语言学概论 总结
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Chapter 1 ---- Introduction
Part One
★Definition of language
★ ★ ★Design features of language
★ ★Functions of language
Part Two
★ Definition of linguistics
★ ★The scope of linguistics
★ ★
★ Important distinctions in linguistics
Exercises:
1）Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature
of human language ? (2005)
A. arbitrariness任意性 B. productivity
C. cultural transmission D. finiteness有限性
2）The distinction between parole言语and langue 语言was made by _____. (2006)
A. Halliday C. Saussure索绪尔（瑞士语言学家）
B. Chomsky 乔姆斯基（美国语言学家，转换生成语法的创始人）
D. Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育家）
考点：语言流派的主要代表人物、四对概念的区分。
3）Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “high
way closed” on a high way serves _____. (2010)
A. an expressive function表达功能
B. an informative function信息功能
C. a performative function行事/施为功能
D. a persuasive function劝说功能
考点：语言的基本功能。信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能、寒暄功能、娱乐功能。其中最重要的是信息功能。
4）The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?"
is ___.
A. informative B. phatic寒暄功能
C. directive指示功能 D. performative
1.2.1 What is language? P7-8
Language can be generally defined as a system of
arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
1） Language is a system.
Systematic---- rule-governed受规则制约的, elements
in it are arranged according to certain rules； can’t
be combined at will. E.g. *bkli， *I apple eat. 2）Language is arbitrary.
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word
and the thing it denotes表示. E.g. “pen” by any other
name is the thing we use to write with.
3）Language is symbolic符号的in nature.
Symbolic---- words are associated with objects,
actions, ideas by convention惯例. “A rose by any other
name would smell as sweet”----by Shakespeare
4）Language is primarily vocal.
Vocal---- the primary medium基本媒介is sound for all
languages; writing system came much later than spoken
form.
5）Language is human-specific. 语言是人类特有的
Human-specific---- different from the communication
systems other forms of life possess. E.g. bird
songs,
bee dance, animal cries.
1.2.2 The design/defining features of
human language (Charles Hockett):P8-10
1） Arbitrariness 任意性
2） Productivity/Creativity 创造性
3） Duality 二重性
4） Displacement移位性
5） Cultural transmission文化传递性
1） Arbitrariness
◎----No logical (motivated有积极性的or intrinsic固有的) connection between sounds and meanings.
◎Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g.
type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner,
photocopy…
Apes [eɪp] gibber ['dʒɪbə].猴子唧唧叫
Roosters crow. 公鸡喔喔叫
Hens cluck. 母鸡咯咯嗒
Chicks peep. 小鸡唧唧唧
Bulls bellow. Cows moo.老牛哞哞哞
Ducks quack [kwæk].鸭子嘎嘎嘎
Cats mew. 小猫喵喵叫
Frogs croak.青蛙呱呱呱
Goats bleat.小羊咩咩咩
Pigs grunt. 小猪呼噜噜
Mice squeak [skwik]. 老鼠吱吱叫
Dogs bark. 小狗汪汪叫
◎Animals make much the same sounds around the world,
but each language expresses them differently. English
and Chinese cows sound the same, but not in English and 。
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◎The arbitrary link between a linguistic sign语言符号and its meaning, however, is also conventional符合习俗的.
2) Productivity / Creativity
◎----Peculiar to是…特有的human languages，users of
language can understand and produce sentences they
have never heard before.
◎Language is resourceful资源丰富的because of its
duality二元性and its recursiveness [ri'kə:sivnis]递归性. We can use it to create new meanings.
◎Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and
can be instantly立即地understood by people who have
never come across讲得清楚明白that usage before.
◎The recursive nature递归性of language provides a
potential to create an infinite number of sentences.
For instance: ①He bought a book which was written by
a teacher who taught in a school which was known for
its graduates who ... ②This is the cat that killed
the rat that ate the malt麦芽that lay in the house that
Jack built.
3) Duality (double articulation)
Lower level----sounds (meaningless)
Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning)
二层性是指拥有两层结构这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。（Lyons, 1981)
E.g. b-o-o-k (meaningless segments: lower level,
secondary) →Book (meaningful unit: higher level,
primary) Questions:①Can you think of some other
systems with the property of duality? ②Why is this
property generally assumed as central to language? ③Does animal language have this property?
●Hierarchy等级制度of language:
The secondary level sounds
