chapter5. question

Renaissance 文艺复兴：The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, which encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures.Constantinople君士坦丁堡：Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantium, which was founded on the site of the ancient city of Byzantium.Lombard 伦巴族人：The term Lombard refers to members of or things related, directly or indirectly, to Lombardy, a region in northern Italy.Justinian Code《查士丁尼法典》：Justinian Code was a coherent body of law that was codified by all Roman laws and it was the preservation and systematization of a large number of existing Roman laws.Iconoclasm 反圣像运动：The Iconoclasm controversy concerned the use of icons as aids to worship. In 726, Emperor Leo Ⅲlaunched it to destroy and forbid icons.Sassanid 桑萨王朝: Sassanid was one of the two major powers divided by west Asua.Zoroastrianism 波斯拜火教: Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranianreligion and a religious philosophy. It arose in the eastern region of the ancient Persian Empire, and it was the state religion of the Sassanid.Kaaba: K aaba is a sacred black meteorite. Arabs called it “the black stone that fell from the heaven in the days of Adam” and considered it the holiest shrine in the Arabia.Allah: Allah is the supreme deity of Arabs, and he is the creator and the giver of rain, the Arabic word for the only God in Islam.Medina 麦地那：“the city of prophet”Hegira: the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 CEQur’an《古兰经》：the holy book of Islam. The word Qur’an means recitation, which Muslims believe to be the revelation from Allah.Ramadan 斋月: Muslims worldwide observe this as a month of fasting. This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam.Islamic Golden Age: an age of discovery and exploration for Arab traders and explorers from the mid-8th to the mid-13thFatalistic belief（宿命化信仰）: believe that nothing would happen unlessthe God actively willed itKnowledge of Truth: it is not just knowledge, rather, it is "epi - gnosis"（from the Internet and can not find a exact definition）Arab numeral system（阿拉伯数字体系）: a system that log with Latin numberArabian Nights（一千零一夜）: also called The Book of One Thousands and One Nights, mostly a compilation of earlier folk tales.Feudalism(封建制度): the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war Charlemagne(查理曼大帝): (also called Charles the Great) the greatest Frankish king who established the vast Carolingian EmpireCarolus Magnus: the Latin version of Charlemagne’s nameVassal（封臣）: a person holding a fief; a person who owes allegiance and service to a feudal lordCounty（郡）: distinct similar to the Roman ProvinceCount（伯爵）: the administrator, judge and military leader of the county Clergy(什一税): 10% income taxDark Ages: the two centuries after Carolingian Empire collapsed which Western Europe being attached by non-Christian invadersTribute(贡金)：money that forced to pay to the invaders after being occupiedNormandy(诺曼底): (also called “land of Norse”) the part of the northern Frankish coastal region which under Norseman’s control in 911 Vassalage(采邑制，封臣制): the relationship between a vassal and his lordCrusader(十字军)：a warrior who engages in a holy warTreaty of Verdun(凡尔登条约): a treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts in 843, signed by Louis the PiousTreaty of Meerssen（莫尔森条约）: a treaty signed in 870 that ended the civil war between the East Franks and the West Franks。

Chapter 5 QuizThis activity contains 40 questions.1.Implementation is merely conveying the decision to those affected. TrueFalse2. __________ is/are necessary to initiate the decision process to eliminate discrepancies; otherwise, the problem can be put off.A. PressureB. CriteriaC. StandardD. WeightE. Alternatives3. A manager chooses among three alternatives for advertising (billboards, radio, and newspapers) based on research indicating success in sales for the three alternatives. This is a decision under:A. conditions of certaintyB. goal orientationC. conditions of uncertaintyD. constant preferencesE. conditions of risk4. A manager has no idea what alternatives are available for new computer support systems and does not know how she can determine this information. This is a decision under:A. constant preferencesB. conditions of uncertaintyC. conditions of certaintyD. conditions of riskE. clear preferences5. A manager who determines that cost, speed, and enlarging capability are relevant to his decision to purchase a new photocopy machine is an example of the _______________ phase of the decision-making process.A. identifying the problemB. identifying decision criteriaC. formulating a problemD. allocating weights to the criteriaE. developing alternatives6. A manager with a degree of tolerance for ambiguity, but who want lots of information and considers many alternatives before deciding, is exhibiting a/an ____ style of decision making.A. analyticB. behaviouralC. problem seekingD. conceptualE. Directive7.A problem is a discrepancy between an existing and desired state of affairs.TrueFalse8. Many organizational situations involve ___________, that are new and unusual.A. satisficing decisionsB. groupthinkC. non-structured problemsD. non-routine decisionsE. non-programmed decisions9. Behavioural style decision makers:A. have a low tolerance for ambiguity, are very rational and efficient in their decision stylesB. want information, tolerate ambiguity, and are careful decision makersC. work well with others, are concerned about the achievement of others, and often use meetings to make decisions while trying to avoid conflictD. take a broad outlook, examine many different alternatives, and focus on the long runE. have a high tolerance for ambiguity and an intuitive way of thinking10. Bill and Bob are brainstorming possible solutions to a staffing problem. They are writing their ideas down without assessing their practicality or ability. Bill and Bob are at what stage in the decision-making process?A. developing alternativesB. setting decision criteriaC. choosing an alternative solutionD. allocating weights to the criteriaE. analyzing alternatives11. Bounded rationality is:A. behaviour that is rational but limited by an individual's ability to process informationB. the withholding by group members of different views in order to appear in agreementC. conveying a decision to those affected and getting their commitment to itD. an explicit statement that tells managers what they ought or ought not to doE. an unconscious process of making decisions12. Decision making is a simple act of choosing among alternatives.TrueFalse13.Decision making is important for only two management functions: planning and leading.TrueFalse14. Decision making is synonymous with managing.TrueFalse15. Decision making is:A. a set of seven stepsB. a comprehensive processC. highly overstated in importance.D. simply choosing among alternativesE. only discussed with reference to individuals16. Decisions that are routine are called:A. standard decisionsB. non-programmed decisionsC. well-structured problemsD. programmed decisionsE. ill-structured problems17. Each alternative in the decision-making process is evaluated by appraising it against the criteria.TrueFalse18.Evaluating the decision may cause managers to return to an earlier step in the decision process.TrueFalse19.Programmed decisions mean that the manager doesn't have to go through an involved decision process.TrueFalse20. Managers must determine what is relevant when making a decision. TrueFalse21. Mary can repair a saw at Quality Production Inc. in two hours while it takes Mike five hours to make repairs. Assuming that both workers are present, the manager will always choose Mary to make repairs to the saws. This is a decision under:A. problem clarityB. conditions of riskC. conditions of certaintyD. conditions of uncertaintyE. no cost constraints22. Most decisions that managers face meet all the tests of rationality. TrueFalse23. Not every decision maker possesses criteria that guide his or her decision.TrueFalse24. One manager's "problem" may be another manager's satisfactory state of affairs.TrueFalse25. One survey in your text revealed that almost __________ of managers emphasized "gut feeling" over cognitive problem solving and decision making.A. one-tenthB. two-thirdsC. halfD. one quarterE. one-third26. People with a low tolerance for ambiguity, but who are logical and efficient have a/an _________ decision-making style:A. analyticB. creativeC. behaviouralD. conceptualE. directive27. Policies, procedures, and rules are developed to help managers deal with:A. bounded rationalityB. non-programmed decisionsC. structured problemsD. satisficingE. groupthink28. Problem identification is a relatively simple and insignificant step in the decision making process.TrueFalse29. Some discrepancies may not be considered problems because there is no pressure to take action to correct the situation.TrueFalse30. The control mechanism in the decision-making process is:A. in the selection of alternativesB. when you evaluate the decision's effectivenessC. at the time of setting criteria weightsD. when you identify the problemE. in the implementation stage of decision making31. The decision-making process is designed for individual decision making rather than group decision making.TrueFalse32. Escalation of commitment describes increasing commitment to a decision in view of evidence it might be _________.A. wrongB. intuitiveC. wiseD. hastyE. correct33. The manager of a retail clothing store just found out that some "name brand" merchandise was brought into the Canada illegally. This is an example of:A. an unstructured problemB. A programmed decisionC. a procedureD. a structured problemE. satisficing34. The question: How many employees should I have report directly to me? is related to the __________ management function.A. motivatingB. organizingC. planningD. leadingE. controlling35. Accepting decisions that are "good enough" isA. analyzingB. acceptingC. evaluatingD. intuitiveE. satisficing36. Allocating weights to criteria is part of the ________ process.A. pay off matrixB. decision makingC. evaluationD. alternative analysisE. regret matrix37. The following are examples of _____________in decision making: overconfidence, selective perception, hindsightA. intuitionB. representationC. heuristicsD. rules of thumbE. biases and error38. When facing a situation of uncertainty, the decision-maker has:A. some certainty, with limited probability estimatesB. little certainty but some probability estimatesC. good certainty, but no probability estimatesD. neither certainty, nor probability estimatesE. A fair amount of certainty, but no probability estimates39. Effective decision makers _____________A. rely on rules of thumbB. are analyticalC. are quick thinkingD. are well likedE. practice the five whys40. Which of the following statements is one of the assumptions of rationality:A. Preferences are constant and inconsistent.B. A single set of well-defined goals is to be achieved.C. Time and cost constraints exist.D. Options are clear.E. The problem is clear and unambiguous.。

《朗文英语4A》复习提要Chapter 5: Animals big and small大大小小的动物I. 经过第5章的学习，下面的新单词我们要准确无误地读(read them correctly)，知道它们的中文意思(know the Chinese meaning)，不看书进行英汉互译(translate)，并且还要会拼写(spell)。

a horse 一匹马 a camel 一匹骆驼a giraffe 一头长颈鹿an owl 一只猫头鹰a peacock 一只孔雀an eagle 一只老鹰a panda 一只熊猫 a hippo 一只河马(hippos 复数)an elephant 一头大象 a rabbit 一只兔子a rat 一只老鼠(大) a mouse 一只老鼠(小) (mice 复数)*注意mouse 和rat的区别：在英语中，rat含有贬义，就像国内的过街老鼠，肮脏，是害虫。

Mouse一般不含贬义，外国人看mouse是一种动物，一般指实验室里的小白鼠。

还有一种老鼠是仓鼠(hamster)。

II.句型。

下面的关键句型我们要会读(read), 知道意(know the Chinese meaning), 会根据不同的语境来运用(use them in different contexts)，会写(write them correctly)。

1. The horse, the camel and the giraffe are tall.The camel is taller than the horse.The giraffe is the tallest.2. The owl, the peacock and the eagle are big.The peacock is bigger than the owl.The eagle is the biggest.3. The panda, the hippo and the elephant are heavy.The hippo is heavier than the panda.The elephant is the heaviest.4. The rabbit, the rat and the mouse are small.The rat is smaller than the rabbit.The mouse is the smallest.总结: (1). 比较级结构：A+ be+ adj.er + than+ B. : A比B……be动词由时态和主语A决定。

Questions for Chapter 1♦How do you define culture？♦How does one’s cultural identity often develop? Name the three stages and explain precisely.♦What are the differences between subculture and subgroup？Questions for Chapter 2♦ 1. How do you understand the t erm “noise” in the communication process？♦2。

What is the relationship between culture and communication？♦ 3. How do you understand “international communication”？Questions for Chapter 3♦Do you think psychological elements can influence our sensation and perception? Why or why not?♦How can you increase your understanding of the perception process?♦What do you think contributes to the development of the tendencies that cause us to perceive people inaccurately?Questions for Chapter 4♦How can we effectively overcome intercultural communication barriers?♦Please comment on the saying “we are more alike than unlike” and give facts or examples to support your viewpoint。

2B Chapter5 Sports we like我们喜欢的运动一、重点单词、词组：football 足球basketball 篮球volleyball 排球badminton 羽毛球tennis 网球table tennis 乒乓球swim 游泳run 跑步read读club 俱乐部round 圆形oval 椭圆形heavy 重的light 轻的square 方形的二、重点句型：1、-What do you like doing? （你喜欢做什么？）-I like playing football. / I like running. 我喜欢踢足球。

/ 我喜欢跑步。

）2、-What does he like doing? （他喜欢做什么？）-He likes playing volleyball. （他喜欢打排球。

）3、-What does she like doing? （她喜欢做什么？）-She likes playing table tennis. （她喜欢打乒乓球。

）4、-I like swimming. Do you like swimming? （我喜欢游泳。

你喜欢游泳吗？）-No, I don’t like swimming but I like running. Do you like running? （我不喜欢游泳，但是我喜欢跑步。

你喜欢跑步吗？）-Yes, I do. Let’s join the Running Club. （是的，我也喜欢跑步。

我们一起加入跑步俱乐部吧！）三、理解、熟读：1、My name is Jack. I like playing football. Football is also called soccer. In football, we kick the ball. （我叫杰克，我喜欢踢足球。

足球又叫做“soccer”。

在足球比赛中，我们用脚踢球。

Fundamentals of Management, 8e (Robbins et al.)Chapter 5 Basic Organizational Structure and DesignI True or false1) Organizational design is the process in which managers change or develop an organization's structure.2) There are four basic elements in organizational structure.3) The original ideas about organizational design formulated by Fayol and Weber are now largely obsolete.4) When work specialization originally began to be implemented early in the twentieth century, employee productivity initially rose.5) Today, most managers see work specialization as a source of ever-increasing productivity.6) The advantage of work specialization is that it tends to result in high employee motivation and high productivity.7) Departmentalization is how jobs are grouped.8) Staff authority is the ability to direct the work of any employee who does not havea higher rank in the organization.9) Grouping jobs on the basis of major product areas is termed customer departmentalization.10) Line authority can be exerted only after a manager checks with his or her superior.11) Unity of command prevents an employee from trying to follow two conflicting commands at once.12) Power is a right that a manager has when he or she has a higher rank in an organization.13) When decisions tend to be made at lower levels in an organization, the organization is said to be centralized.14) Traditional organizations are structured in a pyramid, with the power and authority located in the pyramid's broad base.15) The two prevalent organization structure models in today's world are the organic organization and the inorganic organization.16) A mechanistic organization is bureaucratic and hierarchical.17) An organic organization tends to be flexible and have few formal rules.18) Innovators need the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of a mechanistic structure rather than an organic structure.19) The relationship between organizational size and structure tends to be linear.20) Joan Woodward attempted to view organizational structure from a technological perspective.21) Woodward concluded that mass production worked best with an organic organization structure.22) The stability of a mechanistic structure seems to work best in today's dynamic and uncertain business environment.23) The strength of a simple structure is that everything depends on a single person.24) A strength of a functional structure is that it avoids duplication.25) A weakness of the divisional structure is that duplication tends to occur.26) In a team structure, team members are not held responsible for their decisions.27) In a team structure, there is a clear line of managerial authority from top to bottom.28) Employees in an organization with a matrix design can have two bosses for the same job.29) A significant advantage of the matrix structure is the clear chain of command from top to bottom of the organization.30) When employees in a matrix structure finish a project, they go back to their functional department.31) When employees in a project structure finish a project, they go back to their original department.32) Vertical boundaries separate employees by their rank in an organization.33) Horizontal boundaries separate employees by the amount of power they have in an organization.34) A virtual organization relies on freelancers who have no permanent status or position in the organization.35) Managers want to eliminate boundaries in organizations primarily to increase stability and reduce flexibility.36) Horizontal boundaries separate employees by the specialization of their job.37) A virtual organization may disintegrate after it finishes its task.38) All learning organizations share a distinct structure.39) The biggest issue in workers working at home or off-site involves fairness.40) A learning organization puts an enormous amount of effort on making sure that all of its employees are enrolled in some kind of university level class.41) When you call JetBlue you are likely to speak to an agent in a large office in India.42) Contingent workers may make up to 40 percent of the workforce by the end of the decade.II. Choose the best answers43) Organizational design requires a manager to ________.A) organize groups within an organizationB) change the culture of an organizationC) change or develop the structure of an organizationD) change the logo of an organization44) All of the following are part of the process of organizational design EXCEPT ________.A) deciding how specialized jobs should beB) determining rules for employee behaviorC) determining the level at which decisions are madeD) determining goals for the organization45) Which of the following are NOT basic elements of organizational structure?A) work specialization, span of controlB) chain of command, line authorityC) centralization, decentralizationD) departmentalization, formalization46) Which of the following is synonymous with work specialization?A) division of laborB) job discriminationC) chain of commandD) job preference47) Which statement accurately defines work specialization?A) It is the degree to which tasks are grouped together.B) Individual employees specialize in doing part of an activity rather than the entire activity.C) Jobs are ranked relative only to their worth or value to the businesses.D) Work specialization clarifies who reports to whom.48) Early supporters of work specialization saw it as ________.A) a reliable way to increase productivityB) a good way to increase employee moraleC) a source of innovationD) an immoral way to coerce workers into greater productivity49) Early users of work specialization in the early twentieth century found that the practice ultimately resulted in ________.A) higher profits and better employee moraleB) bored workers with low moraleC) huge and permanent productivity gainsD) better communication among employees50) Today, managers favor this approach instead of work specialization.A) All tasks are performed by all employees.B) Partners switch jobs every half hour.C) Employees perform a broad range of tasks.D) Monotonous tasks are shared by all employees.51) Functional departmentalization groups jobs by ________.A) tasks they performB) territories they serveC) products or services they manufacture or produceD) type of customer they serve52) ________ departmentalization is based on territory or the physical location of employees or customers.A) FunctionalB) ProductC) GeographicD) Matrix53) A soap company that features a bath soap department, a laundry detergent department, and a dish soap department is using which of the following?A) process departmentalizationB) functional departmentalizationC) product departmentalizationD) customer departmentalization54) What kind of departmentalization would be in place in a government agency in which there are separate departments that provide services for employers, employed workers, unemployed workers, and the disabled?A) productB) geographicC) outcomeD) customer55) State motor vehicle offices usually use this kind of departmentalization.A) productB) functionalC) customerD) process56) The line of authority that extends from the upper levels of management to the lowest levels of the organization is termed the ________.A) chain of responsibilityB) unity of commandC) staff authorityD) chain of command57) The chain of command answers this question.A) Where do I go for help?B) How do I know when the task is complete?C) What are the rules?D) Who reports to whom?58) Authority gives an individual the right to do this.A) give ordersB) reprimand employeesC) command respectD) obey orders59) In the chain of command, each person above you ________.A) has special privilegesB) receives higher payC) has line authorityD) has no right to give you orders60) Staff managers have authority over ________.A) special support employees onlyB) line managersC) middle managersD) the person above them in the chain of command61) Line authority gives a manager the ability to direct the work of ________.A) any employee in the firmB) any subordinateC) any subordinate, after consulting with the next higher levelD) only subordinates one level down62) ________ prevents a single employee from getting conflicting orders from two different superiors.A) Line authorityB) Unity of commandC) Staff authorityD) Chain of command63) The importance of unity of command has diminished in today's workplace because of its tendency to be ________.A) inflexible and inefficientB) ethically questionableC) chauvinistic and dictatorialD) too decisive64) Which of the following statements is true?A) Power is a right.B) Authority is one's ability to influence decisions.C) Authority is a right.D) Both power and authority are rights.65) ________ is the obligation or expectation to perform a duty.A) ResponsibilityB) Unity of commandC) Chain of commandD) Span of control66) The personal secretary of a top manager may have ________.A) power but not authorityB) authority but not powerC) power and authorityD) line authority but not staff authority67) Which of the following statements is true?A) Power is a type of authority.B) Authority and power are identical.C) Authority is a type of power.D) Power is determined by horizontal position in an organization.68) As represented in a power cone, power is based on ________.A) vertical position onlyB) horizontal position onlyC) distance from the center onlyD) vertical position and distance from the center69) As represented in a hierarchical organization diagram, authority is based on ________.A) vertical position onlyB) horizontal position onlyC) distance from the center onlyD) horizontal and vertical position70) A construction site supervisor who sees an impending thunderstorm and tells workers to go home is demonstrating ________.A) line authorityB) staff delegationC) provisional accountabilityD) responsibility71) ________ is the power that rests on the leader's ability to punish or control.A) Reward powerB) Coercive powerC) Expert powerD) Referent power72) A bank manager who passes out bonuses at the end of the year is exercising this.A) reward powerB) coercive powerC) expert powerD) referent power73) Your firm's attorney has ________ power when giving legal advice.A) legitimateB) statusC) expertD) coercive74) ________ is the power that arises when a person is close to another person who has great power and authority.A) Expert powerB) Referent powerC) Reward powerD) Legitimate power75) When a top manager decides to hire an individual over the objections of her staff, she is exercising which kind of power?A) referentB) expertC) coerciveD) legitimate76) The traditional view holds that managers should not directly supervise more than ________ subordinates.A) three or fourB) five or sixC) seven or eightD) nine or ten77) Modern managers find that they can ________ if their employees are experienced, well-trained, and motivated.A) increase their span of controlB) decrease their span of controlC) eliminate their span of controlD) fluctuate their span of control78) A traditional "top down" organization is ________ organization.A) a largely centralizedB) a largely decentralizedC) an absolutely decentralizedD) an absolutely centralized79) ________ reflects the degree to which decision making is distributed through out the hierarchy rather than concentrated at the top.A) CentralizationB) Span of controlC) ConcentrationD) Decentralization80) In recent years, organizations have become more ________ to be responsive to a dynamic business environment.A) centralizedB) decentralizedC) structuredD) mechanistic81) In today's decentralized business world, ________ the most important strategic decisions.A) top managers still primarily makeB) middle managers makeC) lower-level managersD) nonmanagerial employees82) All of the following are characteristics of a highly formalized organization EXCEPT ________.A) explicit job descriptionsB) little discretion for employeesC) minimum number of rulesD) a standardized way of doing things83) Today's managers are moving away from formalization and trying to be this.A) more rigorousB) more flexibleC) more strictD) less permissive84) Today's managers expect employees to ________.A) ignore rules for the most partB) use discretion when it comes to following rulesC) faithfully follow rules even when it may harm the organizationD) make their own rules85) A(n) ________ organization has a high degree of specialization, formalization, and centralization.A) organicB) horizontalC) learningD) mechanistic86) Which of the following would likely be found in mechanistic organizations?A) wide span of controlB) empowered employeesC) decentralized responsibilityD) standardized jobs87) A(n) ________ organization is able to change rapidly as needs require.A) organicB) hierarchicalC) verticalD) mechanistic88) Which term best describes an organic organization?A) hierarchicalB) pyramid-shapedC) flexibleD) fixed89) Which word best characterizes a mechanistic organization?A) hierarchicalB) collaborativeC) adaptableD) informal90) Strategy, size, technology, and the degree of uncertainty in the environment together make up what are called ________.A) contingency variablesB) control factorsC) structure variablesD) probable factors91) Together, contingency variables determine the ________.A) success of an organizationB) culture of an organizationC) structure of an organizationD) size of an organization92) A company that is pursuing a cost leadership strategy would be most likely to have this kind of structure.A) mechanisticB) virtualC) teamD) matrix-project93) A company that is trying to be a leader in innovation within its industry would be most likely to have this kind of structure.A) mechanisticB) organicC) simpleD) functional94) Larger organizations tend to have ________ than smaller organizations.A) more specializationB) less departmentalizationC) less centralizationD) fewer rules and regulations95) As an organization grows to a size of over 2,000 employees, it finds it hard to avoid becoming more ________.A) mechanisticB) organicC) informalD) adaptable96) Joan Woodward conducted pioneering studies on how this affected the structure of companies.A) ethicsB) technologyC) valuesD) corporate culture97) Woodward found that if horizontal differentiation in an organization were low, this structure worked best.A) mechanisticB) traditionalC) inorganicD) organic98) Woodward concluded that a mechanistic structure worked best for a firm that used ________.A) unit productionB) mass productionC) process productionD) quality production99) In Woodward's study, this type of production combined high vertical differentiation and low horizontal differentiation.A) unit productionB) mass productionC) process productionD) technological production100) The greater the environmental uncertainty, the more an organization needs to become ________.A) organicB) mechanisticC) stableD) high-tech101) Global competition forces firms to ________.A) become lean, fast, and flexibleB) build up enormous cash reservesC) think locallyD) become more hierarchical102) Traditional organizational designs tend to be more mechanistic and include ________.A) simple, complex, and divisional structuresB) simple, functional, and dysfunctional structuresC) functional, divisional, and vertical structuresD) simple, functional, and divisional structures103) A simple structure is ________ like a mechanistic organization, but ________ like an organic organization.A) centralized; informalB) informal; decentralizedC) decentralized; formalD) centralized; formal104) What is a strength of a simple structure?A) Employees are grouped with others who have similar tasks.B) Power and authority are widely distributed.C) Accountability is clear.D) There are cost-saving advantages from specialization.105) What is a weakness of a simple structure?A) Duplication of activities and resources increases costs and reduces efficiency.B) Functional specialists become insulated and have little understanding of what other units are doing.C) Pursuit of functional goals can cause managers to lose sight of what is best for the overall organization.D) Reliance on a single person is risky.106) This is a key characteristic in an organization with a functional structure.A) adaptabilityB) departmentalizationC) flexibilityD) little specialization107) This is a weakness of a functional structure.A) favoring functional goals over organizational goalsB) favoring organizational goals over functional goalsC) failing to attain functional goalsD) overemphasizing organizational goals108) Avoiding redundancy is a strength of which structure?A) simpleB) divisionalC) functionalD) corporate109) In a ________ structure each business unit has complete autonomy to reach its goals.A) simpleB) functionalC) divisionalD) matrix110) A media company that has separate, autonomous companies for movies, TV, Internet, and print journalism is most likely a ________ structure.A) divisionalB) functionalC) simpleD) matrix111) Having separate payroll departments in each division of a divisional structure is an example of which of the following?A) efficiency, because payroll departments competeB) duplication, because a single payroll department could do the jobC) effectiveness, because separate payroll departments create jobsD) efficiency, because separate payroll departments can share methods of operation Answer: B112) As the number of employees in an organization grows, structure tends to become more ________.A) bureaucraticB) informalC) decentralizedD) relaxed113) Looking for ways to make their organization more flexible and innovative, today's managers may choose this kind of structure.A) simpleB) divisionalC) functionalD) team114) In a team structure, ________.A) there is a clear line of managerial authorityB) there is no clear line of managerial authorityC) authority comes from top managers onlyD) no one has the authority to make decisions115) In a team structure, team members ________.A) are subject to decisions made by their supervisorsB) can influence decisions made by top managersC) make decisions and are accountable for their decisionsD) make decisions only after first checking with management116) All of the following are necessary for successful team structure EXCEPT ________.A) well-trained team membersB) team members with cross-functional skillsC) team members with years of management experienceD) a fair and well-run team-based pay plan117) In a ________, employees are recruited from functional departments to work on a specific project for a limited time period.A) team structureB) divisional structureC) product structureD) matrix structure118) In a matrix structure, a group member will typically report to ________.A) a project manager onlyB) both a project manager and functional department headC) a functional department head onlyD) Group members are fully autonomous in a matrix structure, so they don't report to anyone.119) When a group member in a matrix structure finishes a project, he or she ________.A) returns to his or her functional departmentB) stays with the group to take on a new projectC) enters a pool of available employees from the entire organizationD) starts looking for a new job120) By giving employees two direct superiors, a matrix structure violates this key element of organizational design.A) unity of commandB) chain of commandC) span of managementD) decentralization121) A key difference between a team structure and a matrix structure is that a team structure ________ while a matrix structure does not.A) empowers group membersB) works on projectsC) has fairly permanent groups or teamsD) holds group members accountable122) In a project structure, when employees finish a project they ________.A) return to their departmentB) return to a different divisionC) move on to another projectD) return to their regular work123) In an orchestra, a horizontal boundary exists between which of the following?A) the string section and the horn sectionB) the string section and the conductorC) the conductor and the audienceD) the string section and the audience124) In an orchestra, a vertical boundary exists between which of the following?A) the string section and the horn sectionB) the string section and the conductorC) the horn section and the percussion sectionD) the percussion section and the string section125) Boundaryless organizations try to eliminate ________ within their organization.A) horizontal specialization and vertical hierarchyB) horizontal specialization onlyC) vertical hierarchy onlyD) vertical specialization only126) A virtual organization is essentially ________ who come together for a particular project.A) a group of employees from a single companyB) a group of free agentsC) a team of employees from different departments of a companyD) a group of top managers and CEOs127) How does a virtual organization save on costs?A) by hiring people who specialize in what they doB) by hiring fewer people than they need and making them work much longer hoursC) by eliminating all administrative dutiesD) by keeping only a small permanent staff for administrative purposes only128) A ________ subcontracts part of a project to outside suppliers.A) virtual organizationB) boundary organizationC) matrix structureD) network organization129) A building contractor follows the network organization model when he does which of the following?A) does the framing and tiling by himselfB) hires three workers to help with framingC) gives orders to workersD) farms out the plumbing to a plumbing firm130) A learning organization develops the capability to ________.A) add new training programs to keep employees up to dateB) accept the conventional wisdom of the industryC) continuously learn, adapt, and changeD) attract new employees who have special knowledge131) A learning organization requires employees to ________.A) encode information to prevent competitors from stealing ideasB) collaborate with competitorsC) make all ideas publicD) share information and collaborate with one another132) All of the following are characteristic of learning organizations EXCEPT ________.A) a strong sense of communityB) a collaborative environmentC) managers who serve as facilitatorsD) fear of making mistakes133) Organizational learning can't take place without ________.A) complete privacy for employeesB) a clear chain of commandC) a shared vision of the futureD) a stable structure or hierarchy134) In a learning organization, it is important that all employees _______.A) collaborateB) study each nightC) have a strong sense of leadershipD) share the same vision for the organization135) The jobs of assembly-line employees are to be changed to allow more tasks to be done by individual workers. This is a reduction in ________.A) work specializationB) departmentalizationC) chain of commandD) centralization136) Eric, who is trained as an engineer, is now in a group with production workers and marketing specialists from different departments designing a new product that the company plans to offer. This situation could be described as a(n) ________.A) alternative assignmentB) collective assignmentC) advanced assignmentD) project assignment137) Eric is offered a chance to help direct the efforts of some employees assigned to his work group. This is a chance for Eric to experience ________.A) functional structureB) divisional structureC) responsibilityD) authority138) Eric sees this new assignment as an increase in ________, or an obligation or expectation for him to perform at a new level.A) functional structureB) divisional structureC) responsibilityD) authority（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。