语用语义学题目

Chapter Five: SemanticsI. 名词解释1.（南开大学2001，中山大学2004年考题）hyponymy考点分析：考查“上下义关系”的定义Answer: Hyponymy refers to the sense relations between a more general, more inclusive words and a more specific word. The word that is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are its hyponyms.2. (南开大学2000年考题) sense考点分析：“意义”的定义Answer: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. for example, the word dog is given the definition ―a domestic canine animal, occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form‖. This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense of the word dog.3. (华南理工大学2004年考题) reference考点分析“所指/参照”的定义Answer: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience. If we say ―The dog is barking‖, we must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation; the word dog refers to a dog known to both speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word dog in this particular situation.4.(华南理工大学204年考题) interlanguage考点分析“中介语”的定义Answer: The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. As the name suggests, interlanguage is a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language. It is imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learner’s native language.5.(中山大学2003年考题)error analysis考点分析：“错误分析”的定义Answer: Error analysis is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner. Here, ―error‖ refers generally to the learner’s grammatical or pragmatic misuse or misunderstanding of the target language.II. 判断正误1.（大连外国语学院2001年考题）―Kids‖and ―children‖are synonyms despite their stylistic difference考点分析：同义关系的辨别Answer: T2. (大连外国语学院2002年考题) In the following pair of sentences, Sentence (a) presupposes Sentence (b)（a）John managed to finish in time（b）John tried to finish in time.考点分析：判断句子之间有何种意义关系Answer: T3. (东南大学2003年考题)If a word has sense, it must have reference.考点分析：考查sense 和reference之间的对应关系.(Note: Every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference.)Answer: F4. (上海外国语大学2000年考题) Regardless of their ethnic and cultural backgrounds, children of all colors and societies follow roughly the same route/order of language development, though they may differ in the rate of learning.考点分析：语言习得过程的普遍特点Answer: T5. (吉林大学2000年考题)Overgeneralization is a common error made by an early foreign language learner.考点分析：考查“语法规则过度概括”在什么情况下产生。

词义的真题汇总
基本词汇和一般词汇：
基本词汇一般词汇（8名解并比较）
举例说明什么是基本词汇,一般词汇,两者的关系及作用（5复试简答）
简述将词汇分成基本词汇和一般词汇两类所具有的作用和意义（5复试简答）基本词汇和一般词汇的关系（4简答）
基本词汇和一般词汇的划分及其意义（5复试问答）
常用语、非常用语，基本词、非基本词都是根据用法特点而分的类（9判断）
义素分析法：
义素分析法的过程和意义（8分析）
义素分析（名解）
什么是义素分析法？列出“踩、踢、踹”的矩阵图，并进行义素分析。

（9复试简答）
义素分析法（4复试名解）
语义场：
举例语义场的作用（9简答）
语义场（7复试名解）
隐喻和换喻：
隐喻换喻（8名解并比较）
词义演变的途径（3举例说明）
词义：
举例说明语言中词义的特点（7举例说明下列各题）
词义的民族性（9复试举例解释）
举例说明，词的本义和中心意义之间的关系。

（6分析）
下面是四种词典对“蚕食”、“鲸吞”的解释，以其中任何一词为例说明词义的构成，并评价各种释义的优劣。

（6复试问答）
词汇意义和语法意义的区别（5复试问答）
词义的核心是理性义和色彩义。

(8判断)
语义：
语义指向（6名解）
语法，语义，语用三个平面的区别和联系（4问答）
下面两句在现实表达中都不成立，为什么？但另一方面，一般人又觉得句（1）比句（2）的可接受程度似乎要高一些，这又为什么？请运用语言学理论作具体分析。

（12分）（5复试分析）
（1）小草在痛苦地欣赏着那只黄牛。

（2）痛苦那小草只在欣赏地黄牛着。

《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。

它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。

2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。

- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。

- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。

3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。

4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。

5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。

它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。

6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。

它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。

7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。

8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。

它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。

9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。

- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。

- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。

- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。

- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。

10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。

大学语言学试题一、简答题1.语言学的定义是什么？语言学是对语言现象进行系统研究的学科，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等各个方面的内容。

2.什么是语音学？语音学是研究语言音素及其组织规律的学科，它包括语音的产生、传播和接收三方面的内容。

3.什么是语法学？语法学是研究语言句法结构及其规律的学科，它研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系等内容。

4.什么是语义学？语义学是研究词义和句义及其组织规律的学科，它关注词的意义、句子的意义以及意义的表达方式等方面的内容。

5.什么是语用学？语用学是研究语言使用及其背后的意义的学科，它研究人们如何使用语言进行交际和表达意义，关注语境、语用原则等内容。

二、论述题1.语言学与语法学的区别和联系。

语言学是对语言现象进行全面研究的学科，涵盖了语音学、语法学、语义学和语用学等方面的内容。

而语法学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究语法现象及其规律。

语言学与语法学的联系在于语法学是语言学的重要组成部分，它提供了研究语言结构和规律的方法和理论基础。

同时，语法学的研究结果也为语言学的其他方面提供了重要的参考。

然而，语言学与语法学的区别在于语言学更加宏观和综合，它研究语言的各个方面，包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用等。

而语法学则是语言学中具体研究句法现象的一个分支，着重研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系。

2.语音学与音系学的关系。

语音学研究语音的产生、传播和接收，它是语言学的一个重要分支学科。

而音系学则是语音学中研究语言音素及其组织规律的一个分支领域。

语音学通过观察和记录语音现象，研究不同语音之间的差异和共性。

而音系学则在此基础上进一步研究语言中的音素及其分类、组织以及声音之间的相互关系。

简言之，语音学是对语音现象的整体研究，而音系学是语音学中对语音结构及其规律的具体研究。

三、分析题1.什么是语言的意义？语言的意义是指语言表达所传递的信息内容。

它涉及词汇意义、句子意义和话语意义等多个层次。

Chapter 5 SemanticsⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Dialectal（方言的）synonyms（同义关系）can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. F2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. F3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. T4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. F5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. T6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. T7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.13. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones（同音/形异义词）.16. Relational opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17. Componential（指数）analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19. An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.20. According to the naming theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement:21. The naming theory is advanced by ___A_____.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents __B_____.A. the conceptualist view（概念）B. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism23. Which of the following is not true? DA. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized（去文本化）.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?”___D____ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. _____B______ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “Alive”and “dead” are ______C________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational opposites（关系对立）C. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. ____A_____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. _____C______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______D________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by ___A____.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresⅣ. Define the following terms:31.Semantics32. sense33. reference34. synonymy35. polysemy36. homonymy37. homophones38. Homographs39. complete homonyms40. hyponymy41. antonymy42 componential analysis43. grammatical meaning44. predication45. Argument46. predicate47. two-place predicationⅤ. Answer the following questions:48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values?51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?52. According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?Chapter 6 PragmaticsⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.Ⅱ. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:13. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.14. What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u___________.17. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.18. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.22. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningA. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context28. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive30. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act33. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs34. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary acts.B. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about35. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle36. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesⅣ. Define the terms below:37. pragmatics38. context39. utterance meaning40. sentence meaning41. constative42. performative43. locutionary act44. illocutionary act45. perlocutionary act 46. Cooperative PrincipleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:47. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?48. How does a sentence differ from an utterance?49. How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?50. Discuss in detail the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.51. Searle classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail with examples.52. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle?53. How does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicatures?。

Ⅰ.Choose the best answers.1.According to what we learnt from this course, the following sentences aretrue EXCEPT____.(B)A. The metalanguage which be used is more or less ordinary (but non-colloquial) Standard English.B. Aiming for precision and clarity, English, like other natural languages, can be used for metalinguistic purposes without modification.C. We can extend the everyday vocabulary by introducing into it technical terms which are not normally used in everyday discourse.D. We could regiment the use of the word ‘meaning’ by deliberately assigning to it a narrower, more specialized, sense than it bears in normal everyday discourse.2. The following ones are belonging to non-verbal features EXCEPT____. (A)A. grammatical wordsB. intonationC. rhythmD. stressⅡ.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate answers.1. ________________are properly described as communication-systems. (Natural languages)2. The property by virtue of which a language may be used to refer to itself (in whole or in part) is ______________. (reflexivity)Ⅲ.Judge1. Most language-utterances depend for their interpretation upon the context in which they are used. T2. It must be assumed that all natural languages have words in their everyday vocabulary which can be put into exact correspondence with the verb ‘mean’and the noun ‘meaning’ grammatically and semantically. FⅣ.Terms1. Prosodic featuresSpoken utterances, in particular, will contain, in addition to the words of which they are composed, a particular intonation-contour and stress-pattern：these are referred to technically as prosodic features. They are an integral part of the utterances in which they occur, and they must not be thought of as being in any sense secondary or optional. Prosodic features, in all natural languages, are to a considerable degree iconic.2. MetalanguageA metalanguage is a language which is used to describe language.。

语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案：C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是：A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案：B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案：B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指：A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案：A6. 语言的“语境”指的是：A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案：B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案：B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案：C9. 语言的“语料库”是指：A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案：C10. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分，而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。

答案：形式；意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。

答案：意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。

答案：前缀；后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。

语用学概论（1）丈夫：我去办公室啦。

（2）妻子：老公，今天是星期天。

（1）父亲：今天哪儿也不想去。

（2）女儿：老爸，今天是星期天。

（1）下午踢球去吗？（2）晚上还有考试。

（昨天把腿拉伤了。

）（1）小王：怎么样？（2）小李：资料都拿走了。

（1）老师：现在几点了？（2）学生：路上自行车没气啦。

第一讲什么是语用学一、语用学的起源❑“语用学”术语的提出1938年美国哲学家莫里斯在著作《符号理论基础》（Foundation of the theory of signs）中首次使用了“语用学”这一术语（Pragmatics）。

这个术语是莫里斯参照pragmatism（实用主义）和pragmaticism（实效主义）创造出来的。

符号学（semiotics）包括：句法学（syntax）、语义学（semantics）、语用学（pragmatics）三分。

句法学（Syntactics or syntax）研究“符号之间的形式关系”；语义学（semantics）研究“符号及其所指对象的关系”；语用学（Pragmatics ）研究“符号和使用者的关系”（Morris,1938）《符号、语言和行动》（1946 ）语用学是符号学的一个部分，它研究符号的来源、应用及其在行为中出现时所产生的作用或效果。

⏹语用学与符号学⏹语用学与语言哲学自20世纪30年代末开始，皮尔斯、莫里斯和卡纳普等把语用学作为符号学的一部分，其研究仅限于哲学，这可算是语用学发展的第一个阶段。

从20世纪50年代初到60年代末，以希勒尔、奥斯汀、塞尔和格赖斯等为代表的语言哲学家对言语行为和会话含意理论的探索，使语用学有了突破性的进展，他们的研究成果基本上奠定了语用学的理论基础，这可算是语用学发展的第二个阶段，此时的语言学研究仍限于哲学范围内。

正式因为哲学家对语言的探讨，为70年代语用学成为语言学的一门独立学科准备了条件。

70年代以后，特别是1977年在荷兰正式出版发行了《语用学学刊》以后，语用学作为语言学的一门新兴学科才得到确认。

句法学语义学语⽤学测试（学习资料）and semantic rules.1. __________ resulted mainly from the eapansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. Practicalism2. Once the notion of _________ was taken into consideration, semantics spiiled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance4. A ___________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical5. _______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken6. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of__________ acts.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech8. The illocutionary point of __________ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. directivesB. commisivesC. expressivesD. declarations9. All the utterance that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _________ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic10. The cooperative Principle is proposed by ________.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons11. Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ________ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above12. Of the three speech acts, linguistic are most interested in the _________.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above13. The maxim of quantity requires: ___________.A. make your contribution ad informative as required.B. Do not make contribution more informative than is required.C. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.D. Both A and B.14. The maxim of quality requireds: do not say what you believe to be________.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _______.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above.16. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey _________ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above.c1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.2. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.4. The meaning of an utterance is decontextualized，therefore stable utterances always take the form of complete sentences5. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.1.How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other？2.How does a sentence differ from an utterance？3.Discuss in detail the locutionary act，illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.4. What are the representative approaches to Syntax and their main contents.5. What is semantic triangle, and explain it in detail.6. what are synonymy, antonumy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy. Explain them by details.7. what are entailment presupposition and semantic anomaly. Explain them by details and examples.FFFTTTFSentence, transformational, deep, coordinate, structure, grammatical, syntax ABADFFTTTTF【Keys】:1. A2. B3. D4. C5. B6. C7. B8. C9. A 10. C 11.B 12.C 13.D 14. A 15. C 16. A。

Semantics1.W hat is semantics?A: Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language bolow the word and above it, e.g. meanings of morphemes and sentences.2.What are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?A: (1).Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.(2).Phonology:the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.(3).Morphology: It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed. (4).Syntax: It's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. (5).Semantics: It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.(6).Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of words.3.Two aspects of Sentence meaning:A: grammatical and semantic meaning.4.Selectional restrictions---A:Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules.5.How are sense and reference related?A.Sense refers to the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and de-contextualized.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it is a matter ofrelationship between the form and reality.6.W hat’s grammaticality? what might take a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless? Grammaticality:the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence.A sentence may be well-formed grammatically, i.e. it conforms to the grammatical rules of the language, but it is not necessarily semantically well-formed, i.e. it may not make sense at all.7. T or F :(1).Semantics is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules that form the word. ( F )(2).Semantics is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. ( F ) (3).Semantics is the study of meaning, usually in language. The word “semantics ”itself denotes a range of ideas, from the popular to the highly technical. (T)(4).Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language. ( T )(5).Semantics is the study of meaning from the linguistic point of view. ( T )(6).Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( T )(7).The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech. ( F )8.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is _______A. morphologyB.general linguisticsC.phonologyD.semantics ( C )ponential analysis is a method applied in the field of _______A. phoneticsB.syntaxC.semanticsD.pragmatics ( C )10..The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics ( B )11.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.( B )A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult12.Predication analysis is a way to analyze____ meaning.A.phoemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence (D)13.The four major modes of semantic changeare_______A.extension,narrowing,elevation and degradationB.extension,generalization,elevation and degradationC.extension,narrowing,specialization and degradationD.extension ,elevation, amelioration and degradation(A)ponential analysis is a method applied in the field of ______A.phoneticsB.syntaxC.semanticsD.pragmatics (C)15.Indicate that:(1).Semantics is a branch of study of linguistics. ( Concerning other linguistic disciplines)(2).The original of the term “semantics”should be clarified we want to touch the studyof meaning. (adopting developing views of study)(3).Meaning is a complex thing because man’s cognitive factors and the existence of different languages. (thinking of other related disciplines)。

语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的内在结构和功能C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言的学习和教学2. 下列哪个不是语音学的研究对象？A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音位3. 语义学主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式4. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨皮尔5. 下列哪个词属于派生词？A. 快乐B. 快速C. 快乐地D. 快车6. 句法学研究的是：A. 句子的构成B. 词义的组合C. 语言的发音D. 语言的书写7. 社会语言学关注的是：A. 语言的变异与变化B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的起源和发展D. 语言的标准化8. 语言的功能主义理论是由下列哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 韩礼德D. 布隆菲尔德9. 语言的同源词是指：A. 同一种语言中的不同词B. 不同语言中意义相同的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 不同语言中发音相同的词10. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语言的逻辑结构D. 语言的交际功能答案：1-5 B C C B D 6-10 A C B C C二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. 语言学的四个主要分支是语音学、语法学、语义学和________。

2. 索绪尔是________语言学的创始人。

3. 语言的任意性原则是指语言符号的_______和_______之间没有必然的联系。

4. 词类转换是指通过改变词的形式来改变其_______。

5. 语言的同化现象是指不同语言在交流中逐渐_______的现象。

6. 语言的方言是指同一语言内部由于_______、_______等因素而形成的不同变体。

7. 语言的借词是指一种语言从另一种语言中借用的_______或_______。

第5章语义学Core Exercise I.Define the following terms.1.semantics——Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2.the conceptualist theory——Conceptualism is a philosophical theory that explains universality of particulars as conceptualized frameworks situated within the thinking mind.3.sense——Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form it is abstract and de -contextualized.4. reference——Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienceponential Analysis——Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning ofa word can be divided into meaning components which are called semantic features.6.gradable antonyms——These describe something which can be measured and compared with something else. For example small and big hot and cold dry and wet clean and dirty.7.absolute synonyms——Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceptual and associative meanings.8.superordinate——related to a particular proposition of the same quality and containing the same terms in the same order.9.homophones——Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings/meanings.10.entailment——In pragmatics linguistics entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one A requires the truth of the other B.II. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.F 1. In the classic semantic triangle the symbol is directly related to the referent.改：The symbol refers to the linguistic elements (words, phrases)F 2. Stylistic synonyms differ in style because they come from different regions.改：dialectal synonmsF 3. Homographs are words which are pronounced alike.改：homophones 同形异音异义T4. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms.F 5. In a pair of complementary antonyms there exist some intermediate forms between the two extremes.F 6. Antonyms contrast each other only on a single dimension such as “hot” vs. “cold”.改：different dimensions 次元T7. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are not necessarily semantically well-formed.T 8. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.T 9. A predicate is something said about an argument.III Fill in each of the following blanks with the proper word which begins with the letter given.1. S electional_____ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with others.2. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of gradable_____ antonyms.3. The various meanings of a p olysemy______ word are related to some extent.4. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different r eferences______ in different situations.5. According to Wittgenstein for a large class of cases the meaning of a word is in its u se____ in thelanguage.6. Hyponymy is the relation of entailment a superordinate entails all h yponyms______.7. “Buy” and “sell” are a pair of r elationnal_______ opposites.8. In semantic analysis of a sentence the basic unit is called p redicyion_______.9. There is an important difference between entailment and presupposition that is presupposition unlike entailment in not vulnerable to n egation_______.10. A semantically a nomalous________ sentence is absurd in the sense that it presupposes a contradiction. IV. Choose the answer that can best complete each of the following statements.1. The classic semantic triangle reflects the ________.A. naming theoryB. conceptual viewC. contextualismD. behaviorist theory2. Bloomfield drew on ______psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. A. Gestalt B. conceptualist C. behaviorist D. contextual3.The linguistic _______is known as context.A. situationB. contextC. contextualizationD. situation of context4. The no un “tear” and the verb “tear” are _______.A. homophonesB. homographsC. polysemic wordD. complete homonyms5.The meaning relationship between the two words “couch” and “table” is______.A. synonymyB. polysemyC. hyponymyD. co-hyponymV. Answer the following questions and exemplify if necessary.1. First offer the respective antonym for each of the following words and then tell to which category they belong.1.boy-----2.wide------3.sell------4.thin------5.interviewer------6.teacher-----7.dead------ 8.lengthy------2. Name the category to which each of the following pairs of synonyms belong.1.lift/elevator2.kid/child/offspring3.rotten/addled/sour4.politician/statesman5.escape/flee6.amaze/astoud3. Identify the relation between the following pairs of sentences.1 a. Carl was a bachelor all his life. b. Carl never married all his life.2a. This is my first visit to Europe. b. I have been to Europe before.3a. Ted bought two magazines. b. Ted bought two things.4 a.. He has three girls. b. He is a father.5 a.. He has no sister. b. His younger sister is beautiful.4. What is Componential Analysis ? What is the advantage of Componential Analysis ? Componential analysis proposed by structural semanticists is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example the word “man” is analyzed as consisting of the semantic features of HUMAN ADULT ANIMATE MALE There is one advantage of CA. By specifying the semantic feature of certain words it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?答：(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.(2)The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ––elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the he arer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?答：The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive or evaluative synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms. Examples（略）3. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”. 答：(1) Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms (2) While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word mayhave more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. There are many polysemic words in English, The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.(3) Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion; in terms of meaning, the superordinate includes all its hyponyms. Examples（略）。

语⽤学语⽤学概述1、定义语⽤学，研究在不同语境中话语意义的恰当地表达和准确地理解，寻找并确⽴使话语意义得以恰当地表达和准确地理解的基本原则和准则。

（见教材14页）1）今天是星期天。

句⼦的字⾯意义：⼀个判断，说话⼈说话的当天是⼀个星期七天中的第⼀天。

话语的语境意义：①妻⼦对伏案⼯作的丈夫说此语，意思是建议他好好休息。

②妻⼦对答应星期天帮她作家务活的丈夫说此语，意思是提醒丈夫快去作家务。

③想去春游的⼉⼦对让他在家复习的妈妈说此语，意思是请求或建议他妈妈带她去玩或者同意他去玩。

这是外星⼈。

句⼦的字⾯意义：⼀个判断，说话⼈说近处的某⼈是来⾃地球之外的。

话语的语境意义：在2008年北京奥运会上美国游泳运动员菲尔普斯夺取了⼋枚⾦牌，打破了斯⽪茨36年前创造的个⼈获得七枚⾦牌的⼈类奇迹。

这是在蝶泳、蛙泳、仰泳、⾃由泳等各项⽐赛时电视评论员和赛后记者的评论。

意思是说：他是⼀个天赋异禀的运动员，创造了⼈类运动史上的奇迹。

3）妈妈，那是什么？句⼦的字⾯意义：说话⼈对妈妈的⼀个询问，询问妈妈附近或者远处的某事物是什么东西。

话语的语境意义：①⼉⼦⽤⼿指着⾯包店卖的⾯包，明知那是⾯包，却故意询问，此时她表达的意思是“妈妈，我想吃⾯包”或者“妈妈，我饿了”。

②⼉⼦在动物园⾥⽤⼿指着从未见过的长颈⿅说此语，就仅是⼀种询问，不可能是要表达“我想买长颈⿅”或“我想吃长颈⿅”。

4）你能载我去机场吗？句⼦的字⾯意义：说话⼈对对⽅的⼀种询问，询问对⽅是否具有⽤车送⾃⼰去机场的能⼒。

话语的语境意义：①说话⼈对邻居或亲友说此语，意思是向对⽅发出请求，请求对⽅⽤车送⾃⼰去机场。

②说话⼈对出租车司机说此语，就仅是⼀种询问，询问对⽅是否具有⽤车送⾃⼰去机场的能⼒。

5）（电话铃响）接电话者：喂，你好！哪⼀位？打电话者：你好！我是……。

电话会话的开端规律：先说话的总是接电话的⼀⽅。

这是⼀个由召唤（拨电话：发出电话铃声）和应答组成的相邻对。

是由⼈类会话结构规律决定的。

and semantic rules.1. __________ resulted mainly from the eapansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. Practicalism2. Once the notion of _________ was taken into consideration, semantics spiiled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance4. A ___________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical5. _______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken6. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of__________ acts.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech8. The illocutionary point of __________ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. directivesB. commisivesC. expressivesD. declarations9. All the utterance that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _________ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic10. The cooperative Principle is proposed by ________.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons11. Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ________ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above12. Of the three speech acts, linguistic are most interested in the _________.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above13. The maxim of quantity requires: ___________.A. make your contribution ad informative as required.B. Do not make contribution more informative than is required.C. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.D. Both A and B.14. The maxim of quality requireds: do not say what you believe to be________.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _______.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above.16. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey _________ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above.c1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.2. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.4. The meaning of an utterance is decontextualized，therefore stable utterances always take the form of complete sentences5. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.1.How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other？2.How does a sentence differ from an utterance？3.Discuss in detail the locutionary act，illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.4. What are the representative approaches to Syntax and their main contents.5. What is semantic triangle, and explain it in detail.6. what are synonymy, antonumy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy. Explain them by details.7. what are entailment presupposition and semantic anomaly. Explain them by details and examples.FFFTTTFSentence, transformational, deep, coordinate, structure, grammatical, syntax ABADFFTTTTF【Keys】:1. A2. B3. D4. C5. B6. C7. B8. C9. A 10. C 11.B 12.C 13.D 14. A 15. C 16. A。

语言学全部习题1. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学，包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。

它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。

2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些？语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。

语音研究发音和音系，词汇研究词的形态和词义，句法研究语言的句子结构，语义研究词和句的含义，语用研究语言的使用和交际。

3) 语音学和音系学有何区别？语音学研究语言中的语音现象，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。

音系学研究语言中的音素系统，即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。

2. 选择题（每题10分，共40分）1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案：D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案：C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容？A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案：D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象？A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案：A3. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言的演变？语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中，由于多种因素的影响，其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。

语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程，涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。

2) 语言和思维之间有何关系？语言和思维之间有密切的关系。

一方面，语言是人类思维的表达工具，通过语言的运用，人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。

另一方面，语言也影响思维的方式和内容。

语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式，不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。

3) 什么是语言交际？语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。

语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释，以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。

第五章语义和语用一、填空题1.词汇是一种语言中所有的（词）和（成语）等固定用语的总汇。

2.熟语分为两类：（通用熟语）和（专用熟语）。

3.歇后语一般前一个部分是（比喻）,后一个部分是（真正意义）。

4.词典是可以查阅词的（形式）和（内容信息）的工具书。

5.研究语言符号的意义一般都以（词）作为基本单位。

6.（全民常用性）（稳定性）（构词能力强）可以说是基本词汇的主要特点。

7.（单义词）即一个词的意义可以概括反映一类现象；（多义词）即一个词的意义可以概括反映相互关联的几类对象，也就是包含几个互相联系的义项。

8.多义词的多个义项中，最初的那个意义叫（本义）;由此直接或间接衍生出来的意义叫（引申义）。

9.（同义词）是指一种语言或方言中意义相同或相近的两个或两个以上的词；（反义词）是指一种语言或方言中意义相反或相对的两个词。

10.（歧义）是指同一形式的语言符号序列可能表达不同意义的现象。

11.语言的词汇有一个核心，这就是（基本词汇），它具有全民常用、稳固和有构词能力三个特点。

12.语言词汇中除（基本词汇）以外的词构成语言的（一般词汇）,它的主要特点是：不是全民常用的，或者虽然在短时期内为全民所常用，但不稳固，一般没有构词能力或者构词能力比较弱。

13.语言的意义可以分为两类，由词的语法关系产生的意义叫（语法意义）,人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价，叫作（词汇意义）,简称（词义）。

14.以现实现象作基础，不涉及人们主观态度的词义是词的（理性意义）。

它是词义的核心部分。

15.对于同样的现实现象，人们的主观态度可以不同，因而在形成理性意义的时候可以带进人们的主观态度，这就给词义加上了一层（色彩意义）。

16.词义对现实现象的反映是一种抽象的、概括的反映，而（一般性）（模糊性）和（全民性）则是这种概括性的三个重要表现形式。

17.词的有历史可查的最初意义叫作（本义）,它是产生这个词其他意义的基础。

Chapter 5 SemanticsI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Dialectal （方言的）synonyms （同义关系）can often be found in different regional dialects suchas British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. F2.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.F3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.T4.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physicalworld of experience. F5.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning toobservable contexts. T6.Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speakerutters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. T7.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F8.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to theirdegree of formality. T9.“It is iscd:n”-place predication because it contains no argument. T10.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of asentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T11.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11.Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.12.The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refersto.13.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with therelationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14.Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.15.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones （同音/形异义词）.16.Relational opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the twoitems.ponential （指数）analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can bedivided into meaning components.18.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions,which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19.An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominalelement（s） in a sentence.20.According to the naming theory of meaning, the words in a lan- guage are taken to be labels of theobjects they stand for.III.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement:21.The naming theory is advanced by A.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22.“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.,, This statement represents __B.A.the conceptualist view （概念）B.contexutalismC.the naming theoryD.behaviourism23.Which of the following is not true? DA.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C.Sense is abstract and decontextualized （去文本化）.D.Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24.“Can I borrow your bike?”D“You have a bike.”A.is synonymous withB.is inconsistent withC.entailsD.presupposes25. B is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaningcomponents, called semantic features.A.Predication analysisponential analysisC.Phonemic analysisD.Grammatical analysis26.“Alive” and “dead” are C.A.gradable antonymsB.relational opposites （关系对立）plementary antonymsD.None of the above27. A deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisticworld of experience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense28. C refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy29.Words that are close in meaning are called D.A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms30.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by A.A.grammatical rulesB.selectional restrictionsC.semantic rulesD.semantic featuresW. Define the following terms:31.Semantics32.sense33.reference34.synonymy35.polysemy36.homonymy37.homophones38.Homographsplete homonyms40.hyponymy41.antonymy42 componential analysis43.grammatical meaning44.predication45.Argument46.predicate47.two-place predicationV. Answer the following questions:48.Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all itscomponents?49.What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50.How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values?51.How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation,inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?52.According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustratethem with examples.53.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?Chapter 6 PragmaticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successfulcommunication2.Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.3.It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of languageuse was left unconsidered.4.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning thecontext of use is considered.5.The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while anutterance is.6.The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.7.The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.8.Utterances always take the form of complete sentences9.Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.10.Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.11.Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.12.Perlocution ary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.II.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:13.P is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successfulcommunication.14.What essentially distinguishes s and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe context of use is considered.15.The notion of c is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes anu.17.The meaning of a sentence is a, and decontexualized.18. C were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19.P were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A l act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literalmeaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21.An i act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed insaying something.22. A c is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23.An e is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q, the maxim of quality, themaxim of relation and the maxim of manner.III.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25.does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.Sense relationD.Concept26.The meaning of language was considered as something in traditional semantics.A.contextualB.behaviouristicC.intrinsicD.logical27.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningis considered.A.referenceB.speech actC.practical usageD.context28. A sentence is a concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptual29.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomesa(n).A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive30.Which of the following is true?A.Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B.Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C.No utterances can take the form of sentences.D.All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.31.Speech act theory did not come into being until.A.in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB.in the early 1950’sC.in the late 1960’sD.in the early 21st century32.is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the changebrought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB.An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act33.According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is.A.to get the hearer to do somethingB.to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC.to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD.to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs34.All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ .A.in their illocutionary acts.B.in their intentions expressedC.in their strength or forceD.in their effect brought about35.is advanced by Paul GriceA.Cooperative PrincipleB.Politeness PrincipleC.The General Principle of Universal GrammarD.Adjacency Principle36.When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted,might arise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutual understandingD.conversational implicaturesW・ Define the terms below:37.pragmatics38.context39.utterance meaning40.sentence meaning41.constative42.performative43.locutionary act44.illocutionary act45.perlocutionary act 46. Cooperative PrincipleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples fOr illustration if necessary:47.How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?48.How does a sentence differ from an utterance?49.How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?50.Discuss in detail the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.51.Searle classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail withexamples.52.What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle?53.How does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicatures?。

语言学纲要练习题语言学纲要练习题语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，它的复杂性和多样性一直以来都是语言学家们所关注的重点。

通过学习语言学纲要，我们可以更好地理解语言的起源、发展和运用规律。

下面是一些关于语言学纲要的练习题，帮助我们巩固对这一学科的理解。

练习题一：语言的定义和特点1. 请简要解释语言的定义。

2. 语言作为一种交流工具，具有哪些特点？练习题二：语音学1. 什么是语音学？2. 请列举并解释语音学的三个主要研究内容。

练习题三：语法学1. 什么是语法学？2. 请解释句法、词法和语义在语法学中的概念和作用。

练习题四：语义学1. 什么是语义学？2. 请解释语义学的两个主要研究内容。

练习题五：语用学1. 什么是语用学？2. 请解释语用学的两个主要研究内容。

练习题六：语言变化与语言接触1. 什么是语言变化？2. 请解释语言接触对语言变化的影响。

练习题七：语言习得与语言教学1. 什么是语言习得？2. 请解释语言教学在语言习得中的作用。

练习题八：语言与文化1. 语言与文化之间有着密切的联系，请解释语言与文化的关系。

2. 请举例说明语言如何反映和塑造文化。

练习题九：语言研究方法1. 请列举并解释语言研究中常用的两种方法。

2. 在语言研究中，为什么需要使用多种方法？练习题十：语言的多样性1. 请解释语言的多样性。

2. 语言的多样性对人类社会有哪些影响？通过回答这些练习题，我们可以更全面地了解语言学纲要的各个方面。

语言学作为一门综合性学科，涉及到语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等多个分支，每个分支都有其独特的研究内容和方法。

通过深入学习语言学纲要，我们可以更好地理解语言的本质和运用规律，为我们的语言交流能力提供有力的支持。

第五章_语义和语用第五章语义和语用一、名词解释基本词汇多义词反义词施事焦点情态语气言语行为二、填空1、( ) 、( )、( )是词义概括性的三个重要的表现形式。

2、多义词有多项意义，最初的那个意义叫( )，离开上下文人们就能知道的那项意义叫( )。

汉语中的“老”有“年纪大”、“经常”、“陈旧的”等意义，其中，“年纪大”是( )，其余的是()。

三、分析题2、指出下列同义词的意义差别父亲——爸爸得到——获得眼红——嫉妒秘密——绝密3、收集汉语“烹调类”单音节动词，用一组语义特征描写它们的词义。

4、试分析下列句子的语义结构。

农夫用枪杀死了那只狼。

5、试分析下列材料，说明什么是话题？什么是话题链？什么是有定性？⑴夏老人送给李小龙一盆昙花。

昙花在这一带是很少见的，夏老人很会养花，什么花都有。

李小龙很小就听说过“昙花一现”。

夏老人指给他看：“这就是昙花。

”李小龙欢欢喜喜地把花抱回来了。

他的心欢喜得咚咚地跳。

⑵李小龙给它浇水，松土。

白天搬到屋外。

晚上搬进屋里，放在床前的高茶几上。

早上睁开眼第一件事便是看看他的昙花。

放学回来，连书包都不放，先去看看昙花。

⑶昙花长得很好，长出了好几片新叶，嫩绿嫩绿的。

李小龙盼着昙花开。

⑷一天夜里，李小龙在梦里闻到一股醉人的香味。

他忽然惊醒了：昙花开了！李小龙一骨碌坐了起来，划根火柴，点亮了煤油灯。

昙花真的开了！李小龙好像在做梦。

（引自汪曾祺：《昙花?鹤和鬼火》，有删节）6、简要说明下列句子在情态上有什么不同。

我认为小刚上学去了。

我想小刚一定上学去了。

我猜小刚上学去了。

我听说小刚上学去了。

我看见小刚上学去了。

7、以下列句子为例，说明：什么是焦点？焦点的性质是什么？（1）这首诗连小孩都会背诵。

（2）张三从李四那里借来了这辆车。

8、分析说明下列句子的语义结构。

并以此为例说明，什么是预设？什么是蕴涵？那个孩子把他的宠物狗领进了公园。

9、下列句子的意思在不同语境中可以有不同。

试以下列材料说明，什么是语境？语境对句子意思的理解有什么作用？我上课去了。