10个换热实例
- 格式:doc
- 大小:365.50 KB
- 文档页数:13
HTRI设计实例-最实用的初学者入门教材目录第1章前言........ 错误!未定义书签。
课题研究背景及意义...................... 错误!未定义书签。
换热器简介.............................. 错误!未定义书签。
换热器分类........................... 错误!未定义书签。
管壳式换热器的结构和使用特点......... 错误!未定义书签。
第2章冷凝器设计........ 错误!未定义书签。
冷凝器选型.............................. 错误!未定义书签。
饱和蒸汽冷凝......................... 错误!未定义书签。
含不凝气的冷凝冷却过程............... 错误!未定义书签。
安装注意事项......................... 错误!未定义书签。
冷凝器设计依据.......................... 错误!未定义书签。
管壳式冷凝器类型的选择............... 错误!未定义书签。
换热器合理压降的选择................. 错误!未定义书签。
工艺条件经验温度的选择............... 错误!未定义书签。
管长................................. 错误!未定义书签。
管径与管壁........................... 错误!未定义书签。
折流板圆缺高度....................... 错误!未定义书签。
折流板间距........................... 错误!未定义书签。
密封条............................... 错误!未定义书签。
HTRI设计判据 ........................... 错误!未定义书签。
管壳侧流速(velocity) ................. 错误!未定义书签。
换热器计算实例范文换热器是一种用于将热量从一个物体传递到另一个物体的设备。
它在许多工业和日常应用中广泛使用,如锅炉系统、空调系统、汽车发动机等。
本文将通过一个实际的案例来说明如何计算换热器的设计参数。
假设我们需要设计一个用于汽车发动机冷却的换热器。
汽车发动机在运行过程中会产生大量的热量,如果不及时散热,将会导致发动机过热,甚至损坏。
因此,冷却系统是汽车发动机非常重要的一部分。
第一步是确定设计参数。
我们需要知道发动机的最大功率和最大工作温度,以及冷却系统的工作条件,如冷却液的进口温度和出口温度。
假设发动机最大功率为100kW,最大工作温度为100°C。
冷却液的进口温度为80°C,出口温度为90°C。
根据这些参数,我们可以计算出需从发动机散热的热量。
热量的传递可以通过换热器的有效面积来实现。
根据热传递定律,热量传递速率与温度差和有效传热面积成正比。
我们可以使用以下公式计算热量传递速率:Q=U×A×ΔT其中,Q为热量传递速率,U为换热系数,A为有效传热面积,ΔT为温度差。
第二步是选择适当的换热器类型。
根据具体的应用要求和可用条件,可以选择不同类型的换热器,如壳管式换热器、板式换热器等。
在汽车发动机冷却系统中,常用的是壳管式换热器,因为它具有良好的热传导性能和可靠性。
第三步是计算换热系数。
换热系数是一个重要的设计参数,它反映了热量传递的效率。
换热系数取决于换热器的结构和材料,以及流体的性质和流动速度。
根据经验公式,壳管式换热器的换热系数可估算为:U=k×ΔTm其中,k为换热系数的经验常数,ΔTm为平均温差。
第四步是计算有效传热面积。
根据前面的公式,我们可以把热量传递速率和换热系数代入,得到:A=Q/(U×ΔT)最后一步是进行换热器的选型和设计。
根据上述计算结果,我们可以选择适当的壳管式换热器,并确定其设计参数,如管道的数量和长度,管径等。
对流换热计算实例流体换热计算是热工领域的重要内容,用于确定流体在换热过程中的温度、压力、质量流率等参数。
在实际工程中,流体换热计算非常常见,例如工业炉窑、蒸汽发生器、冷却系统等。
为了更好地理解流体换热的计算过程,本文将结合一个实例详细介绍流体换热计算的方法。
假设我们有一个工业加热炉,需要将水加热至80℃,加热炉内的炉温为1200℃。
加热炉的换热面积为10平方米,水的流量为2吨/小时。
我们需要计算加热炉所需要的燃料消耗量,以及加热时间。
首先,我们需要确定热传导的热阻系数。
常见的热阻系数有热传导、对流和辐射三种,对流热阻在实际工程中通常占较大比例。
在这个加热炉内,水的对流热阻决定了水的加热速率。
通常情况下,对流热阻可以通过德拜数来估算。
德拜数是一个无量纲的数学指标,表示流体内部的对流热阻。
对于液体流动,德拜数的计算公式如下:Nuer = (ρ·V·l)/k其中,Nuer为德拜数,ρ为液体的密度,V为液体的流速,l为热交换器的特征尺寸,k为液体的导热系数。
根据问题中的数据,水的密度为1000 kg/m³,流速为2吨/小时,特征尺寸为10平方米,导热系数为0.6 W/(m·K),则德拜数的计算结果为:得到德拜数后,可以应用不同的换热关联式计算对流传热系数。
以Dittus-Boelter关联式为例,可以根据德拜数来计算对流传热系数:Nu = 0.023 × Nuer^0.8 × Pr^0.4其中,Nu为对流传热系数,Pr为普朗特数。
根据实际流体的特性,可以选择特定的对流传热关联式。
在本例中,我们假设水为普通流体,通常情况下普朗特数在6到20之间。
这里我们取Pr为10,根据Dittus-Boelter关联式得到对流传热系数Nu:得到对流传热系数Nu后,可以利用传热公式计算热交换率。
Q=h×A×ΔT其中,Q为热交换率,h为对流传热系数,A为换热面积,ΔT为温度差。
the devel opme nt, is t he key to promoti ng the rule of law. The law may affect the efficiency of out of the path of deve lopme nt will be m ore smooth, won devel opme nt gains will be sustained, a nd end with greater efficiency. Lea ding cadres at all level s shoul d take the lead in re spe ct of law la w, a bide by, and actively fost er Socialist culture, actively promoti ng the field of multi-level governa nce accor ding t o law, gui de the masses and consciously abide by t he la w, failing t o find law, solve the problem by la w, i n accor dance wit h the law preva il. XXX admi nistration by law of leadi ng ca dres do not exist on t he rul e of la w, law enforceme nt, ca sual, and vow not t o invest ors, t he new scores and other turmoil. T hese im portant ex positions on my distri ct create g ood development e nvironme nt with highly targeted and gui dance, especially t he General Se cretary pointe d out that t he chaos in my area al so exist s to varying degree s, some eve n quite seri ous. Leadi ng ca dres at all l evels must improve t he development envir onme nt of rule of law as a fundamental task, a dhere t o the pr oblem oriente d, sol id and solve the probl ems in the constr uction of rule of law, to r ule the new effect for devel opme nt environment impr ovements. To hold "key minority". Leaders of this gr oup, although few i n num ber, but the effect is critical. If a local lea ders take the lead right a ccordi ng to law, i n accor dance with t he law, the local CPPCC fresh, pragmatic and efficient development e nvironme nt. Converse ly, if a local leaders of ignoring the la w, impunit y, not only t he political e nvironment will be destr oyed, will have seri ous implicati ons for the dev elopment envir onment. Now, some leadi ng ca dres la ck of awarene ss on the importance of lear ning, t hat learn or not does not matter. T hink efficie ncy is t oo low too m uch, act a ccor ding to t he pr oce dure, t han a n executive order getting al ong wit h. In deali ng with complex issues, often speak of "settling" and "done"; on the i ssue of handli ng letters and visits, like to spe ndmoney and buy stop a nd stable, but di sregard the law admi nistration, in accor dance wit h the la w, the r ulechain do l ong, a nd put scale big. To serve the devel opment of enterprises. Duocuo simulta neously impr oving se rvice efficie ncy, build better publi c servi ces platform, e nha nce w ork efficiency, initiative to hel p businesse s solve t he pr oject procedures, f ina nci ng loa ns, issue s such a s land-use a pproval, re duce operating costs, busine ss travel light and enha nce the confide nce t o overcome all kinds of difficulties a nd the Foundati on, real e ntrepre neuri al passion play entre preneurship, e nhance the internal v itality and creativity. SI XING an construction, prom oting the r ule of la w, tries to make the transformation of forest develo pment XI Ge neral Secretary stre sse d, to reinvig orate Nort heast China, optimize d devel opme nt environment is very im portant. E nvironm ent of rule of law most gather Moss, the most conducive t o devel opme nt. Improvi ng the lea ding cadres ' usi ng the method of th oug ht andthe rule of law Admini stration w ork, pr oblem-solving, t he ability to pr omote the devel opment, i s the key to promoti ng the r ule of law. T he law may affect the efficie ncy of out of the pat h of devel opme nt will be more sm ooth, won devel opme nt gains will b e sustaine d, and end wit h greater efficie ncy. Lea ding cadres at a ll levels should take t he lea d in respe ct of law la w, abi de by, a nd a ctively foster Socialist culture, actively promoti ng the fiel d of multi-l evel gover nance accor ding to la w, g uide t he masse s and consci ously abide by the law, faili ng to find law, solve t he pr obl em by law, in a ccordance with t he law prevail. XXX admi nistration by law of lea ding cadres do not exist on t he rule of law, la w enfor cement, casual, and vow not to i nvestors, the new score s and other turmoil. The se important expositions on my distri ct create g ood devel opme nt environment wit h hig hly targeted nd gui dance, e spe cially the Ge neral Secretary poi nted out that the chaos in my area also exists to varyi ng degre es,some eve n quite seri ous. Lea ding cadre s at all level s must impr ove the devel opment environment of rule of law a s a fundame ntal task, a dhere t o the problem ori ented, soli d and solve the problems i n the construction of rul e of la w, to r ule the new effect for devel opm ent e nvironment impr ovements. To hold "key minority". Lea ders of this group, although few in numbe r, but the effect is criti cal. If a l ocal l eaders take the lea d right a ccordi ng to la w, in a ccorda nce with t he la w, the l oca l CPPCC fresh, pragmatic a nd efficie nt devel opme nt envir onment. Conversel y, if a local lea ders of ignori ng the law, impunity, not only t he political environment w ill be destroye d, w ill have serious impl ications for t he development envir onme nt. Now, some l eadi ng ca dres la ck of aware ness on t he importance of lear ning, that lear n or not does not matter. Thi nk efficiency is too l ow too much, a ct according to t he pr oce dur e, t han an executive order getting al ong with. In dealing with complex i ssue s, ofte n speak of "settling" and "done"; on the i ssue of handli ng letters and visits, like to spe nd money and buy stop and stable, but disregard the law administration, i n accor dan ce with t he law, the rul一、套管换热器的原理及应用实例分析将先进的热管技术和热管换热设备应用于热能回收领域具有其他传统换热技术和设备无法比拟的独特优点,热管技术推动了热回收行业的技术进步,与此同时,热回收领域的许多难题及需要又反过来促进了热管技术、热管产业的发展。
板式换热器选型计算书目录1、目录12、选型公式23、选型实例一(水-水)34、选型实例二(汽-水)45、选型实例三(油-水)56、选型实例四(麦芽汁-水)67、附表一(空调采暖,水-水)78、附表二(空调采暖,汽-水)89、附表三(卫生热水,水-水)910、附表四(卫生热水,汽-水)1011、附表五(散热片采暖,水-水)1112、附表六(散热片采暖,汽-水)12板式换热器选型计算1、选型公式a 、热负荷计算公式:Q=cm Δt其中:Q=热负荷(kcal/h )、c —介质比热(Kcal/ Kg.℃)、m —介质质量流量(Kg/h )、Δt —介质进出口温差(℃)(注:m 、Δt 、c 为同侧参数) ※水的比热为1.0 Kcal/ Kg.℃ b 、换热面积计算公式:A=Q/K.Δt m其中:A —换热面积(m 2)、K —传热系数(Kcal/ m 2.℃) Δt m —对数平均温差 K 值表:板间流速一般在15m/s 以内时可按上表取值)Δt max -Δt minT1Δt max Δt minΔt max 为(T1-T2’)和(T1’-T2Δt min 为(T1-T2’)和(T1’-T2c 、板间流速计算公式:Ln Δt m =q T2 V=A S n其中V—板间流速(m/s)、q----体积流量(注意单位转换,m3/h – m3/s)、A S—单通道截面积(具体见下表)、n—流道数2、板式换热器整机技术参数表:型号说明:BR0.3-1.0-9-E表示波形为人字形、单板公称换热面积0.3m2、设计压力1.0Mpa、垫片材质EPDM、总换热面积为9 m2板式换热器。
注:以上选型计算方法适用于本公司生产的板式换热器。
选型实例一(卫生热水用:水-水)1、使用参数一次水进水温度:90℃一次水流量:50m3/h一次水出水温度:70℃二次水进水温度:10℃二次水流量:20m3/h二次水出水温度:60℃2、热负荷Q=cmΔt=1×50×1000×(90-70)=1,000,000Kcal/h3、初选换热面积平均温差Δt m=(70-10)-(90-60)/ ln(70-10)/(90-60)=43.3℃传热系数取K=3000K cal/h·℃面积A=Q/K.Δt m=1,000,000/3000×43.3=7.7m2取设计余量17%(如介质比较洁净不易结垢,设计余量可偏小些。
蒸汽换热空气换热面积计算实例蒸汽换热和空气换热是工业中最常见的热交换方式。
在设计这些系统时,需要确定换热器所需的换热面积。
本文将为读者介绍蒸汽换热和空气换热的换热面积计算实例。
蒸汽换热的面积计算蒸汽换热器是将高温高压蒸汽传热至低温水等流体或介质的机器。
在蒸汽换热的系统中,通常需要计算两种不同流体之间的热传递系数(U值)和两者之间的温差。
U值是根据换热器的几何形状、材料、流体传热情况等因素计算得出的参数。
蒸汽换热器的面积计算可以根据以下公式进行计算:Q = U × A × ΔT其中,Q为传热功率(单位为W),U为传热系数(单位为W/m2•K),A为换热面积(单位为m2),ΔT为两个介质之间的温差(单位为K)。
以具体的实例来说,某个蒸汽换热器需要传递800kW 的热能,U值为400W/m2•K,ΔT为50K。
将这些数值代入公式可以计算出换热器的换热面积:A = Q / (U × ΔT) = 800,000 / (400 × 50) = 40因此,该蒸汽换热器的换热面积为40平方米。
空气换热的面积计算空气换热器是将室外的空气通过换热过滤器送至室内进行空气换热的净化设备。
在计算空气换热器的换热面积时需要计算两种空气(即室内空气和室外空气)之间的传热系数和各个空气的流量。
与蒸汽换热器相比,空气换热器的U值通常较小,常数为30-150W/m2•K。
空气换热器的面积计算可以根据以下公式进行计算:Q = U × A × ΔT × F其中,Q为传热功率(单位为W),U为传热系数(单位为W/m2•K),A为换热面积(单位为m2),ΔT为两个介质之间的温差(单位为K),F是空气流量(单位为m3/h)。
以具体的实例来说,某个空气换热器需要传递6000m3/h的空气,U值为100W/m2•K,ΔT为25K。
将这些数值代入公式可以计算出换热器的换热面积:A = Q / (U × ΔT × F) = (6000 × 1.2 ×1.226) × (25 / 100) / (100 × 1.2) ≈ 60.8因此,该空气换热器的换热面积为60.8平方米。
工业中的传热及换热方法一、工业中传热过程及其应用热量传递过程,简称传热,它是指不同温度的两个物体之间或同一物体的两个不同温度部位之间的所进行的热的传递,是自然界和工程技术领域中极为普遍的一种能量传递过程。
在食品工业上,大多数食品物料的加工都需要控制在一定的温度条件下进行,为了达到或保持所需要的温度,通常需要对物料进行加热或冷却。
这种热量交换作为单元操作,可与其他的单元操作结合在一起,或作为其他单元操作的一部分进行。
对食品进行加热、冷却等,起到杀菌、抑菌,钝化酶的活性,便于保藏;食品原料在加工中完成生化变化;液体食品的浓缩、干制食品的脱水等均离不开传热。
根据目的不同,传热过程在工业生产中的应用主要有以下两个方面。
1、强化传热过程希望在单位时间内,单位传热面积上传递的热量越多越好。
要求设备传热性能良好,以达到挖掘传热设备的潜力或缩小设备的尺寸。
2、削弱传热过程当设备或管道的壁温高于或低于环境温度时,必将引起热量或冷量的交换而产生损失,这就需要保温,使单位时间,单位传热面积上传递的热量或冷量越少越好。
以达到减少热损失,节约能源,维持操作稳定,改善操作人员的劳动条件等。
二、工业中传热过程实例1.热杀菌在加工过程中的杀菌装置。
主要部件为管式热交换器,料液走内管,加热介质走内管外的环隙。
加热介质通过内管壁对料液进行加热,使料液温度升高到一定程度而达到杀菌目的。
2.保温图2是管道的保温。
在生产中,图1 UHT杀菌机组对于温度较高(或较低)的管道和反应器等高(低)温设备,需要采取绝热措施,其目的在于减少热(冷)量的损失,以提高换热操作的经济效益;可维护设备正常的操作温度,保证生产在规定的温度下进行;可降低车间的操作温度,改善劳动条件。
为此,在设备的外壁包上一层导热系数较小的绝热材料,用于增加热阻,减少设备外壁面上与周围环境的热交换。
图2 管道保温图三、自然界中传热的基本方式热量的传递是由于物体内部或物体之间的温度不同而引起的。
10平方换热器换热量一、了解10平方换热器的基本概念10平方换热器,顾名思义,是指换热面积为10平方米的换热设备。
广泛应用于暖通空调、化工、冶金、船舶等领域,主要用于实现两种流体间的热量传递。
二、分析10平方换热器的换热量计算方法1.换热量Q=热流密度×换热面积×换热系数2.热流密度:根据流体的比热容、温度差和质量流量计算3.换热系数:与流体性质、换热器材料、换热器形式等因素有关4.实例计算:假设水侧热流密度为100kW/m,换热系数为200W/(m·K),则10平方换热器的换热量为:Q=100kW/m×10m×200W/(m·K)=20000W三、探讨影响10平方换热器换热效果的因素1.换热器材料:材料导热系数、耐腐蚀性、成本等2.换热器形式:管壳式、板式、螺旋板式等,不同形式换热器具有不同换热效果3.流体性质:流体比热容、粘度、密度等,影响换热系数4.换热器表面清洁度:清洁度越高,换热效果越好5.流动状态:层流与紊流,紊流换热效果更好四、提供提高10平方换热器换热效果的建议1.选择适宜的换热器材料和形式2.优化流体流程,减小流动阻力3.定期清洗换热器表面,保持清洁4.采用强化传热技术,如翅片、湍流促进器等5.控制换热器进出口温差,避免过大温差导致的换热效率下降五、总结10平方换热器在实际应用中的优势与局限优势:1.结构紧凑,占地面积小2.换热效率较高,节能效果显著3.适应性强,可用于多种工况局限:1.换热器材料和制造工艺要求较高,成本相对较高2.部分换热器形式存在泄漏风险3.清洗和维护较为繁琐,需定期检修以上就是关于10平方换热器的全面解析,希望对您有所帮助。
the devel opme nt, is t he key to promoti ng the rule of law. The law may affect the efficiency of out of the path of deve lopme nt will be m ore smooth, won devel opme nt gains will be sustained, a nd end with greater efficiency. Lea ding cadres at all level s shoul d take the lead in re spe ct of law la w, a bide by, and actively fost er Socialist culture, actively promoti ng the field of multi-level governa nce accor ding t o law, gui de the masses and consciously abide by t he la w, failing t o find law, solve the problem by la w, i n accor dance wit h the law preva il. XXX admi nistration by law of leadi ng ca dres do not exist on t he rul e of la w, law enforceme nt, ca sual, and vow not t o invest ors, t he new scores and other turmoil. T hese im portant ex positions on my distri ct create g ood development e nvironme nt with highly targeted and gui dance, especially t he General Se cretary pointe d out that t he chaos in my area al so exist s to varying degree s, some eve n quite seri ous. Leadi ng ca dres at all l evels must improve t he development envir onme nt of rule of law as a fundamental task, a dhere t o the pr oblem oriente d, sol id and solve the probl ems in the constr uction of rule of law, to r ule the new effect for devel opme nt environment impr ovements. To hold "key minority". Leaders of this gr oup, although few i n num ber, but the effect is critical. If a local lea ders take the lead right a ccordi ng to law, i n accor dance with t he law, the local CPPCC fresh, pragmatic and efficient development e nvironme nt. Converse ly, if a local leaders of ignoring the la w, impunit y, not only t he political e nvironment will be destr oyed, will have seri ous implicati ons for the dev elopment envir onment. Now, some leadi ng ca dres la ck of awarene ss on the importance of lear ning, t hat learn or not does not matter. T hink efficie ncy is t oo low too m uch, act a ccor ding to t he pr oce dure, t han a n executive order getting al ong wit h. In deali ng with complex issues, often speak of "settling" and "done"; on the i ssue of handli ng letters and visits, like to spe ndmoney and buy stop a nd stable, but di sregard the law admi nistration, in accor dance wit h the la w, the r ulechain do l ong, a nd put scale big. To serve the devel opment of enterprises. Duocuo simulta neously impr oving se rvice efficie ncy, build better publi c servi ces platform, e nha nce w ork efficiency, initiative to hel p businesse s solve t he pr oject procedures, f ina nci ng loa ns, issue s such a s land-use a pproval, re duce operating costs, busine ss travel light and enha nce the confide nce t o overcome all kinds of difficulties a nd the Foundati on, real e ntrepre neuri al passion play entre preneurship, e nhance the internal v itality and creativity. SI XING an construction, prom oting the r ule of la w, tries to make the transformation of forest develo pment XI Ge neral Secretary stre sse d, to reinvig orate Nort heast China, optimize d devel opme nt environment is very im portant. E nvironm ent of rule of law most gather Moss, the most conducive t o devel opme nt. Improvi ng the lea ding cadres ' usi ng the method of th oug ht andthe rule of law Admini stration w ork, pr oblem-solving, t he ability to pr omote the devel opment, i s the key to promoti ng the r ule of law. T he law may affect the efficie ncy of out of the pat h of devel opme nt will be more sm ooth, won devel opme nt gains will b e sustaine d, and end wit h greater efficie ncy. Lea ding cadres at a ll levels should take t he lea d in respe ct of law la w, abi de by, a nd a ctively foster Socialist culture, actively promoti ng the fiel d of multi-l evel gover nance accor ding to la w, g uide t he masse s and consci ously abide by the law, faili ng to find law, solve t he pr obl em by law, in a ccordance with t he law prevail. XXX admi nistration by law of lea ding cadres do not exist on t he rule of law, la w enfor cement, casual, and vow not to i nvestors, the new score s and other turmoil. The se important expositions on my distri ct create g ood devel opme nt environment wit h hig hly targeted nd gui dance, e spe cially the Ge neral Secretary poi nted out that the chaos in my area also exists to varyi ng degre es,some eve n quite seri ous. Lea ding cadre s at all level s must impr ove the devel opment environment of rule of law a s a fundame ntal task, a dhere t o the problem ori ented, soli d and solve the problems i n the construction of rul e of la w, to r ule the new effect for devel opm ent e nvironment impr ovements. To hold "key minority". Lea ders of this group, although few in numbe r, but the effect is criti cal. If a l ocal l eaders take the lea d right a ccordi ng to la w, in a ccorda nce with t he la w, the l oca l CPPCC fresh, pragmatic a nd efficie nt devel opme nt envir onment. Conversel y, if a local lea ders of ignori ng the law, impunity, not only t he political environment w ill be destroye d, w ill have serious impl ications for t he development envir onme nt. Now, some l eadi ng ca dres la ck of aware ness on t he importance of lear ning, that lear n or not does not matter. Thi nk efficiency is too l ow too much, a ct according to t he pr oce dur e, t han an executive order getting al ong with. In dealing with complex i ssue s, ofte n speak of "settling" and "done"; on the i ssue of handli ng letters and visits, like to spe nd money and buy stop and stable, but disregard the law administration, i n accor dan ce with t he law, the rul一、套管换热器的原理及应用实例分析将先进的热管技术和热管换热设备应用于热能回收领域具有其他传统换热技术和设备无法比拟的独特优点,热管技术推动了热回收行业的技术进步,与此同时,热回收领域的许多难题及需要又反过来促进了热管技术、热管产业的发展。