环境等优点。

其主要研究集中在大容量、长寿命和安全性三个方面，成为当前能量存储技术的热点。

虽然其从1970年诞生至今时间并不算长，但凭借能量密度高、循环使用寿命长等特点迅速占据了新能源汽车电池市场的绝大部分江山。

如今，在售新能源汽车配备的锂电池主要有磷酸铁锂电池和三元锂电池两种，且这两种电池在自身特点上存在显著差异，因此我们将对其进行细致的讲解与对比。

1.磷酸铁锂电池磷酸铁锂电池是指用磷酸铁锂作为正极材料的锂离子电池，电池负极是石墨，中间是聚乙烯或聚丙烯材料制成的隔膜板，电池中部的上下端间装有有机电解质，锂离子的电解质是由有机溶剂和锂盐组成，对人体组织具有腐蚀性，并且可燃，外壳由金属材料密封，图2所示为比亚迪e5磷酸铁锂电池组安装位置。

图2比亚迪e5动力电池组安装位置（1）外部特征比亚迪e5动力电池系统最重要的外部特征是：高电压导线或高电压接口和12V车载网络接口，布置在整车地板下面，电量为47.5k Wh o动力电池组的密封盖一般通过几十个螺栓加密封胶以机械方式与托盘连接在一起。

在动力电池组上密封盖上一般粘贴有几个提示牌，如一个型号铭牌和两个警告提示牌。

型号铭牌提供逻辑信息（例如电池参数标签和电池编号）和最重要的技术数据（例如额定电压）。

两个警告提示牌提醒注意动力电池组采用锂离子技术且电压较高以及可能存在的相关危险。

图3为动力电池组上提示牌的安装位置、检验报告和托盘螺栓固定力矩。

力力r*： n QVHAFNzb l.f.JTION，力।■ umi<El ♦H TJl UUl IhH-rnU ItPV螺栓力矩135N电池包编号图3比亚迪e5动力电池组密封盖上的提示牌在动力电池组上带有一个2芯高电压接口，动力电池组通过该接口与高电压车载网络连接，如图4所示。

BYD Battery-Box Premium Limited WarrantyThis Limited Warranty applies to BYD Battery-Box Premium Product (Models：HVS 5.1, HVS 7.7, HVS 10.2, HVS 12.8, HVM 8.3, HVM 11.0, HVM 13.8, HVM 16.6, HVM 19.3, HVM 22.1) (“Product”) installed in Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle East, Africa (except South Africa) on or after Jan. 1st, 2020.BYD Europe BV (“BYD”) provides the warranties in this document (“Limited Warranty”) to the person who purchases the Product for their use and puts the Product into operation for the first time ("Original Buyer").1. LIMITED WARRANTY1.1. Warranty Start DateThe Warranty Start Date is the sale date recorded in the seller's invoice to the Original Buyer.1.2. Limited Product WarrantyBYD warrants that the Product will be free from defects in materials or workmanship for five (5) years from Warranty Start Date, subject to the exclusions and limitations set out below.1.3. Limited Performance Warrantya) BYD warrants that the Product will (i) retain sixty per cent (60%) of its Usable Energy forten (10) years from the Warranty Start Date; or (ii) reach the Minimum ThroughputEnergy, whichever comes first, on the condition that the Product is operated in a normal manner that adheres to the manual guidelines provided by BYD.b) The Minimum Throughput Energy means the total output energy of the Productrecorded in the control module of the Product.c) The Usable Energy and Minimum Throughput Energy for each Product Model are setout in the table below:d) For this Limited Warranty, the remaining Usable Energy is as measured and calculatedusing the following testing method and values, while the ambient temperature isbetween 25~ 28°C:∙Discharge the battery with constant current until the battery reaches End of Discharge Voltage ("EODV") or its self-protective voltage.∙Wait for 10 minutes.∙Charge the battery with constant current and constant charge voltage to its full capacity.∙Wait for 10 minutes.∙Discharge the battery with constant current until it reaches EODV or its self-protective voltage. Record the current, voltage, and time.∙The remaining Usable Energy is the integral of discharge time and current multiplied by voltage.Test value list:1.4. Limited Performance Warranty for additional battery modulesIf Original Buyer purchases additional battery modules after the initial installation of the Product (“Subsequent Product”), the warranty in clause 1.3 applies to the Subsequent Product from the sale date recorded in the seller's invoice to the Original Buyer of that Subsequent Product.1.5. Warranty LimitationsThe Limited Warranties in clauses 1.2 and 1.3 are subject to and must be read together with the limitations, exclusions, and limitations set out below.2. EXCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS2.1. Disclaimera) To the extent permitted by law, the warranties in this Limited Warranty are the onlyexpress warranty given for the Product. BYD disclaims all statutory and impliedwarranties, including without limitation, any warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement. To the extent permitted by law, in so far assuch warranties cannot be disclaimed, BYD limits the duration and remedies of such warranties to the duration of this Limited Warranty and, at BYD's option, the repair or replacement services described below.b) Neither seller of the Product nor any other person is authorized to make any warrantieson behalf of BYD other than those contained in this document or to extend the duration of the warranties beyond the periods specified above.2.2. Limitation of LiabilityExcept as provided in this warranty and to the maximum extent permitted by law, in no event will BYD be liable for any consequential, incidental, special or punitive damages (including without limitation of loss of profits, harm to goodwill or business reputation, or delay damages) arising from or out of the Product or its installation, use, performance or non-performance, or any defect or breach of warranty, whether based on contract,warranty, negligence, strict liability, or any other theory. BYD’s aggregate liab ilities, if any, in damages or otherwise, shall not exceed the purchase price paid by the Original Buyer for the Product.2.3. Warranty LimitationsThe Limited Warranty in clauses 1.2 and 1.3 does not apply to any defect or deterioration resulting from:a) the Product not being installed, maintained or operated by the Operating Manual;b) exposure of the Product to movement or shaking following installation, or temperaturesof greater than 50°C or less than -10°C;c) Original Buyer failing to notify BYD or a BYD Authorized Service Partner (“BYDPartner”) of the defect or deterioration within 30 days of Original Buyer becomingaware of the defect or deterioration;d) the Product not being installed within one (1) month from Warranty Start Date;e) operation of the Product with an inverter that is not a BYD certified inverter which arespecified in the BYD Battery-Box Premium HVS&HVM Compatible Inverter List,which is available on the websites: ;f) modification or repair of the Product without the approval of BYD or BYD Partner;g) a force majeure event (e.g., natural catastrophes, such as flooding, fires, earthquakes,lightning or other abnormal environmental conditions, war, etc.);h) noticeable damage to the Product that occurred during transportation;i) changes to national or regional laws, regulations or directives; orj) the Product not being operated for any period of 6 months or more.2.4. Warranty ExclusionsThe Limited Warranty in clauses 1.2 and 1.3 does not apply:a) if Original Buyer does not grant BYD or BYD Partner access to the performance data ofthe Product over the Internet upon request after reporting the warranty claim ormanipulate such data;b) to wear and tear in the appearance of the Product (including but not limited to anyscratches, stains, mechanical wear, rust or mould) which does not impair its function;c) to any damage to property or personal injury arising from any defect if the state ofscientific and technical knowledge at the time when the Product is sold to OriginalBuyer was not such as to enable the defect to be discovered;d) if the invoice for the Product and the information listed in clause 4 below is not providedwith the warranty claim; ore) if the serial number on the Product can no longer be identified or has been modified.3. REMEDY FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY3.1. Subject to the exclusions and limitations set out above, if the Product fails to comply withthe Limited Warranty in clauses 1.2 or 1.3, BYD will repair or replace the non-conforming Product or parts thereof within the warranty term at no charge (or provide a partial refund) on the following conditions.3.2. Whether to repair or replace the Product will be determined by BYD in its sole discretion.3.3. The Product or any of its parts to be replaced will have the same performance andreliability as the original Product. If the production of the relevant type of the Product or any of its parts has been discontinued, withdrawn from the market, or are otherwiseunavailable, BYD may replace the Product or parts with a similar Product or part (which may include previously used parts that are equivalent to new in performance andreliability).3.4. If BYD does not repair or replace the defective Product or parts, BYD will refund OriginalBuyer an amount of money calculated as follows:a) If the Product fails to comply with the Limited Performance Warranty in clause 1.3, BYDmay calculate the refund using one of the two refund formulas below:i) Refund = maximum claim amount* x (warranted Minimum Throughput Energy -output energy of the Product recorded in the control module of the Product)/warranted Minimum Throughput Energy; orii) Refund = maximum claim amount* x (warranted remaining Useable Energy - remaining Useable Energy)/ warranted Usable Energy; andb) If the Product cannot be operated, BYD will calculate the refund as follows:Refund = (maximum claim amount*/60) x (60 - number of months since WarrantyStart Date).*The maximum claim amount is the market value of the Product (or an equivalent Product) determined by BYD if it were purchased new and free of defects.3.5. The remedies as set out above are the sole and exclusive obligations of BYD to OriginalBuyer under this Limited Warranty, and BYD will have no other liability to Original Buyer if the Product fails to comply with the Limited Warranty.4. FULFILMENT4.1. If Original Buyer wishes to make a warranty claim under this Limited Warranty, thewarranty claim must be reported in writing to BYD Partner (or, if Original Buyer is unable to contact them, BYD Global Service) including the information specified in the table below.Contact information:BYD Global ServiceAddress: No.3009, BYD Road, Pingshan, Shenzhen, 5118118, P.R.ChinaServiceMailbox:*******************Telephone: +86 755 89888888- 47175 (CN)4.2. BYD or BYD Partner is authorized to invoice its inspection costs if:a) the inspection of the Product by BYD or BYD Partner shows that the Limited Warrantydoes not apply, for whatever reason; orb) no defects were found during the inspection of the Product, and it works without error.4.3. Unless otherwise agreed with BYD or BYD Partner, any replaced Product or parts shall bemade available for pick up by BYD or BYD Partner within four weeks after the replacement;otherwise, BYD reserves the right to invoice the replacement component at full market price.4.4. The replaced Product or parts become the property of BYD.4.5. The original warranty periods for the Product shall still apply to any repaired orreplacement Product, which means the warranty for the repaired or replaced parts will be the remaining warranty period for the originally purchased Product.4.6. BYD or BYD Partner shall not be responsible or liable in any way to Original Buyer for anynon-performance or delay in BYD's performance of its obligations under this LimitedWarranty due to occurrences of force majeure events such as natural disasters, war, riots, strikes, unavailability of suitable or sufficient labour, material, or capacity or anyunforeseen event beyond its control.5. OUT OF WARRANTYIn the event the Product is out of warranty, BYD may (in its discretion) provide certainafter-sales service to Original Buyer, but all the costs and expenses, such as parts, labour costs, and travel expenses, shall be borne by Original Buyer. To request such after-sales service, Original Buyer must provide sufficient information about any defects to enable BYD Partner to determine whether such defects are capable of repair.6. MISCELLANEOUS6.1. This Limited Warranty is governed exclusively by local law, without regard to its choice oflaw provisions.6.2. The local courts of Hong Kong shall have non-exclusive jurisdiction for further disputesabout a warranty claim arising from this Limited Warranty. In case of a judicial assertion, BYD, but not BYD Partner, is responsible for sending or receiving lawsuit documents.6.3. Original Buyer may be entitled to legal rights regarding the sale of goods according tonational law. This Limited Warranty does not limit their possible statutory rights or rights arising from the purchase contract.6.4. If any provision or part of a provision of this Limited Warranty is held or found to be void,invalid or otherwise unenforceable (whether in respect of a particular party or generally), it will be deemed to be severed to the extent that it is void or to the extent of voidability,invalidity or unenforceability, but the remainder of that provision will remain in full force and effect.6.5. As a condition of making a warranty claim Original Buyer agrees that any dispute ontechnical facts relating to claims brought under this Limited Warranty may be referred by BYD to expert determination by the then-current Resolution Institute Expert Determination Rules, except that:a) the expert must be a reputable testing organization such as TÜV Rheinland, TÜV SUD,Intertek, UL, CQC or CGC or any other mutually acceptable neutral third-party testingorganization (Expert);b) the costs of the Expert, including any costs of shipping any Product to the Expert fortesting, are payable by Original Buyer if:i) Original Buyer does not withdraw Original Buyer claim within 14 days of BYDnotifying Original Buyer that it intends to refer the dispute to an Expert; and ii) the Expert determines the dispute in favour of BYD.In all other cases, BYD will pay those costs.。