当前位置：文档之家 › Abstract Supporting Universal Personal Computing on the Internet with Java and CORBA

Abstract Supporting Universal Personal Computing on the Internet with Java and CORBA

  • 格式：pdf
  • 大小：39.37 KB
  • 文档页数：5

Supporting Universal Personal Computing on the Internetwith Java and CORBAJinsong Zhu1,2, Maria Törö1, Victor Leung1, Son Vuong21Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2Dept. of Computer ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z4AbstractUniversal Personal Computing (UPC) supports nomadic computing on the Internet by allowing mobile us-ers to access their personalized computing resources anywhere on the Internet using any available terminal. Since UPC must deal with heterogeneous systems in a mobile environment, independence of computing plat-forms and support of portable objects are imperative, which leads to the choice of Java. The system is modeled as distributed objects with CORBA as the common bus that facilitates distribution, interfacing, and integration of the objects. The combination of Java and CORBA constitutes an ideal environment for UPC.1. IntroductionNomadic computing on the Internet has emerged as a new research area due to the popularity of the Inter-net, the widespread use of portable computing devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and laptops, and users’ desire to be networked. In such an environment, nomadic computing should provide independence of location, of motion, of platform and with widespread accessibility to remote files, systems and services [2]. In other words, the essence of such a computing paradigm is to retain one’s personal computing environments and access capabilities wherever one happens to be. Typically, this is achieved by physically carrying a computing device such as a laptop or a PDA with appropriate Internet connectivity (via wireless or wired links) and mo-bility support such as mobile IP [7].We envisage another form of nomadic computing on the Internet in which it is the user’s personal com-puting environment that is mobile. A personal computing environment consists of the set of resources, services, and personal preferences as configured by the user at her home network. When moving, the user does not carry any computing device but instead uses any available machine where she visits and yet her familiar personalized computing environment is still available to her. Imagine, for example, in a hotel, at an airport, or even in a café, there deployed many public terminals (similar to public phones today) that were connected to the Internet for customers to use. In such a case, it is desirable that one can simply use an idle terminal to access the network as well as her own computing resources within a familiar environment, as if she was using her home machine. She should not need to worry about what hardware or software platforms she is using, just like one does not need to wonder about the brand or vendor of a public phone. We call this form of mobility user mobility, as opposed to terminal mobility where the physical device migrates [7,8]. The public terminal being used is called a foreign terminal, while the network that the foreign terminal is attached to is a foreign network. The system that sup-ports user mobility is called a Universal Personal Computing (UPC) system [3,4]. UPC accomplishes a global virtual network service independent of location, motion, and platform. It is a new mobility-support service one step further from the basic terminal mobility support.To provide a personal computing environment to the user on any available networked machine, it requires a virtually homogeneous distributed processing environment that is independent of the computing platforms. Java, whose “Write Once, Run Anywhere™” model provides a portable object infrastructure that works on every major operating system, satisfies our need. Moreover, an object-oriented model is desired as the personal computing environment consists of natural objects such as service profiles and configurations. The objects are also distributed and moving around based on the current location of the mobile user. This calls for a distributed object oriented framework. The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) developed by the Ob-ject Management Group (OMG) provides such a framework [1,5,9]. We favor CORBA over Microsoft’s Dis-tributed Component Object Model (DCOM) because CORBA is an open standard supported by a majority of the industry and is available on most platforms. While Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) can be a com-petitive alternative, CORBA provides a more generic, language-neutral object model. We therefore choose Java and CORBA as the implementation platform for our UPC system.2. Universal Personal ComputingUPC allows global access to the Internet regardless of the user’s point of attachment to the network. This global access includes the ability to use services that the user wishes to bring with her, and to access her per-sonal computing environment (PCE) where and when desired.A portable object implementation (with Java) and a distributed object architecture (such as CORBA) are essential for UPC to work because objects in a UPC system are distributed and need to be easily accessible and movable on the network. A foreign terminal could be running any operating system, hence the independence of operating systems is crucial. Java nicely supports such a dynamic computing paradigm. With the support of the Java Virtual Machine or a Java-enabled browser, both standalone Java applications and applet based applica-tions can be moved and run at any foreign location supporting UPC.A simplified UPC architecture is presented in Figure 1. The foreign terminal or its associated host is as-sumed to be able to host a terminal agent and a Java virtual machine, and to support a graphical user interface.From an object-oriented view, the UPC system consists of the following major objects: user agent, user profile, terminal agent, terminal profile, and facilities. There is a process, called initial terminal agent on the foreign terminal, that provides an interface to the mobile user, and a standalone application in the home network that manages the PCE, allowing mobile users to register, update or delete their PCEs. The PCE manager itself may also be brought to a foreign site allowing a mobile user to update (but not to create or delete) her PCE on site.The terminal agent resides in any foreign terminal that supports UPC, while the user agent sits at the user’s home network and keeps track of the user profiles. When a user logs into a foreign terminal with her logical user identifier (LUI) and password, the initial terminal agent calls the terminal agent to locate the user agent for the user, authenticate the user, and obtain the set of home services that the user wishes to bring in (which has been registered in the PCE in advance). This set is compared with the terminal profile to determine the services that this terminal is capable of supporting, in terms of, say, terminal hardware constraints such as colors and resolutions. The terminal agent also checks with the local service providers to see if the above serv-ices are also available locally, and gives the user a choice of using it locally if available.The user interface will display two set of services: 1) those available at home, and capable of being sup-ported by the foreign terminal; 2) those available at the foreign network locally. The user can then choose the service she wants, and the system will bring in the PCE as required and run applications (download first if nec-essary) to provide the desired service. The user interface also allows the user to query the local service provider for any other locally available services or facilities, based on the service types and attributes that she specifies. This accomplishes our virtual global UPC network.foreign networkagentFigure 1. Major components of the UPC system3. Supporting UPC with Java and CORBA3.1 Using CORBA in UPCThe Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) defines a middleware that bridges distributed objects across heterogeneous environments. It allows client objects to invoke server objects across the network without dealing with the underlying complexities of object implementation and invocation. All objects, as long as they expose a well-defined interface in the Interface Definition Language (IDL) that describes the services they provide to other objects, can be invoked anywhere in the network. The implementation of the object (lan-guage, operating system, or any other system aspects) is not visible nor of interest to the caller. The calling ob-ject does not even have to know the location of the invoked object provided the object reference is known. This model fits well into UPC since it essentially provides a homogeneous distributed processing environment.CORBA also defines a wide range of services (CORBAservices [6]) and facilities (CORBAfacilities) to extend the core capabilities of the ORB. These services are important for the UPC system since they make many aspects of UPC easier to implement. Currently we only consider using the CORBAservices summarized in Table 1 in our UPC system.Since not all CORBA services are available in existing ORB products, in our current prototype we are only able to use the Naming and Trader services. The Naming service has proved to be the most essential one since we need to use it to locate objects. Unavailable services are temporarily substituted with our own code.Table 1. CORBA services utilized in UPC systemObject in UPC CORBA services used FunctionalityNaming Registration of PCEPersistent object Storage of PCE statePCE Relationship Association of PCE componentsLife cycle Copying/moving/deleting of PCE component objectsNaming Association of User Agent and LUIUser Agent Relationship Extracting appropriate part of PCEConcurrency control Simultaneous access to PCESecurity User authentication at login and for use of local facilities Terminal Agent Naming Lookup for User Agent by LUILife cycle Copying PCE componentsTrader Lookup for facilities at foreign network3.2 Java in CORBAJava extends CORBA nicely by allowing dynamic deployment of objects across the CORBA infrastruc-ture. The objects can be moved from node to node. The support of replaceable Java ORBs makes it possible for Java code to be independent of a particular ORB. Java is also an object-oriented language that fits naturally into the CORBA object orientation architecture.For the UPC system, Java on CORBA is especially important since a foreign terminal may be running any operating system. In order for the mobile user to run at a foreign site an application that is hosted at her home environment, the code must be portable and independent of the operating system. Java’s “Write Once, Run Anywhere” feature satisfies this requirement. This portability of Java objects makes it possible for UPC to fur-nish not only a transparent static computing environment but also transparent computing services provided byapplications. The combination of Java and CORBA also allows Java applets to interface with CORBA within a Web browser.Note that we choose to use Java to implement UPC objects and require any applications that may be run transparently at a foreign terminal be written in Java. However, the server objects on the application server do not have to be written in Java. In fact, CORBA allows legacy code to be wrapped in objects so that they can be made usable by other objects or programs.4. UPC System Object ClassesIn this section, we define the major object classes in the UPC system, in order to better describe the func-tionality of the system. Referring to Figure 1, these objects are: (a) those residing in the user agent machine of the home network: user’s PCE and user agent; and (b) those residing in the foreign terminal: terminal agent, terminal profile, and the user interface provided by an initial terminal agent.In CORBA, server object interfaces are specified in the Interface Definition Language (IDL) which is part of the CORBA specification. We use Java/IDL mapping in our system.4.1 Personal Computing EnvironmentA PCE is defined for each user. It consists of a set of objects that the user wants to use when being away on a foreign network using a foreign terminal. Examples of such objects include: application objects that pro-vide certain services, resource objects such as files, and environment objects that define service configurations and preferences. The PCE objects will be managed by the User Agent (UA). Mobile users are required to pro-vide and register their PCEs with the UA.4.2 User AgentThe UA is an object that manages the PCE objects for users in a domain and also communicates with the Terminal Agent (TA) in authenticating a mobile user and transferring the PCE to the foreign terminal. Each UA is registered in the CORBA Naming Service with a binding to a domain name. This allows the terminal agent to locate it after a user logs into the foreign terminal using an LUI containing the domain name.The operations of a UA provide methods for the TA to authenticate a user, to update a user’s location (machine name or IP address), to get and update the PCE of a user, and to get the profile by application name.A special logout()operation is called by the TA when the user finishes a session and logs out from the for-eign terminal. This allows the UA to unbind the user from its current location.4.3 Terminal AgentThe TA object is responsible to handle user requests at the foreign terminal, called by the initial terminal agent in response to user requests. The first operation called is the login() method for authenticating a mobile user. After login, the TA is responsible for determining an acceptable subset of the user’s PCE as supported by the terminal capabilities specified in the terminal profile. It also discovers the locally available facilities by in-quiring the local Trader Service when requested by the user.The login() operation takes a user’s LUI and password as parameters. From the domain name part of the LUI, the TA can determine the location of the UA by using a directory service. The object reference for the UA can then be obtained by using the Naming Service as mentioned before.The operation run_app() runs an application. If the application is locally available, the TA simply runs it locally, with appropriate configurations set for it; otherwise this operation fetches the application and its en-vironment from the UA and then runs it. The operation should be an asynchronous one, in that the caller (initial agent) can resume operation after the call is issued without waiting for its completion. This allows the initial agent to accept user’s input while the application is running.4.4 Terminal profileThe terminal profile defines the capability of the terminal. This includes the physical capabilities of the screen such as colors, resolution and size, and software capability such as available applications on the termi-nal (i.e., directly accessible from the terminal). It also includes mapping rules for application configurations.The mapping is typically a matter of copying the configuration files (part of PCE) to the local file system where the application will find them. The implementation of this mapping will be dependent on the operating system of the foreign terminal and must be defined and implemented differently for each platform that the TA runs on. 5. ConclusionsWe have presented a universal personal computing system on the Internet that supports nomadic comput-ing. The core of the UPC system is the support of user mobility, i.e., regardless of where the user is connected to the Internet and what machine is being used, the user can enjoy a familiar computing environment that she has specified. The use of Java and CORBA allows us to model and implement the system in an object-oriented manner, and more importantly, to solve the portability and heterogeneity problems which are inherent in a dis-tributed mobile environment. The CORBA services in particular help in dealing with object distribution, inter-facing and integration.We consider UPC as an effort in realizing ubiquitous computing [10] on the Internet by making user’s computing environment available on any Internet-connected machines. The only requirement is that the ma-chines support Java and CORBA, which should be reasonable considering the widespread use of distributed object-oriented computing on the Internet.Our future research will further evaluate the UPC system, its protocol architecture, performance, and se-curity management. Further directions in ubiquitous personal computing on the Internet will also be explored. We have implemented a prototype using Visigenic’s VisiBroker for Java on Solaris 2.x. This prototype will be used as a testbed for our future work.6. AcknowledgmentThis work was supported by a grant from Motorola Wireless Data Systems Division, Richmond, B.C., Canada. The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.7. References1.Baker, S., Cahill, V. and Nixon, P. (1997). Bridging boundaries: CORBA in perspective, IEEE InternetComputing, September-October, 1997.2.Kleinrock, L. (1995). Nomadic Computing - An Opportunity, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communica-tion Review, Vol. 25, January 1995.3.Li, Y. and Leung, V. (1997). Supporting personal mobility for nomadic computing over Internet, ACMMobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 1997.4.Li, Y. and Leung, V. (1997). Protocol architecture for universal personal computing, IEEE Journal of Se-lected Areas in Communication, October 1997.5.Object Management Group. (1997) The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and Specification,V2.1, September 1997. Available at .6.Object Management Group. (1997) CORBA Services Specification, December 1997. Available at.7.RFC 2002. (1996) IP Mobility Support, C. Perkins, Editor, October 1996.8.Teraoka, F., Yokote, Y. and Tokoro, M. (1991). A network architecture providing host migration transpar-ency, In Proc. SIGCOMM’91, September 1991.9.Vinoski, S., (1997). CORBA: Integrating diverse applications within distributed heterogeneous environ-ments, IEEE Communications Magazine, February 1997.10.Weiser, M. (1993). Some computer science issues in ubiquitous computing, Comm. ACM, July 1993.。

合集下载

学术英语写作Unit-5----Abstract

学术英语写作Unit-5----Abstract

o provide the report, article, or paper's results, conclusions, and recommendations.
o are short -- from a paragraph to a page or two, depending upon the length of the original work being abstracted. Usually informative abstracts are 10% or less of the length of the original piece.
allow readers to decide whether they want to read the report, article, or paper.
Informative abstracts
An informative abstract provides detail about the substance of a piece of writing because readers will sometimes rely on the abstract alone for information. Informative abstracts typically follow this format:
Unit 5 Abstract
What is an abstract? Types of abstracts Why write an abstract? What should the abstract include? How do you write an abstract? What is the style of an abstract? An outline for writing an abstract Common problems in writing an abstract Difference between an abstract and an introduction The Tricks, Conclusion of the lecture
奉献善心之举的英语作文

奉献善心之举的英语作文

The act of giving is a universal language that transcends cultural and linguistic barriers.It is a gesture that speaks volumes about the human spirit and our inherent desire to help one another.In this essay,I will explore the significance of selfless giving and how it can positively impact both the giver and the receiver.Firstly,the act of giving can be a powerful expression of empathy and compassion.When we give to others,we are acknowledging their needs and showing that we care about their wellbeing.This can be particularly impactful in situations where individuals are facing hardship or are less fortunate.For example,donating to a charity that supports homeless individuals not only provides them with essential resources but also offers a sense of dignity and respect.Secondly,giving can foster a sense of community and interconnectedness.When we contribute to a cause or support a neighbor in need,we are strengthening the bonds that tie us together as a society.This sense of unity can lead to greater social cohesion and a more harmonious environment for everyone.For instance,volunteering at a local food bank not only helps to feed those who are hungry but also brings together people from diverse backgrounds who share a common goal.Thirdly,the act of giving can be personally fulfilling and rewarding.Many people find that when they give of themselves,they experience a sense of purpose and satisfaction that is deeply gratifying.This can lead to increased happiness and wellbeing,as well as a greater sense of selfworth.For example,mentoring a young person can be an incredibly rewarding experience,as you watch them grow and develop under your guidance.Moreover,giving can inspire others to do the same.When we see someone else making a positive impact through their generosity,it can motivate us to follow suit.This creates a ripple effect of kindness and goodwill that can spread throughout a community and beyond.For instance,when a celebrity uses their platform to raise awareness for a cause, it can encourage fans to get involved and contribute in their own way.However,it is important to approach giving with a genuine and selfless attitude.When we give with the expectation of receiving something in return,the act loses its true meaning.Genuine giving should be motivated by a desire to help others and make a difference,rather than seeking recognition or personal gain.In conclusion,the act of giving is a powerful and transformative force that can bring about positive change in the lives of others and ourselves.By engaging in selfless acts of kindness,we can foster empathy,build community,experience personal fulfillment,andinspire others to do the same.Let us all strive to be a part of this cycle of giving,and watch as our world becomes a brighter and more compassionate place.。

中英文齿轮术语对照

中英文齿轮术语对照

中间齿轮intermediate gear(counter gear)副轴齿轮counter shaft gear副轴counter shaft变速器输入轴transmission imput shaft变速器输出轴transmission output shaft变速器主动齿轮轴transmission drive gear shaft变速器主轴transmission main shaft变速器中间轴transmission countershaft变速器轴的刚度rigidity of shaft变速齿轮比（变速比）transmission gear ratio传动比gear ratio主压力line pressure调制压力modulated pressure真空调制压力vacuum modulator pressure速控压力governor pressure缓冲压力compensator or trimmer pressure 限档压力hold presure前油泵front pump (input pump )液力传动装置充油压力hydrodynamic unit change pressure 后油泵gear pump (output pump )回油泵scavenge oil pump调压阀pressure -regulator vavle电磁阀调压阀solenoid regulator valve液力变矩器旁通阀converter bypass valve速控阀governor valve选档阀selectro valve换档阀shift valve信号阀signal valve继动阀relay valve换档指令发生器shift pattern generator档位指示器shift indicator(shift torwer)先导阀priority valve流量阀flow valve重迭阀overlap valve液力减速器控制阀retarder control valve液力起步fluid start零速起动stall start液力变矩器锁止converter lockup全液压自动换档系统hydraulic automatic control system 电液式自动换档系统electronic -hydraulic automatiec换档shift升档upshift降档downshift动力换档power shfit单向离合器换档freewheel shfit人工换档manual shfit自动换档automaitc shfit抑制换档inhibited shift超限换档overrun shift强制换档forced shift换档点shift point叶片转位blade angle shift换档滞后shift hysteresis换档循环shift schedule换档规律process of power shift动力换档过程timing换档定时property of automatic shift 换档品质property of automatic shft换档元件engaging element换档机构gearshift操纵杆control lever变速杆stick shift(gear shift lever) （副变速器）变速杆range selector变速叉shifting fork (gear shift fork) 分动箱控制杆transfer gear shift fork变速踏板gear shift pedal变速轨（拨叉道轨）shift rail直接变速direct change(direct control)方向盘式变速column shift (handle change)按钮控制finger-tip control槽导变速gate change空档位置neutral position直接驱动direct drive高速档top gear(high gear)低速档bottom gear(low speed gear)第一档first gear第二档second gear超速档overdirve gear经济档economic gear倒档reverse gear爬行档creeper gear驱动特性drive performance反拖特性coast performance定输入扭矩特性constant input torque performance全油门特性full throttle performance寄生损失特性no load (parasitic losses)performance 原始特性primary characteristic响应特性response characteristic吸收特性absorption characteristic全特性total external characteristic输入特性characteristic of enhance输出特性characteristic of exit力矩特性torque factor(coefficient of moment) 过载系数overloading ratio变矩系数torque ratio能容系数capacity factorr几何相似geometry similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似dynamic similarity透穿性transparency万向节和传动轴universal joint and drive shaft万向节universal joint非等速万向节nonconstant velocity universal joint 等速万向节constant velocity universal joint准等速万向节near constant velocity universal joint 自承式万向节self-supporting universal joint非自承式万各节non self suporting universal joint回转直径swing diameter等速平面constant velocity plane万向节夹角true joint angle十字轴式万向节cardan (hookes)universal joint 万向节叉yoke突缘叉flange york滑动叉slip yoke滑动节，伸缩节slip joint花键轴叉slip shaft yoke轴管叉（焊接叉）tube(weld yoke)十字轴cross(spider)十字轴总成cross assembly挠性元件总成flexible universal joint球销式万向节flexible member assembly双柱槽壳housing球环ball球头轴ball head球头钉button中心球和座centering ball and seat球笼式万向节rzeppa universal joint钟形壳outer race星型套inner race保持架cage可轴向移动的球笼式万向节plunging constant velocity joint 筒形壳cylinder outer race柱形滚道星形套inner race withcylinder ball grooves 偏心保持架non-concentric cage滚动花键球笼式万向节ball spline rzeppa universal joint外壳outer housing内壳体inner housing球叉式万向节weiss universal joint球叉ball yoke定心钢球centering ball三球销万向节tripod universal joint三柱槽壳housing三销架spider双联万向节double cardan universal joint凸块式万向节tracta universal joint凸块叉fork yoke榫槽凸块tongue and groove couplijng凹槽凸块groove coupling传动轴drive shaft(propeller shaft)传动轴系drive line传动轴形式drive shaft type两万向节滑动的传动轴two -joint inboard slip ddiveshaft 两万向节外侧滑动传动轴two joint ouboard slip drive shaft单万向节传动轴single joint coupling shaft组合式传动轴unitized drive shaft传动轴减振器drive shaft absorber传动轴中间轴承drive shaft center bearing传动轴管焊接合件weld drive shaft tube assembly传动轴特征长度drive shaft length传动轴谐振噪声resonant noise of rive shaft传动轴的临界转速critical speed of drive shaft传动轴总成的平衡balance of drive shaft assembly允许滑动量slip相位角phase angle传动轴安全圈drive shaft safety strap驱动桥drive axle(driving axle)类型type断开式驱动桥divided axle非独立悬架式驱动桥rigid dirve axle独立悬架式驱动桥independent suspension drive axle 转向驱动桥steering drive axle贯通式驱动桥tandem axles“三速”贯通轴"three-speed" tandem axles单驱动桥single drive axle多桥驱动multiaxle drive减速器reducer主减速器final drive单级主减速器single reduction final drive双级主减速器double reduction final drive前置式双级主减速器front mounted double reduction final drive后置式双级主减速器rear mounted double reduction final drive上置式双级主减速器top mounted double reducton final drive行星齿轮式双级主减速器planetary double reduction final drive贯通式主减速器thru-drive双速主减速器two speed final drive行星齿轮式双速主减速器two speed planetary final drive双级双速主减速器two speed double reduction final drive轮边减速器wheel reductor(hub reductro)行星圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器planetary wheel reductor行星锥齿轮式轮边减速器differential geared wheel reductor(bevelepicyclick hub reductor) 外啮合圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器spur geared wheel reductor差速器differential锥齿轮式差速器bevel gear differential圆柱齿轮式差速器spur gear differential防滑式差速器limited -slip differential磨擦片式自锁差速器multi-disc self -locking differential凸轮滑滑块自锁差速器self-locking differential with side ring and radial cam plate自动离合式自锁差速器automotive positive locking differential强制锁止式差速器locking differential液压差速器hydraulic differential轴间差速器interaxial differential差速器壳differential carrieer(case)主降速齿轮final reduction gear驱动轴减速比axle ratio总减速比total reduction ratio主降速齿轮减速比final reduction gear ratio双减速齿轮double reduction gear差速器主齿轮轴differential pinion-shaft差速器侧齿轮differential side gear行星齿轮spider gear(planetary pinion)螺旋锥齿轮spiral bevel gear双曲面齿轮hypoid gear格里林齿制gleason tooth奥林康型齿制oerlikon tooth锥齿轮齿数number of teeth in bevel gears and hypoid gears锥齿轮齿宽face width of tooth in bevel gears and hypoid gears 平面锥齿轮plane bevel gear奥克托齿形octoid form平顶锥齿轮contrate gear齿面接触区circular tooth contact齿侧间隙backlash in circular tooth差速器十字轴differential spider差速器锁止机构differential locking -device差速器锁止系数differential locking factor差速器壳轴承carrier bearing桥壳axle housing整体式桥壳banjo housing可分式桥壳trumpet-type axle housing组合式桥壳unitized carrier-type axle housing 对分式桥壳split housing冲压焊接桥壳press-welding axle housing钢管扩张桥壳expanded tube axle housing锻压焊接桥壳forge welding axle housing整体铸造式桥壳cast rigid axle housing半轴axle shaft全浮式半轴full-floating axle shaft半浮式半轴semi-floating axle shaft四分之三浮式半轴three-quarter floating axle shaft 驱动桥最大附着扭矩slip torque驱动桥额定桥荷能力rating axle capactiy驱动桥减速比driveaxle ratio驱动桥质量drive axle mass单铰接式摆动轴single-joint swing axle双铰接式摆动轴double joint swig axle悬架系suspension system悬架suspension类型type非独立悬架rigid axle suspension独立悬架independent suspension平衡悬架equalizing type of suspension 组合式悬架combination suspension可变刚度悬架variable rate suspension纵置板簧式parallel leaf spring type上置板簧式over slung type下置板簧式under slung type双横臂式double with-bone arm type 横置板簧式transversal leaf spring type 双纵臂式double trailing arm type单横臂式single transverse arm type双横臂式double -wishbone type单横臂式singe trailing arm type双纵臂式double-trailing arm type单斜臂式single oblique arm tyep四连杆式four link type扭矩套管式torque tube drive type第迪安式De Dion type烛式sliding pillar type麦弗逊式MacPherson type金属弹簧式metal spring type空气弹簧式air spring type油气弹簧式hydro-pneumatic spring type 橡胶液体弹簧式hydro-rubber spring type橡胶弹簧式rubber spring type液体弹簧式hydraulic spring type三点悬架three-point suspension四点悬架four-point suspension部件assembly and parts悬架臂suspension arm上悬架臂upper suspension arm控制臂control arm上控制臂upper control arm下控制臂lower control arm纵臂trailing arm横臂transverse arm斜臂oblique arm支撑梁support beam横向推力杆lateral rod纵向推力杆longitudinal rod拉杆tension rod压杆strut bar支撑杆strut bar扭矩套管torque tube变截面弹簧tapered spring钢板弹簧leaf spring(laminated spring) 副钢板弹簧auxiliary spring非对称钢板弹簧unsymmetrical leaf spring单片式钢板弹簧single leaf spring多片式钢板弹簧muotileaved spring纵向钢板弹簧longitudinal leaf spring螺旋弹簧coil spring (helicalspring)空气弹簧air spring囊式空气弹簧bellow type air spring膜式空气弹簧diaphragm typeair spring橡胶弹簧rubber spring type液体弹簧hydraulic spring油气弹簧hydro-pneumatic spring type单气室油气弹簧single chamber hydragas spring 双气室油气弹簧double chamber hydragas spring液体弹簧hydraulic spring底盘弹簧chassis spring四分之一椭圆形弹簧quarter elliptic spring半椭圆形弹簧half-elliptic spring(semi-elliptic spring) 四分之三椭圆形弹簧three quarter elliptic spring全椭圆形弹簧full elliptic spring悬臂弹簧cantilever spring簧上质量sprung weight簧下质量unsprung weight垫上弹簧载荷量spring capacity at pad地面弹簧载荷量spring capacity at ground弹簧静挠度spring static deflection弹簧跳动间隙bump clearance of spring弹簧中心距distance between spring centers减振器shock absorber筒式减振器telescopic shock absorber油压缓冲器hydraulic buffer负荷调平式减振器load -levelling shock absorber液压减振器dydraulic shock absorber可调减振器adjustable shock absorber摇臂式减振器lever type shock absorber磨擦式减振器frictional shock absorber充气减振器gas-filled shock absorber 动力减振器dynamic shock absorber减振器卸荷阀shock absorber relief valve 减振器进油阀shock absorber intake valve 减振器示功图damper indicator diagram 减振器液damper fluid横向稳定器stabilizer anti-roll bar滑动座sliding seat滑板sliding plate弹簧架spring bracket弹簧主片spring leaf钢板弹簧吊耳leaf spring shackle钢板弹簧衬套leaf spring bushing钢板弹簧销leaf spring pin弹簧卷耳spring eyeU型螺栓U bolt钢板弹簧中心螺栓leaf spring center bolt橡胶衬套rubber bushing缓冲块buffer stopper限位块limiting stopper平衡轴trunnion shaft平衡轴支座trunnion base臂轴arm shaft平横臂equalizer螺纹衬套screw bushing（车身）高度阀levelling valve车架auxiliary tank整体车架unitized frame上弯式梁架upswept frame (kick up frame) 短型车架stub frame发动机支架engine mounting半径杆radius rod平衡杆stabilizer bar制动反应杆brake reaction rod分开式车身和车架separated body and frame车轮wheel车轮尺寸名称wheelsize designation车轮类型wheel type单式车轮single wheel双式车轮dual wheel整体轮毂式车轮wheel with integral hub组装轮辋式车轮demountable rim wheel对开式车轮divided wheel可调车轮adustable wheel辐板式车轮disc wheel可反装式车轮reversible wheel辐条式车轮wire wheel安装面attachment face安装面直径attachment face diameter 双轮中心距dual spacing半双轮中心距half dual spacing轮缘flange固定轮缘fixed flange轮缘规格代号flange size disignation轮缘高度flange height轮缘半径flange radius轮级端部半径flange edge radius轮级宽度flange width内轴承座肩inner bearing cup shoulder 内移距inset横向跳动lateral run-out外移距outset径向跳动radius run-out轮辋rim轮辋尺寸名称rim size disignation轮辋宽度rim width标定轮辋宽度specified rim width轮辋直径rim diameter标定轮辋直径specified rim diameter轮辋类型rim types整体式（深槽式）one-piece(drop -center DC)半深槽式semi-drop center (SDC)二件式two-piece三件式three-piece四件式four-piece轮毂座hub seat五件式five-piece轮辋轮廓类型rim contour classification深槽轮辋drop center rim(DC)深槽宽轮辋wide drop center rim(WDC) 半深槽轮辋semi-drop center rim(SDC)平底轮辋flat base rim平底宽轮辋wide flat base rim (WFB)全斜底轮辋full tapered bead seat rim (TB) 可拆卸轮辋demountable rim wheel对开式轮辋divided rim(DT)轮辋基体rim base轮辋基体偏移距rim base offset轮辋偏移距rim bevel distance气门嘴孔valve hole气门嘴孔的位置rim hole location锁圈槽gutter锁圈槽沟gutter groove锁圈槽顶gutter tip隔圈spaceband隔圈宽度spacerband width标定轮辋直径specified rim diameter 标定轮辋宽度specified rim width花键spline弹性锁圈spring lock ring辐条式车轮轮毂shell (wire shell)轮辋槽well槽角well angle槽深well depth槽底半径well iner radius槽的位置well position槽顶圆角半径well radius top槽宽度well width中心孔center hole中心线center line夹紧块clamp夹紧螺栓clamping bolt锥型座（螺帽定位用）cone seat (for retaining nut)可拆卸档圈detachable endless flange可拆卸弹簧档圈detachable spring flange可拆卸锥形座圈detachable endless taper bead seat ring 轮辐disc辐条wire spoke零移距zeroset弯距bending moment动态径向疲劳试验dynamic radial fatigue test横向疲劳试验cornering fatigue test轴安装axel mounting轴颈安装journal mounting孔径bore轮胎tyre (tire)轮胎系列tyre series轮胎规格tyre size轮胎标志tyre marking速度符号speed symbol胎面磨耗标志tread wear indicator骨架材料framework material层数number of plies层级ply rating外胎cover内胎inner tube胀大轮胎grown tyre充气轮胎pneumatic tyre新胎new tyre有内胎轮胎tubed tyre无内胎轮胎tubeless tyre水胎curing bag保留生产轮胎reserved old series of tyre 普通断面轮胎conventional section tyre 低断面轮胎low section tyre超低断面轮胎super low section tyre宽基轮胎wide base tyre斜交轮胎diagonal tyre子午线轮胎radial ply tyre活胎面轮胎removable tread tyre越野轮胎cross-country tyre沙漠轮胎sand tyre浇注轮胎cast tyre调压轮胎adjustable inflation tyre海棉轮胎foam filled tyre常压轮胎atomospheric pressure tyre 内支撑轮胎internal supporter tyre拱形轮胎arch tyre椭圆形轮胎elliptical tyre实心轮胎solid tyre粘结式实心轮胎cured on solid tyre非粘结式实心轮胎pressed on solid tyre圆柱实心轮胎cylindrical base solid tyre 斜底实心轮胎conical base solid tyre抗静电实心轮胎anti-static solid tyre导电实心轮胎conductive solid tyre耐油实心轮胎oil-resistance solid tyre高负荷实心轮胎high load capacity solid tyre 胎面花纹treadpattern纵向花纹circumferetial pattern横向花纹transverse pattern公路花纹highway tread pattern越野花纹cross-country tread pattern 混合花纹dual purpose tread pattern 定向花纹directional tread pattern雪泥花纹mud and snow pattern 花纹细缝pattern sipe花纹块pattern block花纹条pattern rib花纹沟groove花纹加强盘tie-bar of pattern花纹角度pattern angle花纹纹深度pattern depth花纹展开图patttern plan光胎面smooth tread胎冠crown胎面tread胎面行驶面tread cap胎面基部tread base胎面基部胶tread slab base胎面过渡胶transition rubber of tread 缓冲层breaker带束层belt缓冲胶片breaker strip包边胶tie-in strip完带层cap ply胎体carcass帘面层cord ply隔离胶insulation rubber 封口胶sealing rubber胎里tyre cavity内衬层inside liner气密层innerliner胎肩shoulder胎肩区shoulder area胎肩垫胶shoulder wedge胎侧sidewall屈挠区flexing area胎侧胶sidewall rubber装饰胎侧decorative sidewall 装饰线decorative rib装配线fitting line防擦线kerbing rib胎圈bead钢丝圈bead ring钢丝包胶wire covering胎圈座bead seat胎圈座角度beat seat angle胎圈座圆角半径bead seat radius胎圈座宽度bead seat width可选择的胎圈座轮廓bead seat optional contours 凹陷型center-pente(CP)平峰型flat hump(FH)凸峰型round hump(RH)特殊座架special ledge(SL)胎圈芯bead core三角胶apex胎圈补强带bead reinforcing strip胎圈包布chafer胎圈外护胶bead filler rubber胎踵bead heel胎趾bead toe胎圈底部bead base内胎胎身tube body断面宽度section width断面高度section height高宽比（H/S）aspect ratio(H/S)外直径overall diameter自由半径free radius转向系steering system类型type机械转向系动力转向系power steering system转向操纵机构steering control mechanism直列式转向器in-line steering gear四边联杆式转向机构parallelogram linkage steering整体式动力转向机构integral type power steering总成和部件assemblies and parts转向万向节steering universal joint转向传动轴steering inner articulated shaft转向管柱steering column球轴承套管式转向管柱tube and ball type steering column 可伸缩式转向管柱telescopic steering column折叠式转向管柱collapsible steering column倾斜和缩进式转向管柱tilt and telescopic steering column 吸能式转向管柱energy-absorbing steering column 网络状转向柱管net type steering column转向轴steering shaft转向横轴cross shaft转向盘steering wheel倾斜式方向盘tilt steering wheel机构转向器manual steering gear蜗杆滚轮式转向器worm and roller steering gear转向器盖壳体housing转向蜗杆steering worm滚轮roller滚轮轴roller shaft侧盖side cover摇臂轴pitman arm shaft循环球式转向器recirculating ball steering gear循环球和螺母式转向器recirculating ball and nut steering gear循环球齿条齿扇式转向器recirculating ball-rack and sector steering gear 转向螺母steering nut钢球ball转向螺杆steering screw循环球-曲柄销式转向器recirculating ball-lever and peg steering gear指销stud蜗杆指销式转向器worm and peg steering gear转向齿轮steering pinion转向齿条steering rack动力转向器power steering stgear整体式动力转向器integral power steering gear常压式液压动力转向器constant pressure hydraulic power steering gear 常流式液压动力转向器constant flow hydraulic power steering gear螺杆螺线式转向器蜗杆指销式转向器worm and peg steering gear齿轮齿条式转向器rack and pinion steering gear变传动比转向器steering gear with variable ratio 转向控制阀steering control valve滑阀式转向控制器spool valve type阀体valve housing滑阀valve spool转阀式转向控制阀rotary valve type扭杆torsion bar转向动力缸power cylinder转向油泵power steerig pump转向油罐oil reservoir转向传动杆系steering linkage动力转向系布置power steering system layout反作用阀reactive valve梯形转向机构ackerman steering整体式转向梯形杆系ackerman steering linkdage分段式转向梯形杆系divided ackerman steering linkage 中间转向杆intermediate steering rod转向摇臂pitman arm转向直拉杆steering drag link中间转向联杆端部螺塞end plug球头销ball stud球头座ball cup压缩弹簧compression spring梯形机构tie rod linkage梯形臂tie rod arm转向横拉杆steering tie rod接头socket横拉杆端接头tie rod end分段式梯形机构split tie rod type tie rod linkage摆臂swing arm动力转向power steering气压式动力转向air-power steering液压式动力转向hydraulic power steerig液压常流式动力转向hydraulic constant flow type power steering 液压储能式动力转向hydraulic accumulator power steering慢速转向slow steeirng快速转向fast steering (quick steering)过度转向oversteering转向不足understeering转向系刚度steering system stiffness转向盘自由行程free play of steering wheel转向器转动力矩rotating torque of steering gear转向力矩steering mometn转向阻力矩steering resisting torque转向力steering force转向传动比steering gear ratio (steering ratio0恒定转向传动比constant ratio steering可变转向传动比variable ratio steering转向系角传动比steering system angle ratio转向器角传动比steering gear angle ratio转向传动机构角传动比steering linkage angle ratio转向器传动效率steerign gear efficiency正效率forward efficiency逆效率reverse efficiency转向器扭转刚度torsional stiffness of steering gear转向盘总圈数total number of steering wheel turns转向器总圈数total turns of steering gaer转向器传动间隙steering gar cleanrance摇臂轴最大转角max.rotating angle of pitman arm shaft 转向摇臂最大摆角max. Swing angle of steering pitman arm 转向器反驱动力矩reverse rotating torque of steering gear 转向器最大输出扭矩steering gear max. Output torque最大工作压力max. Working pressure额定工作压力rated working pressure转向油泵理论排量theoretical displacement of pump限制流量limited flow转向控制阀预开隙pre-opened play of steering contol valve转向控制阀全开隙totally -opened play of steering control valve转向控制阀内泄漏量internal leakage in steering control valve转向控制阀压力降pressure loss in steering control valve转向器角传动比特性steering gear angle ratio characteristic转向器传动间隙特性steering gear clearance characterstic转向器传动效率特性steering gear efficeieny characteristic转向力特性steering force characteristic动力转向系灵敏度特性power steering systme response characteristic转向控制阀压力降特性steeirn gcontrol valve presrue loss characteristtic 前桥front axle工字梁I-beam双工字梁twin I-beam非驱动桥dead axle转向节steering knuckle挂车转向装置steering system of trailer中央主销式转向装置central king pin type steering systme无主销转向装置no king pin type steering system全杆式转向装置all linkage tyep steering system球销式转向节ball and socket steering knuckle转向节止推轴承steering knuckle thrust bearing前轮轴front wheel spindle转向盘轴steering spindle转向节轴knuckle spindle转向节臂steering knuckle arm（转向节）主销knuckle pin(King pin)反拳式前桥reverse elliott axle反拳式转向节reverse elliott steering knuckle叉式前桥elliott type axle叉式转向节elliott steering knuckle制动系braking ssytem类型tyep行车制动系统service braking sytem应急制动系统secondary (emergency )braking sytem 驻车制动系统parking braking system辅助制动系统auxiliary braking system自动制动系统automatic braking sytem人力制动系统muscular energy braking sytem助力制动系统energy assisted braking system动力制动系统non-muscular energy braking system 惯性制动系统重力制动系统gravity braking sytem单回路制动系统single-circuit braking system双回路制动系统dual -ciurcuit braking system单管路制动系统single-line braking system双管路制动系统dual braking sytem多管路制动系统multi-line braking sytem连续制动系统continuous braking sytem半连续制动系统semi-continuous braking sytemm 非连续制动系统non-continuous braking system 伺服制动系统servo braking system液压制动系统hydraulic braking sytem电磁制动系统electormagnetic braking sytem 机械制动系统mechanical braking sytem组合制动系统combination braking sytem基本术语bsic terms制动装备braking equipment组成部件constituent elements制动力学braking mechanics渐进制动gradual braking制动能源braking energy source制动力矩braking torque总制动力干扰后效制动力矩distrubing residual braking torque总制动距离total braking distance有效制动距离active braking distance制动力分配率braking force distaribution rate制动效能因素（制动强度）braking efficiency factro制动力braking work瞬时制动功率instantaneous braking power保护压力rptection pressure报警压力alarm pressure制动系滞后braking system hysteresis制动效果百分数percentage of the braking efficiency停车距离（制动距离）stopping distance充分发出的平均减速度mean fully developed braking deceleration (MFDD) 制动反应时间reaction time促动时间actuating time初始反应时间initial response time制动力增长时间build-up time of braking force有效制动时间active braking time释放时间release time驾驶员反应时间reaction time of driver机构滞后时间mechanism hysteresis time增长时间build-up time of braking force 主制动时间main braking time总制动时间total braking tiem停车时间stopping tiem开启行程opening travel空行程spare travel中间行程mid-travel制动储备行程reserve brake travel断油行程cut-off travel行程损失loss of travel缩小比（减压比）reduction ratio回缩retraction两片法two-plate method单片法single-plate method含水量moistrue content单轮控制individual wheel control多轮控制multi wheel control轴控制axle control边控制side control对角控制diagonal control组合多轴控制combined multi-axle control 可变选择variable selection最低控制速度minimum control speed传感器信号选择sensor signal低选择select -low高选择select-high预定选择predetermined selectin车轮选择selection by wheel平均选择average selecton分辨率resolution rate控制周期control cycle控制频率control frequency控制力control force作用力control froce制动器效能因素application force制动器材的滞后brake hysteresis制动器输出力矩brake output torque制动器额定力矩brake rating torque制动蹄效能因素brake shoe efficiency factro制动蹄作用压力application pressure of brake shoe assebmly 制动蹄释放压力release pressure of brake shoe最大制动蹄中心升程maximum shoe centre lift制动鼓直径drum diameter制动鼓宽度drum width制动鼓厚度drum thickness制动盘厚度disc thickness（鼓或盘）的摩擦面积swept area制动衬片吸收功率power absorption of lining制动衬片包角lining arc制动衬片单位面积制动力lining drag衬片摩擦系数lining mu衬片摩擦面积/每轴lining area/axle衬片摩擦面积/每个制动器lining area/brake踏板行程pedal travel踏板自由行程free pedal travel踏板最大行程maximum pedal travel踏板力pedal effort有效踏板长度effective pedal length踏板速比pedal velocity ratio踏板回位弹簧力pedal return spring load踏板回位弹簧刚度pedal return spring rate制动初速度initial speed of braking制动减速度braking deceleration瞬时制动减速度instantaneous braking deceleration 平均制动减速度mean braking deceleration最大制动减速度maximum braking deceleration石油基制动液petroleum base brake fluid非石油基制动液non-petroleum base brake fluid 最低湿沸点minimum wet boiling point防冻液anti-freeze liquid冷却液cooling liquid供能装置energy supplying device真空泵vacuum pump喷射器ejector真空罐（筒）vacuum tank空压机air compressor气缸盖cylinder head气缸体cylinder block活塞piston火塞环piston ring连杆connecting rod活塞销piston pin曲轴crank shaft进气阀intake valve排气阀exhaust valve储气罐（筒）air storage reservoir调压阀pressure regulating valve单向阀single check valve止回阀、单向阀check valve滤清器filter进气滤清器air intake filter排气滤清器air exhaust filter管路滤清器line filter滤网（芯）strainer油水分离器oil and water seperator防冻器aiti-freezer空气干燥器air dryer排放阀drain valve压力保护阀pressrue protection valve控制装置control device行车制动踏板装置service braking pedal device 制动踏板braking pedal踏板护套pedal pad踏板支架pedal brackeet衬套bushing套管collar销轴axis pin回位弹簧retruen spring驻车制动操纵装置parking brake control device 操纵杆control lever操纵杆支架control lever bracket操纵杆导套control lever guide collar齿杆（棘轮）rod rack(ratchet)棘抓ratchet pawl操纵揽绳control cable平衡臂equalizer拉杆（拉绳）pull rod(pull wire)拉杆导套pull rod guide collar制动杆brake lever手制动杆hand lever气制动阀aire brake valve单腔气制动阀single-chamber air brake valve推杆plunger气阀air valve平衡弹簧equalizing spring膜片diaphragm双腔气制动阀dual-chamber air brake valve串列式双腔气制动阀series dual -chamber air brake valve 并列式双腔气制动阀parallel dual-chamber air brake valve 三腔气制动阀triple-chamber air brake valve三通路控制阀three way control valve双向止回阀（双通单向阀）dual way check valve继动阀。

尊重隐私道的英语作文

尊重隐私道的英语作文

Respecting privacy is a fundamental aspect of human interaction and a key principle in modern society.It is the right of individuals to control access to their personal information and to be free from unwarranted intrusions into their lives.Here are some points to consider when discussing the importance of respecting privacy in an English essay:1.Definition of Privacy:Begin by defining what privacy means.Privacy can be seen as the state of being free from public attention or scrutiny,or the state of being free from disturbance or interruption.2.Cultural Perspectives:Discuss how the concept of privacy varies across different cultures.Some societies place a higher value on communal living and less on individual privacy,while others emphasize the sanctity of personal space.3.Legal Protections:Mention the legal frameworks that exist to protect privacy,such as data protection laws,which regulate how personal information can be collected,used, and shared.4.Technological Challenges:Address the challenges to privacy posed by modern technology,including social media,surveillance cameras,and data mining practices.5.Balancing Act:Explore the balance between privacy and other societal needs,such as security and public safety.Discuss how governments and organizations must navigate these competing interests.6.Consequences of Invasion of Privacy:Highlight the negative consequences of privacy invasion,such as loss of trust,emotional distress,and potential misuse of personal information.7.Individual Responsibility:Emphasize the role individuals play in protecting their own privacy,including being cautious about what information they share online and with whom.8.Social Media and Privacy:Discuss the specific issues related to privacy on social media platforms,where users often share personal details without fully understanding the implications.9.The Role of Education:Advocate for the importance of educating people about privacy rights and safe online practices to empower them to make informed decisions.10.Future of Privacy:Conclude by speculating on the future of privacy in an increasingly connected world,and the potential developments that could either enhance or further erode privacy protections.Remember to use clear and concise language,provide examples to support your arguments,and maintain a respectful tone throughout your essay.The essay should aim to inform,persuade,and possibly inspire readers to think more deeply about the value of privacy and their role in protecting it.。