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数字图像处理1、列举数字图像处理的三个应用领域医学、天文、通信 。
2、存储一幅大小为1024×1024, 256个灰度级的图像，需要 bit 。
3、依据图像的保真度，图像压缩可分为无损~和 有损~。
4、图像压缩是建立在图像存在 编码~、 像素间~、心理视觉~三种冗余基础上。
5、检测边缘的Sobel 算子对应的模板形式为：水平、垂直、45度、-45度。
6、图像锐化处理在空间域进行外，也可在频域进行。
7、图像处理中常用的两种邻域是4邻域和 D 邻域。
8、基于直方图处理的图像增强包括 和9、低通滤波是使高频受到抑制而让低通顺利通过，从而实现图像平滑。
当H(u)有很宽的轮廓时(大的值)，则h(x)有很窄的轮廓，反之亦然。
当接近无限时，H(u)趋于常量函数，而h(x)趋于冲激函数；两个低通滤波器的相似之处在于两个域中的值均为正。
则在空间域用带正系数的模板实现低通滤波频域中低通滤波器越窄，滤除的低频成分就越多，使得图像就越模糊，则空间域中低通滤波器就越宽，模板就越大空间域高通滤波器有正值和负值，一旦值变为负数，就再也不会变为正数10、一般来讲，采样间距越大，图像数据量越少，质量越差；反之亦然。
量化等级越多，图像层次越丰富，灰度越高，图像质量越好，数据量越大，反之亦然11、图像的数字化包括取样和量化两个主要步骤。
12、已知N N ⨯的数字图像为(,)f x y ，其离散傅里叶变换为(,)F u v ，则(1)(,)x y f x y +-的离散傅里叶变换为 。
二、选择题1、采用幂次变换进行灰度变换，当幂次取大于1时，该变换是针对哪一类图像进行增强。
（）A 图像整体变暗B 图像整体变亮C 图像细节淹没在暗背景 C 图像同时存在过亮和过暗背景2、图像灰度方差说明了图像哪一属性? ()A 平均灰度B 图像对比度C 图像整体亮度D 图像细节3、采用模板[1,1]T -主要检测 方向的边缘。
A 水平B 45°C 垂直D -45°4、下列算法中属于图像锐化处理的是：（）A 低通滤波B 加权平均法C 高通滤波D 中值滤波5、维纳滤波器通常用于（）A 去噪B 减小图像动态范围C 复原图像D 平滑图像6、 滤波器在对图像复原过着中需要技术噪声功率谱和图像功率谱。
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed(数字图像处理(第2版))数据摘要：DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING has been the world-wide leading textbook in its field for more than 30 years. As the 1977 and 1987 editions by Gonzalez and Wintz, and the 1992 edition by Gonzalez and Woods, the present edition was prepared with students and instructors in mind. The material is timely, highly readable, and illustrated with numerous examples of practical significance. All mainstream areas of image processing are covered, including a totally revised introduction and discussion of image fundamentals, image enhancement in the spatial and frequency domains, restoration, color image processing, wavelets, image compression, morphology, segmentation, and image description. Coverage concludes with a discussion on the fundamentals of object recognition.Although the book is completely self-contained, this companion web site provides additional support in the form of review material, answers to selected problems, laboratory project suggestions, and a score of other features. A supplementary instructor's manual is available to instructors who have adopted the book for classroom use.中文关键词：数字图像处理,图像基础,图像在空间和频率域的增强,图像压缩,图像描述,英文关键词：digital image processing,image fundamentals,image compression,image description,数据格式：IMAGE数据用途：DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING数据详细介绍：Digital Image Processing, 2nd editionAbout the BookBasic InformationISBN number 020*******.Publisher: Prentice Hall12 chapters.793 pages.© 2002.DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING has been the world-wide leading textbook in its field for more than 30 years. As the 1977 and 1987 editions by Gonzalez and Wintz, and the 1992 edition by Gonzalez and Woods, the present edition was prepared with students and instructors in mind. The material is timely, highly readable, and illustrated with numerous examples of practical significance. All mainstream areas of image processing are covered, including a totally revised introduction and discussion of image fundamentals, image enhancement in the spatial and frequency domains, restoration, color image processing, wavelets, image compression, morphology, segmentation, and image description. Coverage concludes with a discussion on the fundamentals of object recognition.Although the book is completely self-contained, this companion web site provides additional support in the form of review material, answers to selected problems, laboratory project suggestions, and a score of other features. A supplementary instructor's manual is available to instructors who have adopted the book for classroom use.Partial list of institutions that use the book.NEW FEATURESNew chapters on wavelets, image morphology, and color image processing.A revision and update of all chapters, including topics such as segmentation by watersheds.More than 500 new images and over 200 new line drawings and tables.A reorganization that allows the reader to get to the material on actual image processing much sooner than before.A more intuitive development of traditional topics such as image transforms and image restoration.Numerous new examples with processed images of higher resolution. Updated image compression standards and a new section on compression using wavelets.Updated bibliography.Differences Between the DIP and DIPUM BooksDigital Image Processing is a book on fundamentals.Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB is a book on the software implementation of those fundamentals.The key difference between the books is that Digital Image Processing (DIP) deals primarily with the theoretical foundation of digital image processing, while Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB (DIPUM) is a book whose main focus is the use of MATLAB for image processing. The DIPUM book covers essentially the same topics as DIP, but the theoretical treatment is not asdetailed. Some instructors prefer to fill in the theoretical details in class in favor of having available a book with a strong emphasis on implementation.© 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book.These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness.The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book.The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs.数据预览：点此下载完整数据集。
毕业设计说明书基于ARM的嵌入式数字图像处理系统设计学生姓名：张占龙学号： 0905034314学院：信息与通信工程学院专业：测控技术与仪器指导教师：张志杰2013年 6月摘要简述了数字图像处理的应用以及一些基本原理。
使用S3C2440处理器芯片，linux内核来构建一个简易的嵌入式图像处理系统。
该系统使用u-boot作为启动引导程序来引导linux内核以及加载跟文件系统，其中linux内核与跟文件系统均采用菜单配置方式来进行相应配置。
应用界面使用QT制作，系统主要实现了一些简单的图像处理功能，比如灰度话、增强、边缘检测等。
整个程序是基于C++编写的，因此有些图像变换的算法可能并不是最优化的，但基本可以满足要求。
在此基础上还会对系统进行不断地完善。
关键词：linnux 嵌入式图像处理边缘检测AbstractThis paper expounds the application of digital image processing and some basic principles. The use of S3C2440 processor chip, the Linux kernel to construct a simple embedded image processing system. The system uses u-boot as the bootloader to boot the Linux kernel and loaded with file system, Linux kernel and file system are used to menu configuration to make corresponding configuration. The application interface is made using QT, system is mainly to achieve some simple image processing functions, such as gray, enhancement, edge detection. The whole procedure is prepared based on the C++, so some image transform algorithm may not be optimal, but it can meet the basic requirements. On this basis, but also on the system constantly improve.Keywords:linux embedded system image processing edge detection目录第一章绪论 (1)1.1 数字图像处理概述 (1)1.2 数字图像处理现状分析 (5)1.3 本文章节简介 (8)第二章图像处理理论 (8)2.1 图像信息的基本知识 (8)2.1.1 视觉研究与图像处理的关系 (8)2.1.2 图像数字化 (10)2.1.3 图像的噪声分析 (10)2.1.4 图像质量评价 (11)2.1.5 彩色图像基本知识 (11)2.2 图像变换 (13)2.2.1 离散傅里叶变换 (13)2.2.2 离散沃尔什-哈达玛变换（DWT-DHT） (20)2.2.3 离散余弦变换（DCT） (21)2.2.4 离散图像变换的一般表达式 (23)2.3 图像压缩编码 (24)2.3.1 图像编码的基本概念 (24)2.4 图像增强和复原 (24)2.4.1 灰度变换 (24)2.4.2 图像的同态增晰 (26)2.4.3 图像的锐化 (27)2.5 图像分割 (27)2.5.1 简单边缘检测算子 (27)2.6 图像描述和图像识别 (28)第三章需求分析 (28)3.1 系统需求分析 (28)3.2 可行性分析 (28)3.3 系统功能分析 (29)第四章概要设计 (29)4.1 图像采集 (30)4.2 图像存储 (31)4.3 图像处理（image processing） (31)4.4 图像显示 (32)4.5 网络通讯 (32)第五章详细设计 (32)5.1 Linux嵌入式系统的构建 (33)5.1.1 启动引导程序的移植 (33)5.1.2 Linux内核移植 (33)5.1.3 根文件系统的移植 (34)5.2 图像处理功能的实现 (34)5.2.1 彩色图像的灰度化 (34)5.2.2 灰度图的直方图均衡化增强 (35)5.2.3 图像二值化 (35)5.2.4 边缘检测 (36)第六章调试与维护 (36)附录 A (37)参考文献 (43)致谢 (44)第一章绪论1.1 数字图像处理概述数字图像处理(Digital Image Processing)又称为计算机图像处理，它是指将图像信号转换成数字信号并利用计算机对其进行处理的过程。
数字图像处理Digital Image Processing版权所有：Mao Y.B & Xiang W.BOutline of Lecture 2•取样与量化•图像灰度直方图•光度学•色度学与彩色模型•人眼视觉特性•噪声与图像质量评价•应用举例采样与量化取样与量化•采样是指将在空间上连续的图像转换成离散的采样点（即像素）集的操作。
由于图像是二维分布的信息，所以采样是在x轴和y轴两个方向上进行。
一般情况下，x轴方向与y轴方向的采样间隔相同取样与量化采样时注意：采样间隔的选取，以及采样保持方式的选取。
•采样间隔太小，则增大数据量；太大，则会发生频率的混叠现象。
•采样保持，一般不做特殊说明都是采用0阶保持的方式，即一个像素的值是其局部区域亮度（颜色）的均值。
采样间隔太大分辨率分辨率是指映射到图像平面上的单个像素的景物元素的尺寸。
单位：像素/英寸，像素/厘米（如：扫描仪的指标300dpi）或者是指要精确测量和再现一定尺寸的图像所必需的像素个数。
单位：像素*像素（如：数码相机指标30万像素（640*480））以多大的采样间隔进行采样为好？取样与量化•点阵采样的数学描述∑∑+∞−∞=+∞−∞=∆−∆−δ=i j )y j y ,x i x ()y ,x (S ∑∑+∞∞−+∞−∞=∆−∆−δ=⋅=j I I P )y j y ,x i x ()y ,x (f )y ,x (S )y ,x (f )y ,x (f ∑∑+∞∞−+∞−∞=∆−∆−δ⋅∆∆=j )y j y ,x i x ()y j ,x i (fc c量化过程取样与量化•量化是将各个像素所含的明暗信息离散化后，用数字来表示。
一般的量化值为整数。
•充分考虑到人眼的识别能力之后，目前非特殊用途的图像均为8bit量化，即用[0 255]描述“从黑到白”。
•量化阶太低，会出现假轮廓现象。
取样与量化量化不足，出现假轮廓取样与量化量化可分为均匀量化和非均匀量化。
•Lecturer:–盛蕴–Tel: 54345185–Email: ysheng@–Addr.: 华东师范大学闵行校区信息楼612室•Aims–To understand Digital Image Processing (DIP) and its relevant algorithms, which serve as basis of many other applications.–To be able to implement these DIP algorithms with MATLAB. •Assignments: N•Assessment–Assignment + Final Design(?)–60% + 40% or 100%1.《数字图像处理数字图像处理（（第3版）（）（英文版英文版英文版）》，）》，）》，Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods著，电子工业出版社电子工业出版社201020102010年影印年影印年影印。
2.《数字图像处理数字图像处理（（MATLAB MATLAB版版）（）（英文版英文版英文版）》，）》，）》，Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods著，电子工业出版社电子工业出版社200920092009年影印年影印年影印。
English = Kit ?•Digital image fundamentals (4 hrs)•Image enhancement in spatial domain (6 hrs)•Image enhancement in frequency domain (6hrs)•Image restoration (4hrs)•Colour image processing (4hrs)•Wavelet and multiresolution processing (6 hrs)•Image compression (6 hrs)•Digital Image Fundamentals–History and applications of digital image processing –Fundamental steps in digital image processing–Elements of visual perception–Light and the electromagnetic spectrum–Image sensing and acquisition–Image sampling and quantization–Some basic relationships between pixels•One picture is worth more than ten thousand words•无图无真相xyf (x, y )•Picture element/image element/Pixel /Pels •Intensity /Gray Level•The field of Digital Image Processing(DIP) refers to processing digital images by means of a digital computer.•Distinction among–DIP–Image Analysis–Computer Vision•Three types of computerised processes–Low-level process–Mid-level process–High-level process•DIP defined by our textbook•First application of DIPwas the picture sent by the Bartlane cable picture transmission system through submarine cable between London & NY in the early 1920s.out meaningful DIP wasduring the spaceprogramme in the early1960s.•By a US spacecraft Ranger7 in 1964.•Gamma-rays (Positron Emission Tomography)•X-rays (Computerised Tomography)•Ultraviolet band•Visible and infrared bands•Microwaves (Radar)•Radio waves (MRI)•Others (Ultrasound)λ= c/v E = hvwhere λand v are wavelength and frequency, respectively. c is the speed of light, hindicates Planck’s constant.•Most of the images in which we are interested are generated by the combination of an “illumination”source and the reflection or absorption of energy from that source by the elements of the “scene”being imaged.Image Sampling & Quantisation•Digitising the coordinate values is called sampling. •Digitising the amplitude value is called quantisation.Image Sampling & QuantisationNM•The number of intensity level L = 2k •The number of bits required to store a digitised image b=M×N×kImage Sampling & Quantisation• Spatial resolution– Line pairs per unit distance – Dots (pixels) per unit distance e.g. 4800 dpi – Measures of spatial resolution must be stated with respect to spatial units.• Intensity resolution L = 2kImage Sampling & QuantisationImage Sampling & QuantisationImage Sampling & QuantisationImage Interpolation• Interpolation– A process of using known data to estimate values at unknown locations. – Used in scaling, zooming, shrinking, transforming and geometric correction etc. – Nearest neighbour interpolation, bilinear interpolation, bicubic interpolation etc.Image InterpolationBicubic InterpolationBilinear InterpolationImage InterpolationNeighbours of a pixel• 4-neighbours of p: N4(p)p• Diagonal neighbours: ND(p)p•8-neighbors = 4-neighbours+diagonal neighbours : N8(p)。
