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竞争的英语作文Title: The Dynamics of Competition。
Competition is an inherent aspect of human society, permeating various aspects of life, from academic pursuits to professional endeavors and even personal relationships. Its presence often ignites a drive for improvement, innovation, and excellence. In this essay, I will delveinto the multifaceted nature of competition, its impacts on individuals and society, and the strategies for effectively navigating its challenges.To begin with, competition serves as a catalyst for growth and development. It pushes individuals out of their comfort zones, compelling them to strive for greater achievements. In academic settings, for instance, competition among students fosters a culture of academic excellence, encouraging them to study harder, think critically, and perform better. Similarly, in the professional realm, competition drives innovation andefficiency as businesses vie for market dominance.Moreover, competition cultivates essential life skills such as resilience, perseverance, and adaptability. The journey of competing, whether it be in sports, academics, or career advancement, is fraught with obstacles and setbacks. However, it is through overcoming these challenges that individuals hone their abilities to bounce back from failure, learn from mistakes, and adapt their strategies for future endeavors. Consequently, competition not only spurs personal growth but also equips individuals with the tools necessary to navigate the complexities of life.Nevertheless, the omnipresence of competition also poses certain challenges, particularly in its potential to breed negative outcomes such as stress, anxiety, and unhealthy rivalries. The pressure to outperform peers or meet societal expectations can take a toll on one's mental and emotional well-being. Moreover, intense competition may lead to unethical behavior, such as cheating or sabotage, as individuals prioritize winning at all costs. Therefore,it is imperative to strike a balance between healthy competition and its adverse effects, promoting a culture of fairness, integrity, and mutual respect.In a broader societal context, competition plays a pivotal role in driving progress and innovation. The competitive marketplace incentivizes businesses to continuously improve products and services, driving economic growth and prosperity. Furthermore, competition fosters diversity and inclusion by providing opportunities for individuals from diverse backgrounds to showcase their talents and contribute to the collective advancement of society.To effectively navigate the complexities of competition, individuals must adopt a strategic approach that encompasses both personal development and ethical conduct. Firstly, cultivating a growth mindset is essential, wherein individuals view challenges as opportunities for learning and improvement rather than insurmountable obstacles.Setting realistic goals, maintaining a strong work ethic, and seeking constructive feedback are also integralcomponents of success in competitive environments.Furthermore, fostering a supportive network of peers, mentors, and allies can provide invaluable guidance and encouragement along the journey of competition. Collaboration and cooperation, even amidst competition, can lead to mutually beneficial outcomes and foster a sense of camaraderie rather than cutthroat rivalry.In conclusion, competition is a ubiquitous force that shapes human interactions and drives progress in various spheres of life. While it can serve as a powerful motivator for growth and achievement, it also poses challenges that require careful navigation. By fostering a culture of integrity, resilience, and collaboration, individuals and societies can harness the transformative power of competition for the greater good.。
竞争与合作的关系高中生英语作文Title: The Relationship between Competition and CooperationCompetition and cooperation are two essential aspects of human interaction that often seem to be at odds with each other.However, upon closer examination, it becomes apparent that they are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary.In fact, the relationship between competition and cooperation is a delicate balance that can lead to personal and collective growth.Competition is the driving force behind progress and innovation.It encourages individuals to strive for excellence, push their boundaries, and develop their unique skills.In a competitive environment, people are motivated to achieve more, which ultimately leads to better outcomes.However, excessive competition can also lead to negative consequences such as stress, anxiety, and a win-at-all-costs mentality.On the other hand, cooperation is the glue that holds communities and societies together.It promotes teamwork, empathy, and a sense of unity.Through cooperation, individuals can share knowledge, resources, and experiences, leading to mutual growth and success.Cooperation fosters trust and respect, which are essential for maintaining harmonious relationships.However, too much cooperation can sometimes result in complacency and a lack of initiative.The relationship between competition and cooperation can be bestunderstood as a yin and yang dynamic.While they have distinct characteristics, they rely on each other to achieve balance and effectiveness.In a healthy environment, competition inspires individuals to strive for excellence, while cooperation ensures that these achievements benefit the whole community.For example, in the business world, companies compete with each other to offer better products and services.This competition drives innovation and efficiency.However, cooperation is also necessary for companies to share best practices, form strategic partnerships, and collectively address industry challenges.Similarly, in education, students compete to achieve higher grades and test scores.This competition encourages them to study harder and develop their skills.At the same time, cooperation among students is essential for group projects, study groups, and sharing educational resources.In conclusion, competition and cooperation are not opposing forces but rather two sides of the same coin.They work together to foster personal growth, innovation, and collective success.By striking a balance between competition and cooperation, we can create a harmonious and productive environment that benefits everyone.。
Listen and interpret the following conversation alternatively into English and Chinese:A: 罗伯茨先生，很高兴再次见到您。
有什么需要我做的吗? I'm so happy to see you again , Mr. Roberts. May 1 help you in some way?B: Hi , Miss Chen, it's been ten months since 1 left China.1 would like to discuss with you the possibilities of establishing a joint venture with your company to manufacture cordless(无电线的)phones and mobile phones.A: 好极了。
您的投资意向是明智的。
我公司也正在寻求外资，合办一家生产元绳电话和移动电话的制造公司，您的提议很好。
罗伯茨先生，我还记得一年前曾同您讨论过有关外国在华投资的事情。
That's great. Your investment proposal(提议;建议;求婚)is a very wise decision. Our company is also seeking foreign investment in a manufacturing company for cordless and mobile phones. Your initiative is most welcome. 1 remember talking to you about the matter of foreign investment in China a year ago, Mr.Roberts.B: Yes, you did a good job. The whole idea of my investing in a joint enterprise with your company is the direct result of your wonderful lecture(演讲). Your answers were direct and honest. And your, explanations were sincere and persuasive.May 1 get on China's economic express train and share your economic gains? 是的，那次你谈得很好。
一体化发展英语Title: The Integration of Economies for Comprehensive DevelopmentIn the ever-evolving landscape of global economics, the concept of integration has emerged as a critical strategy for achieving comprehensive development. Economic integration refers to the process whereby nations or regions come together to form a unified economic system, characterized by free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor. This approach not only fosters trade and investment but also promotes mutual growth, innovation, and sustainability.The European Union (EU) is a prime example of successful economic integration. By eliminating barriers to trade and implementing common policies in areas such as agriculture, fisheries, and regional development, the EU has created an internal market that allows for the free flow of goods and services. This integration has led to increased competition, efficiency, and productivity, ultimately benefiting consumers and businesses alike.Beyond the EU, other regional blocs such as ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), and MERCOSUR (Common Market of the South) have also embraced economic integration as a means to enhance their collective competitiveness and promote balanced development.However, economic integration is not without its challenges. Disparities in economic development levels, political stability, and cultural differences can create tensions and obstacles to progress. Moreover, the global nature of supply chains and the interdependence of national economies make them vulnerable to shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the need for resilient and diversified economic structures.To navigate these challenges, integrated economies must prioritize cooperation, transparency, and shared governance. Investments in infrastructure, technology, and human capital are essential to ensure that all members of the integration process benefit equitably. Furthermore, a commitment to sustainable development practices and social protections can help mitigate the negative impacts of economic integration on vulnerable populations.In conclusion, the integration of economies represents a powerful pathway towards comprehensive development. By breaking down barriers and fostering collaboration, nations can achieve shared prosperity and resilience. Yet, this journey requires careful planning, adaptive strategies, and a steadfast commitment to the principles of fairness and sustainability. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the pursuit of integrated economic systems will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of global development agendas.。
竞争与合作英文作文Title: Balancing Competition and Cooperation。
Competition and cooperation are two fundamental aspects of human interaction, influencing various spheres of life from economics and politics to social relationships and personal development. While competition drives innovation and progress, cooperation fosters harmony and collective achievement. Finding the delicate balance between these two forces is crucial for sustainable growth and mutual prosperity.In the realm of business and economics, competition fuels dynamism and efficiency. In a competitive market, businesses strive to outperform each other, leading to improved products, services, and cost-effectiveness. This relentless pursuit of excellence drives innovation and technological advancement, benefiting consumers and society as a whole. However, unchecked competition can also breed hostility and unethical practices, undermining trust anddamaging long-term sustainability.Conversely, cooperation plays a vital role in fostering mutual understanding and achieving shared goals. Collaboration among individuals, organizations, and nations promotes synergy and collective problem-solving. Through cooperation, resources are pooled, risks are mitigated, and complex challenges are tackled more effectively. Moreover, cooperation fosters goodwill and strengthens social bonds, laying the foundation for peaceful coexistence and sustainable development. Yet, excessive reliance on cooperation without healthy competition can lead to complacency and inefficiency, stifling innovation and hindering progress.The balance between competition and cooperation is particularly evident in international relations. Nations compete for power, resources, and influence on the global stage, driving geopolitical dynamics and shaping the course of history. However, they also recognize the imperative of cooperation in addressing common threats and challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and terrorism.International organizations and diplomatic initiativesserve as platforms for both competition and cooperation, where countries negotiate and collaborate to pursue their interests while upholding collective security and prosperity.At the societal level, competition and cooperationshape interpersonal relationships and community dynamics.In education, for example, healthy competition motivates students to excel academically and develop valuable skills. However, fostering a cooperative learning environment is equally important, where students collaborate on projects, share knowledge, and support each other's growth. Similarly, in sports and recreational activities, competition adds excitement and intensity, while cooperation promotes teamwork and sportsmanship.In conclusion, competition and cooperation are integral facets of human interaction, each contributing to the richness and complexity of our social fabric. While competition drives innovation, efficiency, and individual achievement, cooperation fosters synergy, harmony, andcollective progress. Balancing these forces requires mindful navigation, recognizing when to compete and when to collaborate to maximize outcomes for individuals, organizations, and society as a whole. By embracing the complementary nature of competition and cooperation, we can build a more resilient, prosperous, and harmonious worldfor future generations.。
合作的作文英语In the modern world, collaboration has become an essential component of success in various fields. Whether it's in the corporate world, academia, or even in our personal lives, the ability to work together with others is a skill that can lead to remarkable achievements. Here's a composition on the importance of cooperation:The Power of CooperationIn the vast tapestry of human endeavors, cooperation standsout as a thread that weaves together the fabric of success.It is the glue that binds individuals, teams, and even nations, fostering a spirit of unity and mutual benefit. This essay aims to explore the significance of cooperation and how it can propel us towards greater heights.The Essence of CooperationCooperation is the act of working together towards a common goal. It involves a willingness to share ideas, resources,and effort to achieve a shared objective. Unlike competition, which often pits individuals against one another, cooperation encourages a sense of community and collective responsibility.Benefits of Cooperation1. Enhanced Creativity: When individuals from diverse backgrounds collaborate, they bring unique perspectives and ideas to the table. This diversity fuels creativity and innovation, leading to solutions that might not have been possible through individual efforts alone.2. Efficiency: Working together allows for the division of labor, where each person can focus on their strengths. This specialization can lead to increased efficiency and productivity.3. Problem Solving: Challenges often require a multifaceted approach. By pooling knowledge and skills, a cooperative team can tackle complex problems more effectively than an individual could.4. Learning: Cooperation is a dynamic learning environment. As team members interact, they learn from one another, enhancing their own skills and understanding.5. Building Trust: Trust is the cornerstone of any successful collaboration. Through cooperation, individuals can build trust, which in turn strengthens relationships and fosters a supportive environment.Challenges in CooperationWhile cooperation offers numerous benefits, it is not without its challenges. Miscommunication, differing expectations, and conflicts can arise. However, these obstacles can be overcomethrough clear communication, mutual respect, and a shared commitment to the common goal.ConclusionIn conclusion, cooperation is a powerful tool that can lead to remarkable outcomes. It transcends individual capabilities and harnesses the collective power of a group. By embracing cooperation, we can achieve more than we ever could alone, creating a legacy of success that benefits all involved.This composition highlights the importance of cooperation,its benefits, challenges, and the overall impact it has on achieving goals. It serves as a reminder that by working together, we can accomplish more than we can by working in isolation.。
竞争与合作英语作文Title: The Dynamic Interplay of Competition and Cooperation。
Competition and cooperation are two fundamental forces that shape human interactions, driving progress and innovation across various domains. While competition often evokes images of rivalry and individualism, cooperation embodies collaboration and collective efforts towards common goals. Both elements play crucial roles in shaping societies, economies, and interpersonal relationships. In this essay, we will delve into the intricate relationship between competition and cooperation, exploring how they coexist and influence each other in different contexts.First and foremost, competition serves as a catalystfor growth and improvement. Whether in sports, academia, or business, competition pushes individuals and organizations to strive for excellence, driving innovation and pushing boundaries. In the business world, for instance,competition fosters market dynamics that incentivize companies to innovate, improve efficiency, and deliver better products and services to consumers. The relentless pursuit of competitive advantage fuels economic growth and technological advancement, benefitting society as a whole.However, competition alone can be counterproductive if it devolves into cutthroat rivalry and undermines cooperation. Excessive competition may lead to unethical practices, such as price-fixing or sabotage, ultimately harming both competitors and consumers. Moreover, in scenarios where resources are scarce, intense competition can breed hostility and conflict, impeding progress and cooperation. Therefore, striking a balance between healthy competition and cooperation is essential for sustainable development and harmonious coexistence.On the other hand, cooperation plays a vital role in fostering social cohesion and collective success. From small-scale community projects to large-scale international endeavors, cooperation enables individuals and groups to pool their resources, expertise, and efforts towards commonobjectives. Through cooperation, diverse perspectives are brought together, fostering creativity, problem-solving, and mutual understanding. In the face of global challenges such as climate change and pandemics, international cooperation is imperative for finding effective solutions that transcend borders and national interests.However, cooperation does not negate the importance of competition; rather, it complements it by fostering trust and interdependence among parties. In business, collaborative partnerships and alliances enable companies to leverage each other's strengths and resources, creating win-win scenarios that drive mutual growth. Similarly, in diplomacy, cooperative frameworks such as trade agreements and peace treaties help manage conflicts and promote stability in a world characterized by diverse interests and ideologies.Moreover, competition and cooperation are not mutually exclusive but often coexist within complex systems. Take the scientific community, for example. While scientists compete for grants, recognition, and prestigious awards,they also collaborate extensively through research partnerships, knowledge sharing, and peer review. This symbiotic relationship between competition and cooperation fuels scientific progress, leading to groundbreaking discoveries and technological advancements that benefit society.In conclusion, competition and cooperation are intertwined forces that shape human interactions and drive progress in various spheres of life. While competition fuels innovation and individual achievement, cooperation fosters collective success and social cohesion. Striking a balance between these two forces is essential for navigating the complexities of modern society, promoting sustainable development, and fostering a culture of mutual respect and understanding. By harnessing the synergies between competition and cooperation, we can build a more inclusive, equitable, and prosperous world for future generations.。
IntroductionIn the realm of sports, football and swimming stand as two distinct entities, each with its unique set of attributes, challenges, and rewards. Both are globally recognized, attracting millions of enthusiasts and professionals alike. Despite their apparent dissimilarities, both sports share a common denominator: they foster physical fitness, mental resilience, and social cohesion. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive, multi-faceted comparison of football and swimming, examining their inherent characteristics, skill requirements, health benefits, accessibility, and cultural significance.I. Nature and Dynamics of the SportsFootball, colloquially known as soccer in some regions, is an outdoor team sport played on a rectangular grass or artificial turf field. It involves two teams, each comprising eleven players, who compete to score goals by kicking a spherical ball into the opposing team's net. The game is characterized by its dynamic nature, with continuous movement, rapid transitions between offense and defense, and strategic interplay between teammates. Football is renowned for its fast-paced action, high-intensity bursts of speed, and the need for split-second decision-making.Swimming, on the other hand, is an individual or team water-based sport conducted in indoor or outdoor pools, open water venues, or even oceans. Swimmers propel themselves through water using various strokes such as freestyle, breaststroke, backstroke, and butterfly, competing in races ranging from short sprints to grueling long-distance events. Swimming is a rhythmic, low-impact sport that emphasizes technique, endurance, and mental fortitude. Its serene aquatic environment contrasts starkly with football's energetic, terrestrial setting.II. Skill Requirements and TrainingFootball demands a diverse range of skills, including ball control, passing, shooting, tackling, and positional awareness. Players must possess excellent physical attributes such as agility, speed, strength, and coordination. Moreover,football necessitates tactical understanding, teamwork, and the ability to read and adapt to evolving game situations. Regular training encompasses drills to enhance technical proficiency, physical conditioning, and tactical exercises designed to improve decision-making and team cohesion.Swimming, while less reliant on teamwork, requires a profound mastery of specific techniques for each stroke. Swimmers must hone their body position, breathing patterns, arm movements, and leg kicks to maximize efficiency and minimize drag. Endurance, both aerobic and anaerobic, is paramount, as are mental toughness and the ability to pace oneself effectively over different distances. Swim training involves a rigorous combination of pool workouts, dryland exercises for strength and flexibility, and underwater video analysis to refine technique.III. Health BenefitsBoth football and swimming offer a multitude of health benefits. Football, being a high-intensity intermittent exercise, effectively burns calories, improves cardiovascular health, enhances muscular strength and endurance, and promotes bone density. The sport also fosters agility, balance, and coordination, contributing to overall functional fitness. Moreover, the social aspect of football can boost mental health by reducing stress, fostering camaraderie, and enhancing self-esteem.Swimming, as a full-body workout, provides similar health advantages. It is particularly beneficial for cardiovascular health due to the constant resistance provided by water, which elevates heart rate without straining joints. Swimming also strengthens muscles, improves flexibility, and enhances posture. The low-impact nature of the sport makes it suitable for individuals across all ages and fitness levels, particularly those with injuries or joint issues. Like football, swimming can alleviate stress and promote mental well-being, with the added benefit of hydrotherapy's soothing effect on the mind and body.IV. Accessibility and InfrastructureFootball's global popularity and relatively simple equipment requirements—primarily a ball and appropriate footwear—make it highly accessible. Grassroots programs, community leagues, and public parks abound, offering opportunities for people from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds to engage in the sport. However, access to quality facilities, coaching, and competitive opportunities may vary significantly across regions.Swimming, while potentially more resource-intensive due to the need for specialized aquatic facilities, still maintains a wide reach. Public pools, community centers, and schools often provide affordable access to swimming lessons and recreational swim time. Moreover, swimming's life-saving aspect has led many countries to prioritize water safety education, further promoting its accessibility. Nevertheless, factors such as climate, seasonality, and geographical location can influence the ease with which individuals can participate in swimming.V. Cultural Significance and Global AppealFootball holds an unparalleled position in global culture, serving as a powerful unifier and a source of national pride. Major international tournaments like the FIFA World Cup and UEFA Champions League attract massive audiences and generate intense passion among fans worldwide. Football also plays a crucial role in community development, fostering social inclusion and providing opportunities for personal growth and empowerment.Swimming, while not as universally followed as football, enjoys significant cultural importance and global appeal. It is one of the few sports featured in every edition of the Olympic Games, reflecting its widespread recognition and respect. Moreover, swimming's lifesaving qualities and health benefits have contributed to its integration into many societies' educational curricula and public health initiatives. Notable swimming competitions like the FINA World Aquatics Championships and the International Swimming League showcase the sport's elite athletes and captivate audiences worldwide.ConclusionIn comparing football and swimming, it becomes evident that each sportpossesses a distinct character, allure, and set of challenges. Football, with its dynamic team play, fast-paced action, and strategic depth, caters to those who thrive on intense competition and collective endeavor. Swimming, on the other hand, offers a serene, technically focused pursuit that emphasizes individual mastery, endurance, and mental resilience. Both sports confer a wealth of health benefits, exhibit varying degrees of accessibility, and occupy significant positions within global culture. Ultimately, the choice between football and swimming depends on personal preferences, physical abilities, and the unique experiences each sport offers. Regardless of the choice, engaging in either sport promises a rewarding journey of physical, mental, and social enrichment.。
面对竞争作文英语Title: Embracing Competition: A Path to Growth。
In a world marked by constant evolution and advancement, competition is an inevitable reality. Whether in academics, sports, or professional endeavors, the presence of competition can either be daunting or invigorating. However, it is crucial to recognize that competition, far from being solely a source of stress, can serve as a catalyst for personal and collective growth.First and foremost, competition fosters innovation and excellence. When individuals or entities strive to outperform one another, they are compelled to push the boundaries of what is possible. This drive for innovation not only leads to the creation of groundbreaking technologies and methodologies but also enhances overall productivity and efficiency. For instance, in the realm of business, competition motivates companies to continuously improve their products and services to stay ahead of rivals,ultimately benefiting consumers through enhanced quality and affordability.Moreover, competition serves as a litmus test for one's abilities and skills. Engaging in competitive environments allows individuals to assess their strengths and weaknesses objectively. By identifying areas for improvement, individuals can embark on a journey of self-enhancement and skill development. For example, athletes participating in competitive sports often use defeats as learning opportunities, analyzing their performance to refine their techniques and strategies for future competitions. Thus, rather than being discouraged by setbacks, individuals should view them as stepping stones toward personal growth and mastery.Furthermore, competition cultivates resilience and perseverance. Success in any competitive arena is rarely attained without overcoming obstacles and setbacks. The journey toward victory is often fraught with challenges, failures, and moments of doubt. However, it is during these trying times that individuals discover the depth of theirresilience and the power of their determination. Overcoming adversity not only builds character but also equips individuals with invaluable life skills such as adaptability, perseverance, and emotional intelligence.Additionally, competition fosters a sense of community and collaboration. While the competitive spirit may fuel individual ambition, it also encourages cooperation and mutual support. In many instances, competitors form alliances, share resources, and exchange knowledge to collectively elevate the standards of performance within their respective fields. This spirit of collaboration not only enhances the overall level of competition but also fosters a culture of camaraderie and mutual respect. By recognizing that success is not a zero-sum game and that collaboration can lead to collective success, individuals can harness the power of competition to foster meaningful connections and collaborations.In conclusion, while competition may evoke feelings of apprehension or anxiety, it is essential to embrace it as a catalyst for growth and development. By fosteringinnovation, encouraging self-improvement, cultivating resilience, and promoting collaboration, competition propels individuals and societies toward greater heights of achievement. Rather than shying away from competition, we should embrace it as an opportunity to unleash our full potential and contribute to a world that thrives on excellence and progress.。
1 亚当·斯密的“有效需求”"Effectual Demand", in Adam Smith2 自回归综合移动平均模型ARIMA Models3 不在地主Absentee4 绝对地租Absolute Rent5 绝对的和可交换的价值Absolute and Exchangeable value6 国际收支的开支吸收分析法Absorption Approach to the Balance of Payments7 吸收能力Absorptive Capacity8 节欲Abstinence9 抽象劳动与具体劳动Abstract and Concrete Labour10 加速原理Acceleration Principle11 会计学与经济学Accounting and Economics12 私人和社会会计Accounting, Private and Social13 资本的积累Accumulation of Capital14 非循环性Acyclicity15 适应性预期Adaptice Expectation16 总额相符问题Adding-up Problem17 调整的成本Adjustment Cost18 调整过程与稳定性Adjustment Processes and Stability19 有管理的价格Administered Prices20 预付Advances21 逆选择Adverse Selection22 广告Advertising23 顾问Advisers24 人口老化Ageing Populations25 代理费Agency Costs26 生产要素Agents of Production27 总需求理论Aggregate Demand Theory28 总需求和总供给分析Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis29 总供给函数Aggregate Supply Function30 加总问题Aggregation Problem31 经济关系的总和Aggregation of Economic Relations32 农业经济学Agricultural Economics33 农业增长和人口变化Agricultural Growth and Population Change34 农产品供给Agricultural Supply35 农业与经济发展Agriculture and Economic Development36 农业与土地Agriculture and Land37 异化Alienation38 阿莱悖论Allais Paradox39 阿尔蒙滞后Almon Lag40 利他主义Altruism41 美国经济协会American Economic Association42 摊销Amortization43 类比Analogy44 无政府主义Anarchism45 反托拉斯政策Antitrust Policy46 适用技术Appropriate Technology47 套利Arbitrage48 套利定价理论Arbitrage Pricing Theory49 仲裁Arbitration50 军备竞赛Arms Races51 阿罗定理Arrow''s Theorem52 阿罗-德布勒一般均衡模型Arrow-Debren Model of General Equilibrium53 资产定价Asset Pricing54 资产与负债Assets and Liabilities55 指派问题Assignment Problems56 非对称信息Asymmetric Information57 原子状竞争Atomistic Competition58 拍卖者Auctioneer59 拍卖Auctions60 奥地利经济学派Austrian School of Economics61 自给自足Autarky62 自发支出Autonomous Expenditures63 自回归和移动平均时间序列过程Autoregressive and Moving-average Time-series Processes64 平均成本定价Average Cost Pricing65 阿弗奇一约翰逊效应Averch-Johnson effect66 公理化理论Axiomatic Theories67 交割延期费Backwardation68 落后性Backwardness69 贸易差额理论史Balance of Trade, History of The Theory70 平衡预算乘数Balanced Budget Maltiptier71 平衡增长Balanced Growth72 中央银行利率Bank Rate73 银行学派,通货学派,自由银行学派Banking School, Currency School, Free Banking School74 讨价还价(议价) Bargaining75 物物交换Barter76 物物交换和交易Barter and Exchange77 基本品和非基本品Basics and Non-Basics78 基点计价制Basing Point System79 杂牌凯恩斯主义Bastard Keynesianism80 贝叶斯推断Bayesian Inference81 以邻为整Beggar-the-neighbor82 行为经济学Behavioral Economics83 有偏和无偏的技术进步Biased and Unbiased technological Change84 出价Bidding85 双边垄断Bilateral Monopoly86 复本位制Bimetallism87 生物经济学Bioeconomics88 经济学在生物学中的应用Biological Applications of Economics89 伯明翰学派Birmingham School90 生死过程Birth-and-death Processes91 债券Bonds92 有限理性论Bounded Rationality93 资产阶级Bourgeoisie94 贿赂Bribery95 泡沫状态Bubbles96 预算政策Budgetary Policy97 缓冲存货Buffer Stocks98 内在稳定器Built-in Stabilizers99 金银本位主义的争论Bullionist Controversy100 束状图Bunch Maps101 公债负担Burden of The Debt102 官僚制度Bureaucracy103 经济周期Business Cycles104 不变替代弹性生产函数CES Production Function105 变分法Calculus of Variations106 官房经济学派Cameralism107 资本资产定价模型Capital Asset Pricing Model108 资本预算的编制Capital Budgeting109 资本外逃Capital Flight110 资本的收益与损失Capital Gains and Losses111 资本品Capital Goods112 资本的反常现象Capital Perversity113 资本理论Capital Theory114 资本的理论：争论Capital Theory: Debates115 资本理论：悖论Capital Theory: Paradoxes116 固定资本利用程度Capital Utilization117 作为一种生产要素的资本Capital as A Factor of Production118 作为一种社会关系的资本Capital as a Social Relation119 资本、信贷和货币市场Capital, Credit and Money Markets120 资本主义Capitalism121 资本主义的与非资本主义的生产Capitalistic and Acapitalistic Production 122 卡特尔Cartel123 交易学Catallactics124 突变论Catastrophe Theory125 赶超Catching-up126 因果推理Causal Inference127 经济模型中的因果关系Causality in Economic Models128 删截数据模型Censored Data Models129 中央银行业务Central Banking130 中心地区理论Central Place Theory131 中央计划Central Planning132 波动重心Centre of Gravitation133 确定性等价Certainty Equivalent134 如果其他条件不变Ceteris Paribus135 偏好的改变Changes in Tastes136 宪章运动：宪章的条款Chantism: the point of the Charter 137 物品特性Characteristics138 宪章运动Chartism139 低息借款Cheap Money140 芝加哥学派Chicago School141 技术选择与利润率Choice of Technique and the Rate of Profit 142 牟利学(理财) Chrematistics143 基督教社会主义Christian Socialism144 循环流动Circular Flow145 流通资本Circulating Capital146 阶级Class147 古典经济学Classical Economics148 古典增长模型Classical Growth Models149 古典货币理论Classical Theory of Money150 历史计量学Cliometrics151 社团Clubs152 合作社Co-operatives153 科斯定理Coase Theorem154 柯布-道格拉斯函数Cobb-Douglas Function155 蛛网定理Cobweb Theorem156 共同决定和利润分享Codetermination and Profit-sharing157 同族学科Cognate Displines158 柯尔培尔主义Colbertism159 集体行动Collective Action160 集体农业Collective Agriculture161 劳资集体谈判Collective bargaining162 合谋Collusion163 殖民主义Colonialism164 殖民地Colonies165 联合Combination166 组合论Combinatorics167 命令经济Command Economy168 商品拜物教Commodity Fetishism169 商品货币Commodity Money170 商品储备货币Commodity Reserve Currency171 公共土地Common Land172 习惯法Common Law173 公共财产权Common Property Rights174 通讯Communications175 共产主义Communism176 社会(公共)无差异曲线Community Indifference Curves177 比较利益Comparative Advantage178 比较静态学Comparative Statics179 补偿需求Compensated Demand180 补偿Compensation181 补偿原理Compensation Principle182 竞争Competition183 竞争政策Competition Policy184 竞争与效率Competition and Efficiency185 竞争与选择Competition and Selection186 国际贸易竞争Competition in International Trade187 奥地利学派的竞争理论Competition: Austrian Conceptions188 古典竞争理论Competition: Classical Conceptions189 马克思学派的竞争理论Competition: Marxian Conceptions190 竞争性市场过程Competitive Market Processes191 一般均衡的计算Computation of General Equlibria192 集中比率Concentration Ratios193 冲突与解决Conflict and Settlement194 冲突与战争Conflict and War195 拥挤Congestion196 综合性大企业Conglomerates197 推测均衡Conjectural Equilibria198 炫耀性消费Conspicuous Consumption199 不变资本和可变资本Constant and Variable Capital200 制度经济学Constitutional Economics201 耐用消费品Consumer Durables202 消费者剩余Consumer Surplus203 消费者支出Consumers, Expenditure204 消费函数Consumption Function205 消费集Consumption Sets206 消费税Consumption Taxation207 消费与生产Consumption and Production208 可竞争市场Contestable Markets209 或有商品Contingent Commodities210 经济历史的连续性Continuity in Economic History211 连续和离散时间模型Continuous and Discrete Time Models212 连续-时间随机模型Continuous-time Stochastic Model213 连续时间随机过程Continuous-time Stochastic Processes214 矛盾Contradiction215 资本主义的矛盾Contradictions of Capitalism216 经济活动的控制与协调Control and Coordination of Economic Activity 217 趋向性假说Convergence Hypothesis218 凸规划Convex Programming219 凸性Convexity220 合作均衡Cooperative Equilibrium221 合作对策Cooperative Games222 核心Cores223 谷物法Corn Laws224 谷物模型Corn Model225 公司经济Corporate Economy226 公司Corporations227 社团主义Corporatism228 对应原理Correspondence Principle229 对应Correspondences230 成本函数Cost Functions231 成本最小化和效用最大化Cost Minimization and Utility Maximization 232 成本和供给曲线Cost and Supply Curves233 生产成本Cost of Production234 成本-效益分析Cost-benefit Analysis235 成本推动型通货膨胀Cost-push Inflation236 反向贸易Counter Trade237 反设事实Counterfactuals238 抗衡力量Countervailing Power239 蠕动钉住汇率Crawling Peg240 创造性破坏Creative Destruction241 信贷Credit242 信贷周期Credit Cycle243 信贷配给Credit Rationing244 犯罪与处罚Crime and Punishment245 危机Crises246 关键路径分析Critical Path Analysis247 挤出效应Crowding Out248 累积的因果关系Cumulative Causation249 累积过程Cumulative Processes250 通货Currencies251 通货委员会Currency Boards252 关税同盟Customs Unions253 周期Cycles254 社会主义经济的周期Cycles in Socialist Economies255 技能退化De-skilling256 高息借款Dear Money257 销路理论Debouches, Theorie des258 分权Decentralization259 决策理论Decision Theory260 衰落产业Declining Industries261 人口下降Declining Population262 国防经济学Defence Economics263 赤字财政Deficit Financing264 赤字支出Deficit Spending265 垄断程度Degree of Monopoly266 效用程度Degree of utility267 需求管理Demand Management268 需求价格Demand Price269 需求理论Demand Theory270 货币需求：经验研究Demand for Money: Empirical Studies271 货币需求：理论研究Demand for Money: Theoretical Studies272 需求拉动型通货膨胀Demand-pull Inflation273 人口转变Demographic Transition274 人口统计学Demography275 依附Dependency276 折耗Depletion277 折旧Depreciation278 萧条Depressions279 派生需求Derived Demand280 决定论Determinism281 发展Development282 发展经济学Development Economics283 发展计划Development Planning284 辩证唯物主义Dialectical Materialism285 辩证推理Dialectical Reasoning286 微分对策Differential Games287 获得的困难Difficulty of Attainment288 生产的难易程度Difficulty or Facility of Production289 技术扩散Diffusion of Technology290 经济量的维数Dimension of Economic Quantities291 直接税Direct Taxes292 直接非生产性寻利活动Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking (DUP) Activities 293 离散的选择模型Discrete Choice Models294 歧视性垄断Discriminating Monopoly295 歧视Discrimination296 非均衡分析Disequilibrium Analysis297 隐蔽性失业Disguised Unemployment298 反中介行动Disintermediation299 扭曲Distortions300 分配Distribution301 占典分配理论Distribution Theories: Classical302 凯恩斯主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Keynesian303 马克思主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Marxian304 新古典分配理论Distribution Theories: Neoclassical305 分配伦理Distribution, Ethics of306 分配规律Distribution, Law of307 分配公平Distributive Justice308 多样化经营Diversification of activities309 分段的总体和随机模型Divided Populations and Stochastic Models310 股息政策Dividend Policy311 迪维西亚指数Divisia Index312 劳动分工Division of Labour313 经济学说Doctrines314 土地调查清册Domesday Book315 家务劳动Domestic Labour316 复式簿记Double-entry Bookkeeping317 二元经济Dual Economies318 二元性Duality319 虚拟变量Dummy Variables320 倾销Dumping321 双头垄断Duopoly322 动态规划和马尔可夫决策过程Dynamic Programming and Markov Decision Process 323 经济增长和发展的动力学Dynamics, Growth and Development324 东西方经济关系East-west Economic Relations325 伊斯特林假说Easterlin Hypothesis326 经济计量学Econometrics327 经济人类学Economic Anthropology328 社会主义经济的经济计算Economic Calculation in Socialist Economies329 经济自由Economic Freedom330 经济增长Economic Growth331 经济和谐Economic Harmony332 经济史Economic History333 经济一体化Economic Integration334 历史的经济学解释Economic Interpretation of History335 经济法则Economic Laws336 经济人Economic Man337 经济组织Economic Organization338 经济组织与交易成本Economic Organization and Transaction Costs339 经济科学与经济学Economic Science and Economics340 经济剩余与等边际原理Economic Surplus and the Equimarginal Principle341 经济理论与理性假说Economic Theory and The Hypothesis of Rationality342 国家的经济理论Economic Theory of the State343 经济战Economic War344 经济和社会人类学Economic and Social Anthropology345 经济和社会史Economic and Social History346 经济学图书馆与文献的使用Economics Libraries and Documentation347 规模经济与规模不经济Economies and Diseconomies ofScale348 经济计量学Economitrics349 有效需求Effective Demand350 实际保护Effective Protection351 有效配置Efficient Allocation352 有效率市场假说Efficient Market Hypothesis353 国际收支的弹性分析方法Elasticities Approach to the Balance of Payments354 弹性Elasticity355 替代弹性Elasticity of Substitution356 就业理论Employment, Theories of357 空匣Empty Boxes358 内生性与外生性Endogencity and Exoyeneity359 内生货币与外生货币Endogenous and Exogenous Money360 能源经济学Energy Economics361 强制执行Enforcement362 恩格尔曲线Engel Curve363 恩格尔定律Engel''s Law364 英国历史学派English Historical School365 权利Entitlements366 企业家Entrepreneur367 熵Entropy368 进入与市场结构Entry and Market structure369 包络定理Envelope Theorem370 环境经济学Environmental Economics371 妒忌Envy372 国民历代大事记或民族精神编年史Ephemerides du Citoyen ou Chronique de I''esprit National 373 经济学中的认识论问题Epistemological Issues in Economics374 均等利润率Equal Rates of Profit375 平等Equality376 交易方程Equation of Exchange377 均衡：概念的发展Equilibrium: Development of The Concept378 均衡：一个预期性的概念Equilibrium: an Expectational Concept379 公平Equity380 遍历理论Ergodic Theory381 变量误差Errors in Variables382 估计Estimation383 欧拉定理Euler''s Theorem384 欧洲美元市场Eurodollar Market385 事前与事后Ex Ante and Ex Post386 过度需求与供给Excess Demand and Supply387 交换Exchange388 外汇管制Exchange Control389 汇率Exchange Rate390 可能竭资源Exhaustible Resources391 一般均衡的存在性Existence of General Equilibrium392 退出和进言Exit and Voice393 预期Expectations394 预期效用假说Expected Utility Hypothesis395 预期效用及数学期望Expected Utility and Methematical Expectation396 消费支出税Expenditure Tax397 经济学中的实验方法(i) Experimental Methods in Economics(i)398 经济学中的实验方法(ii) Experimental Methods in Economics(ii)399 剥削Exploitation400 展延家庭Extended Family401 扩展型对策Extensive Form Games402 粗放与集约地租Extensive and Intensive Rent403 外债External Debt404 外在经济External Economies405 外在性Externalities406 费边经济学Fabian Economics407 因子分析Factor Analysis408 要素价格边界Factor Price Frontier409 公平分配Fair Division410 公平性Fairness411 下降的利润率Falling Rate of Profit412 家庭Family413 计划生育Family Planning414 饥荒Famine415 法西斯主义Fascism416 生育力Fecundity417 人口出生率Fertibity418 封建主义Feudalism419 法定不兑现纸币Fiat Money420 虚拟资本Fictitious Capital421 信用发行Fiduciary Issue422 最终效用程度Final Degree of Utility423 最终效用Final Utility424 金融Finance425 金融资本Finance Capital426 融资和储蓄Finance and Saving427 金融危机Financial Crisis428 金融中介Financial Intermediaries429 金融新闻业Financial Journalism430 金融市场Financial Markets431 微调Fine Tuning432 厂商理论Firm, Theory of The433 财政联邦主义Fiscal Federalism434 财政态势Fiscal Stance435 发展中国家的财政和货币政策Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Developing Countries 436 渔业Fisheries437 固定资本Fixed Capital438 固定汇率Fixed Exchange Rates439 不变生产要素Fixed Factors440 不动点定理Fixed Point Theorems441 固定价格模型Fixprice Models442 浮动汇率Flexible Exchange Rates443 强制储蓄Forced Saving444 预测Forecasting445 对外援助Foreign Aid446 国外投资Foreign Investment447 对外贸易Foreign Trade448 对外贸易乘数Foreign Trade Multiplier449 森林经济Forests450 欺骗Fraud451 自由银行制度Free Banking452 自由处置Free Disposal453 免费物品Free Goods454 免费午餐Free Lunch455 自由贸易和保护主义Free Trade and Protection456 充分就业Full Employment457 充分就业预算盈余Full Employment Budget Surplus458 完全及有限信息方法Full and Limited Information Methods459 泛函分析Functional Analysis460 功能财政Functional Finance461 根本性失衡Fundamental Disequilibrium462 可替代性Fungibility463 期贷市场、套头交易与投机Futures Markets, Hedging and Speculation 464 期货交易Futures Trading465 模糊集合Fuzzy Sets466 贸易收益Gains from Trade467 对策论(博奕论) Game Theory468 不完全信息对策Games With Incomplete Information469 赌博合同Gaming Contracts470 度规函数Gauge Functions471 资本搭配Gearing472 性别Gender473 一般均衡General Equilibrium474 一般系统理论General System Theory475 德国历史学派German Historical School476 吉布拉定律Gibrat''s Law477 吉芬悖论Giffen''s Paradox478 赠品Gifts479 吉尼比率Gini Ratio480 经济理论中的整体分析Global Analysis in Economic Theory481 金本位Gold Standard482 黄金时代Golden Age483 黄金律Golden Rule484 货物与商品Goods and Commodities485 政府预算约束Government Budget Restraint486 图论Graph Theory487 重力模型Gravity Models488 格莱辛定律Gresham''s Law489 总替代品Gross Substitutes490 群(李群)论Group(Lie Group)Theory491 增长的核算Growth Accounting492 增长与周期Growth and Cycles493 经济增长与国际贸易Growth and International Trade494 哈恩问题Hahn Problem495 汉密尔顿体系Hamiltonians496 哈里斯-托达罗模型Harris-Todaro Model497 哈罗德-多马增长模型Harrod-Domar Growth Model498 霍金斯一西蒙条件Hawkins-Simon Condition499 卫生经济学Health Economics500 赫克歇尔-俄林贸易理论Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory501 套头交易Hedging502 享乐函数和享乐指数Hedonic Functions and Hedonic Indexes503 享乐主义Hedonism504 黑格尔主义Hegelianism505 赫芬达尔指数Herfindahl index506 异方差性Heteroskedasticity507 隐蔽活动，道德风险与合同理论Hidden Action, Moral Hazard and Contract Theory 508 等级制度Hierarchy509 讨价还价Higgling510 健全货币与货币基础High-powered Money and The Monetary Base511 历史成本会计Historical Cost accounting512 历史人口统计学Historical Demography513 经济思想及学说史History of Thought and Doctrine514 齐次函数和位似函数Homogeneous and Homothetic Functions515 国际游资Hot Money516 家庭预算Household Budgets517 家庭生产Household Production518 家务劳动Housework519 住房市场Housing Markets520 人力资本Human Capital521 人类资源Human Resources522 虚构的生产函数Humbug Production Function523 持猎和采集经济Hunting and Gathering Economies524 恶性通货膨胀Hyperinflation525 假设检验Hypothesis Testing526 IS-LM分析IS-LM Analysis527 理想指数Ideal Indexes528 理想产出Ideal Output529 理想类型Ideal Type530 识别Identification531 意识形态Ideology532 贫困化增长Immiserizing Grow533 尽早消费偏好Impatience534 不完全竞争Imperfect Competition535 不完全模型Imperfectionist Models536 帝国主义Imperialism537 默认契约Implicit Contracts538 进口替代和出口导向型增长Import Substitution and Export-Led Growth 539 派算Imputation540 剌激的协调性Incentive Compatibility541 刺激性合同Incentive Contracts542 收入Income543 收入-支出分析Income-Expenditure Analysis544 收入政策Incomes Policies545 不完全合同Incomplete Contracts546 不完全市场Incomplete Markets547 规模报酬递增Increasing Return to Scale548 指数Index Numbers549 指数化证券Indexed Securities550 指导性计划Indicative Planning551 指标Indicators552 无差异定律Indifference, Law of553 间接税Indirect Taxes554 间接效用函数Indirect Utility Function555 个人主义Individualism556 不可分性Indivisibilities557 归纳Induction558 产业组织Industrial Organization559 劳资关系Industrial Relations560 产业革命Industrial Revolution561 工业化Industrialization562 不等式Inequalities563 不平等Inequality564 国家之间的不平等Inequality between Nations565 人与人的不平等Inequality between Persons566 性别的不平等Inequality between The Sexes567 工资的不平等Inequality of Pay568 新生工业Infant Industry569 婴儿死亡率Infant Mortality570 通货膨胀Inflation571 通货膨胀会计Inflation Accounting572 通货膨胀与增长Inflation and Growth573 通货膨胀预期Inflationary Expections574 通货膨胀缺口Inflationary Gap575 非正规经济Informal Economy576 信息论Information Theory577 继承Inheritance578 继承税Inheritance Taxes579 创新Innovation580 投入-产出分析Input-output Analysis581 制度经济学Institutional Economics582 工具变量Instrumental Variables583 保险Insurance584 整数规划Integer Programming585 需求的可积性Integrability of Demand586 智力Intelligence587 相依偏好Interdependent Preferences588 利率Interest Rate589 利息和利润Interest and Profit590 多种利益Interests591 代际模型Intergenerational Models592 内部经济Internal Economies593 国内移民Internal Migration594 内部收益率Internal Rate of Return595 国际资本流动International Capital Flows596 国际金融International Finance597 国际收入比较International Income Comparisons598 国际债务International Indebtedness599 国际清偿能力International Liquidity600 国际移民International Migration601 国际货币经济学International Monetary Economics602 国际货币体制International Monetary Institutions603 国际货币政策International Monetary Policy604 国际贸易International Trade605 人际效用对比Interpersonal Utility Comparison606 时际均衡与效率Intertemporal Equilibrium and Efficiency607 时际资产组合理论和资产定价Intertemporal Portfolio Theory and Asset Pricing 608 价值的不可变标准Invariable Standard of value609 存货Inventories610 存货周期Inventory Cycles611 确定性条件下的存货政策Inventory policy under certainty612 投资Investment613 投资决策标准Investment Decision Criteria614 投资计划Investment Planning615 投资与积累Investment and Accumulation616 看不见的手Invisible Hand617 非自愿失业Involuntary Unemployment618 工资铁律Iron Law of Wages619 作为经济理论家的杰文斯Jevons As An Economic Theorist 620 联合生产Joint Production621 线性模型中的联合生产Joint Production in Linear Models 622 法理学Jurisprudence623 公平价格Just Price624 公平Justice625 公平、不平等及岐视Justices, Inequality and Discrimination 626 凯恩斯的《通论》Keynes''s General Theory627 凯恩斯主义经济学Keynesian Economics628 凯恩斯革命Keynesian Revolution629 凯恩斯主义Keynesianism630 弯折的需求曲线Kinked Demand Curve631 圣殿骑士团Knights Templar632 康德拉季耶夫周期Kondratieff Cycle633 库兹涅茨波动Kuznets Swings634 劳动经济学Labour Economics635 劳动交换Labour Exchange636 劳动市场歧视Labour Market Discrimination637 劳动市场Labour Markets638 劳动力Labour Power639 劳动过程Labour Process640 妇女劳动供给Labour Supply of Women641 劳动剩余经济Labour Surplus Economies642 劳动价值论Labour Theory of value643 劳动与就业Labour and Employment644 劳动者管理经济Labour-Managed Economies645 拉格朗日乘子Lagrange Multipliers646 自由放任主义Laissez-Faire647 土地改革Land Reform648 地租Land Rent649 土地税Land Tax650 兰格一勒纳机制Lange一Lerner Mechanism651 巨大经济Large Economies652 潜在变量Latent Variables653 大庄园制Latifundia654 法律与经济学Law and Economics655 解雇Layoffs656 沙特利耶原理Le Chatelier Principle657 起前与滞后Leads and Lags658 边干边学Learning-by-doing659 最小二乘法Least Squares660 闲暇Leisure661 有闲阶级Leisure Class662 里昂惕夫悖论Leontief Paradox663 字典式序Lexicographic Orderings664 自由主义Liberalism665 自由Liberty666 生命周期假说Life Cycle Hypothesis667 人寿保险Life Insurance668 寿命表Life Tables669 似然Likelihood670 极限定价Limit Pricing671 有限应变量Limited Dependent Variables672 增长的极限Limits to Growth673 林达尔均衡Lindahl Equilibrium674 林达尔论财政Lindahl on Public Finance675 线性模型Linear Models676 线性规划Linear Programing677 联系Linkages678 流动性Liquidity679 流动性偏好Liquidity Preference680 可贷资金Loanable Funds681 地方财政Local Public Finance682 经济活动的区位Location of Economic Activity683 对数正态分布Lognormal Distribution684 长周期Long Cycles685 经济增长中的长波Long Swing in Economic Growth686 长期和短期Long-run and Short-run687 洛伦茨曲线Lorenz Curve688 低工资Low Pay689 一次总付税Lump Sum Taxes690 李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov Functions691 李雅普诺夫定理Lyapunov''s Theorem692 机器问题Machinery Question693 宏观经济计量模型Macroeconometric Models694 宏观经济政策Macroeconomic Policy695 宏观经济学理论Macroeconomic Theory696 宏观经济学：与微观经济学的关系Macroeconomics Relations with Microeconomics 697 保持资本完整无缺Maintaining Capital Intact698 马尔萨斯的人口理论Malthus Theory of Population699 马尔萨斯与古典经济学Malthus and Classical Economics700 经理资本主义Managerial Capitalism701 曼彻斯特学派Manchester School702 制造业活动与非工业化Manufacturing and De-industrialization703 资本边际效率Marginal Efficiency of Capital704 边际生产力理论Marginal Productivity Theory705 货币的边际效用Marginal Utility of Money706 边际和平均成本定价Marginal and Average Cost Pricing707 边际主义经济学Marginalist Economics708 市场失灵Market Failure709 营销期Market Period710 集贸市场Market Places711 市场价格Market Price712 市场份额Market Share713 市场社会主义Market Socialism714 市场结构Market Structure715 市场结构与创新Market Structure and Innovation716 市场价值与市场价格Market value and Market Price717 购销管理局Marketing Boards718 马歇尔-勒纳条件Marshall-Lerner Condition719 鞍Martingales720 马克思主义经济学Marxian Economics721 马克思主义价值分析Marxian value Analysis722 马克思主义Marxism723 马克思主义经济学Marxist Economics724 物资平衡Material Balances725 数理经济学Mathematical Economics726 政治经济学的数学方法Mathematical Method in Political Economy727 矩阵乘子Matrix Multiplier728 极大似然Maximum Likelihood729 最大满足Maximum Satisfaction730 平均值Mean value731 均值-方差分析Mean-variance Analysis732 确义性与不变性Meaningfulness and Invariance733 测度论Measure Theory734 经济增长的测算Measurement of Economic Growth735 测算理论Measurement, Theory of736 重商主义Mercantilism737 兼并Mergers738 有益品Merit Goods739 方法论之争Methodentreit740 方法论Methodology741 微观经济学Microeconomics742 军费开支Military Expenditure743 最低工资Minimum Wages744 生产方式Mode of Production745 模型与理论Models and Theory746 增长模型Models of growth747 货币主义Monetarism748 国际收支的货币分析法Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments749 货币基础Monetary Base750 货币幻想Monetary Cranks751 货币非均衡和市场出清Monetary Disequilibdum and Market Clearing752 货币均衡Monetary Equilibrium753 货币体制Monetary Institution754 货币政策Monetary Policy755 货币理论Monetary Theory756 货币幻觉Money Illusion757 货币供应Money Supply758 货币和一般均衡理论Money and General Equilibrium Theory759 货币与宏观经济学Money and Macroeconomics760 经济活动中的货币Money in Economic Activity761 货币贷款者Moneylenders762 城市经济学中的单中心模型Monocentric Models in Urban Economics 763 垄断性竞争Monopolistic Competition764 垄断性竞争与一般均衡Monopolistic Competition and General Equilibrium 765 垄断Monopoly766 垄断资本主义Monopoly Capitalism767 垄断与寡头垄断Monopoly and Oligopoly768 单调映射Monotone Mappings769 蒙特卡罗方法Monte Carlo Methods770 道德风险Moral Hazard771 道德哲学Moral Philosophy772 死亡率Mortality773 多重共线性Multicollinearity774 多国公司Multinational Corporations775 乘数分析Multiplier Analysis776 乘数-加速器相互作用Multiplier-accelerator Interaction777 多部门增长模型Multisector Growth Models778 多元时间序列模型Multivariate Time Series Models779 近视决策规则Myopic Decision Rules780 纳什均衡Nash Equilibrium781 国债National Debt782 国民收入National Income783 国民体系National System784 民族主义Nationalism785 国有化Nationalization786 自然法Natural Law787 自然垄断Natural Monopoly788 自然价格Natural Price789 自然利率和市场利率Natural Rate and Market Rate790 自然失业率Natural Rate of Unemployment791 自然资源Natural Resources792 自然资源和环境Natural Resources and Enviroment793 自然选择与进化Natural Selection and Evolution794 自然工资Natural Wage795 自然和人类资源Natural and Human Resources796 自然的及正常的条件Natural and Normal Conditions797 自然的和有保证的增长率Natural and Warranted Rates of Growth 798 必需品Necessaries799 负所得税Negative Income Tax800 负量Negative Quantities801 新李嘉图主义Neo-Ricardianism802 新古典的Neoclassical803 新古典增长理论Neoclassical Growth Theory804 新古典综合Neoclassical Synthesis805 净产品Net Product806 中性税收Neutral Taxation807 货币中性Neutrality of Money808 新古典宏观经济学New Classical Macroeconomics809 非合作对策Non-Cooperative Game810 非线性规划Non-Linear Programming811 非参数统计方法Non-Parametric Statistical Methods812 非竞争集团Non-competing Groups813 非凸性Non-convexity814 经济计量学中的非线性方法Non-linear Methods in Econometrics 815 非嵌套假设Non-nested Hypotheses816 非价格竞争Non-price Competition817 非盈利机构Non-profit Organizations818 非标准分析Non-standard Analysis819 无替代定理Non-substitution Theorems820 南北经济关系North-south Economic Relations821 价值标准Numeraire822 效用定律的数值确定Numerical Determination of the Laws of utility 823 营养Nutrition824 奥卡姆剃刀Occam''s (Ockham''s) Razor825 职业分离Occupational Segregation826 提供Offer827 提供曲线或相互需求曲线Offer Curve or Reciprocal Demand Curve 828 (卖方)寡头垄断Oligopoly829 寡头垄断与对策论Oligopoly and Game Theory830 敞地制Open Field System831 公开市场业务Open-market Operations832 运筹学Operations Research833 满足度Ophelimity834 机会成本Opportunity Cost835 最优控制与动态经济学Optimal Control and Economic Dynamics 836 最适度储蓄Optimal Savings837 最优关税Optimal Tariffs838 最优税收Optimal Taxation839 最优性与效率Optimality and Efficiency840 乐观主义与悲观主义Optimism and Pessimism841 最优货币区Optimum Currency Areas842 最适度人口量Optimum Population843 最适度货币数量Optimum Quantity of Money844 期权定价理论Option Pricing Theory845 期权Options846 序Orderings847 资本有机构成Organic Composition of Capital848 组织理论Organization Theory849 离群值Outliers850 产出与就业Output and Employment851 过度储蓄Over saving852 过度投资Over-investment853 间接成本Overhead Costs854 一般均衡的交叠世代模型Overlapping Generations Model of General Equilibrium 855 生产过剩Overproduction856 峰突Overshooting857 自生利率Own Rates of Interest858 帕尔格雷夫政治经济学辞典Palgrave''s Dictionary of Political Economy859 范式Paradigm860 悖论与异常Paradoxes and Anomalies861 帕累托分布Pareto Distribution862 帕累托效率Pareto Efficiency863 作为经济学家的帕累托Pareto as an Economist864 专利Patents865 路径分析Path Analysis866 回收期Pay-off Period867 工资税Payroll Taxes868 旺季定价Peak-load Pricing869 小农经济Peasant Economy870 小农Peasants871 货币经济与非货币经济Pecuniary and Non-Pecuniary Economies872 完全竞争Perfect Competition873 完全预见Perfect Foresight874 完全信息Perfect Information875 完全竞争市场和不完全竞争市场Perfectly and Imperfectly Competitive Markets 876 表演艺术Performing Arts877 生产周期Period of Production878 外围Periphery879 佩龙一弗罗宾尼斯定理Perron-Frobenius Theorem880 菲利普斯曲线Phillips Curve。
