MARINE INSURANCE
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MARINE INSURANCE(中英文要求必须掌握的)
一、海上保险是以海上的财产及其利益、运费和责任为保险标的的,船舶、运输货物、钻井平台、运费和保赔责任等是它主要承保的标的的。
英国《1906年海上保险法》:海上保险合同是保险人按照约定的承保范围,在被保险人遭受海上损失即由于从事航海冒险所发生的损失时,对其负责赔偿的合同。
A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to
indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against
marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.
二、The Category of Maritime perils
按照海上风险的性质,可分为海难(Perils of the Sea)和海上外来风险(Marine
Extraneous Risks)两种,海难又分为自然灾害和意外事故。
(一)perils of the sea 海难
1、 Marine Natural calamity 海上自然灾害
(1) Heavy weather也叫Atrocious weather,恶劣气候
(2) Lightning 雷电
(3) Earthquake 地震
(4) Tsunami海啸
(5) Floating ice 浮冰
(6)Flood 洪水
(7) Volcanic Eruption 火山爆发
2、Marine Fortuitous Accidents 海上意外事故
(1) Fire 火灾
(2) Explosion 爆炸
(3) Sunk 沉没
(4) Collision 碰撞
(5) contact 触碰
(6) Stranding 触礁
(7) Grounding 搁浅
(8) Overturn 倾覆
(9) missing 失踪
(二) Marine Extraneous Risks 外来风险
1. General Extraneous Risks 一般外来风险
(1) Theft,Pilferage 偷窃
(2) Non-Delivery 提货不着
(3) Fresh and Rain Water Damage 淡水雨淋
(4) Shortage in Weight 短量
(5) Contamination 沾污
(6) Leakage 渗漏
(7) Clashing and Breakage 碰损、破碎
(8) Taint of Odour 串味
(9) Sweating and Heating 受潮受热
(10) Rusting 锈损
(11) Hook Damage 钩损
2. Specific Extraneous Risks 特殊外来风险
(1) War 战争
(2) strikes 罢工
(3) Violent Theft by Persons 暴力盗窃
(4) Piracy 海盗行为
(5) Negligence or Barratry of the Master and Mariners 船长或船员的过失或恶意行为
(6) Jettison 抛弃
三、实际全损又称绝对全损(Absolute Total Loss),是指保险标的(船舶或货物)遭受保险承保范围内的风险而造成的全部灭失,或受损程度已使其失去原有形态和特性,以及无残余价值的一种实质性的物质型的损失。
ACTUAL TOTAL LOSS
Where the subject-matter insured is destroyed, or so damaged as to cease to be a
thing of the kind insured, or where the assured is irretrievably deprived thereof,
there is an actual total loss.
四、共同海损(General Average)
共同海损是指载货船舶在运输途中遇到危及船货的共同危险,船长为了挽救船舶和货物或使航程继续完成,有意且合理地作出的某些特殊牺牲或支出的一定的额外费用。
A general average loss is a loss caused by or directly consequential on a general
average act. It includes a general average expenditure as well as a general
average sacrifice.
五、 Principles of the Marine Insurance Contract
(一)、 Principle of the Utmost Good Faith最大诚信原则
(二)、Principle of Indemnity 补偿原则
(三)、Principle of Insurable Interest可保利益原则
(四)、 Principle of Subrogation代位求偿权
(五)、Principle of Proximate Cause近因原则
六、Name of Insurer 保险人名称
Name of Insured 被保险人名称
Subject Matter of Insurance 保险标的
Insured Value 保险价值
Sum Insured 保险金额
Coverage and Exclusion 保险责任和除外责任
Duration 保险期间
Premium 保险费
七、Scope or Coverage 平安险承保责任范围
1、被保险货物在运输途中由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水自然灾害造
成整批货物的全部损失或推定全损。
2、由于运输工具搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞、与流冰或其他物体碰撞,以及失火、爆炸意外事故造成货物的全部或部分损失。
3、在运输工具已经发生搁浅、触礁、沉没、焚毁意外事故的情况下,货物在此前后又在海上遭受恶劣气候、雷电、海啸等自然灾害所造成的部分损失。
4、在装卸或转运时由于一件或数件整件货物落海造成的全部或部分损失。
5、被保险人对遭受承保责任内危险的货物采取抢救、防止或减少货损的措施而支付的合理费用,但以不超过该批获救货物的保险金额为限。
6、运输工具遭遇海难后,在避难港由于卸货所引起的损失,以及在中途港或避难港由于卸货、存仓以及运送货物所发生的特别费用。
7、共同海损的牺牲、分摊和救助费用。
8、运输合同订有“船舶互撞责任”条款,根据该条款应由货方偿还船方的损失。
1. Free From Particular Average (F. P. A.)
This insurance covers:
(1)Total or Constructive Total Loss of the whole consignment hereby insured
caused in the course of transit by natural calamities-heavy weather, lightning,
tsunami, earthquake and flood. In case a constructive total loss is claimed for, the
Insured shall abandon to the Company the damaged goods and all his rights and
title pertaining thereto. The goods on each lighter to or from the seagoing vessel
shall be deemed a separate risk.
"Constructive Total Loss" refers to the loss where an actual total loss appears to
be unavoidable or the cost to be incurred in recovering or reconditioning the
goods together with the forwarding cost to the destination named in the Policy
would exceed their value on arrival.
(2)Total or Partial Loss caused by accidents-the carrying conveyance being
grounded. stranded ,sunk or in collision with floating ice or other objects and fire
or explosion.
(3)Partial loss of the insured goods attributable to heavy weather, lightning
and/or tsunami, where the conveyance has been grounded, stranded. sunk or
burnt, irrespective of whether the event or events took place before or after such
accidents.
(4)Partial or total loss consequent on falling of entire package or packages into
sea during loading transhipment or discharge.
(5)Reasonable cost incurred by the Insured in salvaging the goods or averting
or minimizing a loss recoverable under the Policy provided that such cost shall
not exceed the sum Insured of the consignment so saved.
(6)Losses attributable to discharge of the insured goods at a port of distress
following a sea peril as well as special charges arising from loading. warehousing
and forwarding of the goods at an intermediate port of call or refuge.