lesson4 inaugural adress

Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy目的/重点Aimsknow how to make good conversationtrace the history of the King’s Englishlearn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examples analyse the features of spoken Englishappreciate the language featuresTeaching Contents1. Exposition2. History of Britain3. Detailed study of the text4. Organizational pattern5. Language features6. The characteristics of spoken EnglishTime allocation1. Exposition and history (15 min.)2. Detailed study of the text (105 min.)3. Structure analysis (15 min.)4. Language appreciation (15 min.)5. The characteristics of spoken English (30 min)课文内容4. Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearlya century and three-quarters ago.2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.4 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.5 This much we pledge--and more.6 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meeta powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.7 To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom, and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.8 To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.10 To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.11 Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.12 We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.13 But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.14 So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.15 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.16 Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.17 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.18 Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to "undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free".19 And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.20 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.21 In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.22 Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patientin tribulation," a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.23 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind Will you join in the historic effort24 In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.25 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.26 My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.(from A Treasury of the World's Great Speeches, 1965)NOTES1. inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivershis inaugural address.2. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. "4. command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew prophets whose writings are extant (late 8th century B. C. ) ; venerated by rabbis as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah, a book in the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authors of different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell the coming of the Messiah. The quotation in the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: "Is not this the fast that I have chosen to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke"教学教案背景知识课文详解文章结构修辞学习课文录像课文录音词汇短语词汇(Vocabulary): of an inauguration就职(典礼)的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: having unlimited power；all—powerful有无限权力的；全能的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an ancester 祖先，祖宗----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the quality of being generous慷慨；宽宏大量----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: person who appears to get some trait from a predecessor or seems to carry on in his tradition继承者；后嗣----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: enemy；opponent敌人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the act of bringing to ruin，disgrace，or destruction毁灭；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: in disagreement；quarreling意见不一致；有争执----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: into parts or pieces分成碎片；分散----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person or thing that falls victim to someone or something牺牲品；掠夺品----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a subverting or being subverted．ruin 颠覆(活动)；破坏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: independent of all others独立自主的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: surpass；exceed在速度上超过；胜过----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a violent verbal attack．strong criticism，insults, curses, etc.; vituperation 抨击；辱骂，谩骂----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any person or thing that guards，protects，or defends; protection 保护人；防护物；保护----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some action命令；律令；文书；传票----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person who opposes or fights against another; opponent；enemy 对手，反对者；敌手，敌方----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: again重新，再----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: release from or as from a leash(解开皮带以)释放----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: swallow up；overwhelm 吞没，淹没，压倒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: politeness．esp. in a merely formal way 礼貌，客气----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: talk about at unnecessary length唠唠叨叨地反复讲----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: put together and express (a theory．plan ,etc.)a systematic way 系统地阐述(或提出)(理论、计划等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: draw upon；make use of开发、发掘----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: pay close attention to；take careful notice of注意, 留神，留心----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a position established by invading troops on an enemy shore；a position gained as a secare starting point for any action；foothold滩头堡，登陆场；立足点----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an earnest attempt or effort努力，尽力----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any form of evidence，indication. etc.；proof证明，证据----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: [常用于被动语态]prepare，array，or set in line for battle使准备战斗，使严阵以待----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: great misery or distress, as from oppression；deep sorrow苦难；困苦；忧伤----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: move forward steadily，as if against difficulties; form；produce(似乎迎着困难)稳步前进；形成；结成----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a close association for a common objective as of nations，political parties，etc．联盟，联合，同盟----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语 (Expressions): in dispute；to be decided；at variance；in disagreement意见不一致例： What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a student’s ability.意见的分歧之处在于考试对于学生能力的影响程度。

Lesson Four Inaugural Address1. John F. Kennedy: (1917-1963) 35th president of the United States.*Inauguration: January 20th of every Four years after the Presidential election 2. We observe today not a victory of … as well as change: It is not simply a victory of the Democratic Party over the Republican Party. It celebrates the freedom of people to elect freely their own head of the states. It symbolizes the end of one presidential term and the beginning of a new term.(The opening sentence is a well-thought-out balanced sentence. Pay attention to the repetition of the phrase “as well as”.)[antithesis] end -- the end of Eisenhower's presidential term; beginning -- the beginning of Kennedy’s presidential term; renewal ---- the continuation of presidency and office of president; change -- the change from Eisenhower to Kennedy3. For I have sworn…and three quarters ago:For I have just sworn to become the new president*solemn oath: the presidential oath, is prescribed in article II, section I of the Constitution of the United States. ( I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will do the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.)Para1: (opening paragraph) importance / significance of his election as president of the US4. For man holds in his...human life: Man has made great progress in science and technology so he has the power to abolish poverty, but he also has the power to destroy human life.5. And yet the same revolutionary…hand of God: Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable ([ʌn'eiliənəbəl] 不可剥夺的) rights which no state or ruler could take away from then. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.6. We dare not forget… first revolution: We dare not forget that we are the descendents of those who fought the first revolutionary war--- the War of Independence. (Hence we must always bear in mind the beliefs our ancestor fought and died for.)7. Let the word go forth… and foe alike: Here and now, I would like to tell my friends and my enemies….8. torch: a figurative use, meaning inspirations and ideals9. tempered by war: The Americans of the 20th fought two world wars, so they are well tempered.10. hard and bitter peace: peace but cold war, hence “hard and bitter”11. to witness or permit the slow undoing:to see or allow the gradual abolishing of12. This much we pledge---- and more: We promise to do this much and we promise to do more. ( a one sentence paragraph that functions as a transition from the general to the specific. In the following paras he will be addressing different specific groups of nations)13. United, there is little…co-operative ventures:If we are united andworking together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number o joint undertaking.14.powerful challenge: perhaps Kennedy here is referring to what he thinks to be a strong threat posed by the socialist camp.15. at odds and split asunder: if we are in disagreement and disunited * split asunder: disunited, split apart16. To those new states … iron tyranny: Kennedy promise to help the newly independent countries so that they can remain free and independent.* ranks (队列) of the free: the community of free and independent nations *a far more iron tyranny: a Communist dictatorship (专政)17. those who foolishly … ended up inside: Those countries which foolishly seek the help of socialist countries will end up by losing their independence as many other countries did in the past. [metaphor] comparing “seeking the aid of socialist countries” to “riding the back of a tiger”18. those peoples in… mass misery: referring to the poor and backward people in Africa and Asia struggling to free themselves from poverty and suffering*half the globe: referring to the continents of Africa and Asia because they constitute almost one half of the land surface of the earth19. help them help themselves: help them only if they also do their bit (In other words they must cooperate with us, do what we ask them to do.)20. If a free society … who are rich: If the poor are continuously exploited and oppressed, they will rise up some day and overthrow the ruler. (In a sense Kennedy is right.)21. in a new alliance for progress: to work together once again as allies ([ə'lai] （二战时的）同盟国) to promote progress22. But this peaceful …of hostile powers:We will not allow any enemy country to subvert (颠覆) this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.23. And let every … its own house: And let every country know the nations of this hemisphere will not tolerate any interference in their affairs by countries outside this hemisphere. [metaphor] comparing the Americans to a house 24. to prevent it from …for invective: to prevent the United Nations form becoming an assembly where people just criticize and abuse each other25. the new and the weak: the newly independent and the weak nations26. We dare not tempt them with weakness: We dare not be weak because it might tempt the enemy to take rash actions. So we must arm ourselves.27. two great and powerful groups of nations: One group headed by Soviet Union and the other group headed by the U.S.28. both sides overburdened … the deadly atom: Both sides are feeling the great financial burden of the arms race and both sides are alarmed by the growing of atomic weapons.*deadly atom: the terrible atomic weapons or bombs29. yet both racing to alter…mankind’s final war: yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind’s final war.*balance of terror: a balance of military power---the power to destroy each other and mankind*stays the hand: [synecdoche提喻/metonymy] (a part for the whole) restrains people or nations*mankind’s final war:A third world war would be mankind’s last war because it will destroy mankind.30. sincerity is always subject to proof:one’s sincerity must be proved by facts.*be subject to: 常遭受…；从属于be subjected to:受到…；经受…31. Let both sides explore … divide us: Let us try to find out where we agree and where we can cooperate instead of wasting our time quarreling over things we disagree on.32. Let both sides seek to invoke … its terrors: Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do. / Let both sides try to use science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.33. tap the ocean depths: to make use of the wealth that lies deep in the oceans34. if a beachhead of… the jungle of suspicion: if a little bit of cooperation can lessen the deep suspicion that exists on both sides[metaphor] a small beginning of cooperation compared to a beachhead and deep suspicion to a jungle.35. a new endeavor: a new earnest effort36. the strong are just: the strong nations do not bully the weak.37. each generation of Americans…national loyalty:Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country.38. the graves of young Americans…the globe: There are graves of young Americans on all parts of the world. They fought and died for country when they were called upon to do so.39. Now the trumpet summons us again: Now our country is calling on us once more (to fight and die for it).40. twilight struggle: an unclear struggle but which might become dangerous with the passage of time 艰苦的斗争* twilight: faint half-light before sunrise or after sunset (日出前或日落后的) 微明，薄暮；(adj) 昏暗的，微明的；暮年的41. rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation:to be happy when things look bright and hopeful, to be patient in distress (This phrase is quoted from the Bible. That’s why they are in quotation marks.)42. Can we forge … East and West: Can we (together with the nations of the world) form an alliance in every part of the world to fight against tyranny, poverty, disease and war?43. a more fruitful life: a more productive and prosperous life44. The energy, the faith…who serve it:The energy, the faith and the devotion that the Americans bring to this task will inspire not only the United States and her people but also the whole world. (我们从事这一事业的那种精力、信念和献身精神将照耀我们的国际和一切为此出力的人们。