The_regulatory_and_conceptual_framework

《11规则》题库第二章航海仪器测试题基本信息：[矩阵文本题] *1. ______ is not required by bridge-to-bridge communications. [单选题] *VHFSARTNAVTEXLES(正确答案)2. As for Racon, which one is incorrect in the following? [单选题] *Racon is a radar transponderRacon is often installed on major waypointsWhen activated by a radar signal, the Racon sends it back with an identifier Racon can be used to take place of radar(正确答案)3. PAN-PAN repeated three times over the radiotelephone indicates which type of message will follow? [单选题] *DistressSafetyAll clearUrgency(正确答案)4. Automatic identification systems (AIS) are expected to broadcast all of the following information except ______. [单选题] *port of origin(正确答案)name of vesselcourse and speed over grounddraft of vessel5. What does a navigator who uses an ECDIS require? [单选题] *Good navigational knowledge and a professional job attitude(正确答案)Good computer knowledgeGood system knowledgeNothing special6. The terrestrial system of GMDSS consists of ____________. [单选题] *radio-telephony, DSC, Direct Printing Telegraphy, Navtex and SART(正确答案) INMARSAT, DSC, Direct Printing Telegraphy, Navtex and SARTradio-telephony, DSC, EPIRB, Navtex and SARTStatus Recording system, DSC, Direct Printing Telegraphy, Navtex and SART7. The ______ provides the link between the Space Segment and the land-based National/International fixed communications networks. [单选题] *VHFSARTNAVTEXLES(正确答案)8. If the electronic chart is part of an ECDIS, it must display the minimum data required by IMO/IHO, to include all the following EXCEPT ______. [单选题] *hydrographyaids to navigationtidal current(正确答案)regulatory boundaries9. When a call is complete，and subsequently during an exchange of messages，a station invites a reply by saying ___. [单选题] *“Over”(正确答案)“Out”“OK”“Roger”10. What is the correct speed input to an ARPA used for traffic surveillance? [单选题] *Ground speedSpeed through water(正确答案)Speed from GPSSpeed from Doppler11. All echo-sounders can measure the ______. [单选题] *actual depth of wateractual depth of water below keel(正确答案)average depth from waterline to hard bottomaverage depth of water to soft bottom12. A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be termed as global navigation satellite system or _____. [单选题] *GNSS(正确答案)EPIRBSSASECDIS13. The VDR system is designed to operate_____ once it is set up correctly. There is no user interaction . [单选题] *automatically(正确答案)accuratelypromptlyConspicuously14. What is the MOST important thing you should do before transmitting on a marine radio? [单选题] *Ask for permissionRecord the time in your radio logPress the push to talk button three timeMonitor the channel to ensure that it is clear(正确答案)15. While underway, a vessel over 100,000 gross tons with an automatic identification system (AIS) is expected to broadcast all of the following information every 1 to 10 seconds EXCEPT ______. [单选题] *rate of turnname of the vessel(正确答案)navigational statusship’s heading16. The GPS system was designed for ______ satellites. [单选题] *3121824(正确答案)17. What is important to check when transferring a position from GPS to a chart? [单选题] *Reading the position correctlyPlotting the position correctlyMake sure that the chart and the GPS use same datum(正确答案)Make sure the map is updated18. You are using a radar in which your own ship is shown at the center, and the heading flash always points to 0 degree, If bearings are measured in relation to the flash, what type of bearings are produced? ______. [单选题] *Relative(正确答案)TrueCompassMagnetic19. The compass error of a magnetic compass that has no deviation is ______. [单选题] *zeroequal to variation(正确答案)eliminated by adjusting the compassconstant at any geographical location20. A radar range to a small，charted object such as a light will provide a line of position in the form of ______. [单选题] *straight linearc(正确答案)parabolahyperbola21. You have another ship overtaking you close aboard to starboard. You have 3 radar targets bearing 090，0.5 mile, 1 mile，and 1.5 miles. In this case，the unwanted echoes are called ______. [单选题] *Multiple echoes(正确答案)SpokingIndirect echoesSide-lobe echoes22. What is the main purpose of DGPS? [单选题] *Improve positioning accuracy(正确答案)Decrease positioning accuracyReduce operational costI don't know23. When it is accepted to remain on the frequency indicated，you should say ______. [单选题] *standing by on VHF frequency(正确答案)coming to VHF frequencyVHF frequency is the best place for you to stay byremaining in frequency and do not change24. The satellite systems of GMDSS comprise ______. [单选题] *NAVTEX, COSPAS/SARSAT, EPIRBs and Status Recording-systemInmarsat, COSPAS/SARSAT, EPIRBs and Status Recording-system(正确答案) NAVTEX, Inmarsat, EPIRBs and SARTInmarsat, Direct Printing Telegraphy, and DSC25. When another calling channel/frequency is available，do not use ______ or other safety frequencies to make a transmission. [单选题] *2182 kHz or VHF Channel 16(正确答案)VHF Channel 76FAXCABLES26. How to reduce beam width distortion? [单选题] *Adjust centre positionAdjust brillianceAdjust heading markerReduce gain(正确答案)27. ______ is on the panel of DF. [单选题] *ZERO CLEARING(正确答案)ANTI-CLUTTER-RAINDIMMERCURSOR28. In radiotelephony，the spoken word for distress is ______. [单选题] *SecuriteSafetyEmergencyMAYDAY(正确答案)29. Which one of the followings is incorrect about magnetic compass? [单选题] *The magnetic compass is compulsory on my vesselThe magnetic compass is prone to errorThe magnetic compass is always placed inside steel constructions(正确答案)The magnetic compass needs to be calibrated to compensate for local magnetic distortion 30. Radar reflectors are required for ______. [单选题] *all fishing vessels over 39 feet in lengthsail-propelled fishing vesselsall fishing vessels of less than 200 GTwooden hull fishing vessels with a poor radar echo(正确答案)31. If there were suddenly an immediate danger for both the vessel and its crew, would you send a MAYDAY on__ [单选题] *Ch06 with dual watchCh06 with 25 watts outputCh16 with 1 watt outputCh16 with 25 watts output(正确答案)32. The line connecting the Loran-C master station with a secondary station is called the ______. [单选题] *focus linebase line(正确答案)side linecenter line33. If a GMDSS radio operator initiates a DSC distress transmission but does not insert a message，what happens? [单选题] *The transmission is aborted and an alarm sounds to indicate this data must be provided by the operatorThe transmission is not initiated and “ERROR” is indicated on the display readoutThe transmission will be made with “default” information provided automatically(正确答案)The receiving station will poll the DSC unit of the vessel in distress to download the necessary information34. Ship to ship communications during SAR should be executed by _____. [单选题] * VHFMFSatelliteVHF and MF(正确答案)35. The indicated heading should not be relied on ________. [单选题] *until the gyrocompass has settled(正确答案)until the “Ready” lamp will be litwhen the alarm is generatedwhen the red “Power” lamp RCU illuminates36. When your vessel is proceeding to the area of traffic density，______ is used to determine the exact ranges of other ships or objects in the vicinity. [单选题] * Radar(正确答案)GPSDFSatellite Navigator37. Magnetic heading differs from compass heading by _______. [单选题] * compass errortrue headingvariationdeviation(正确答案)38. What is the primary equipment for receiving MSI ________. [单选题] *SARTEPIRBNAVTEX(正确答案)INMARSAT-B39. If the gyrocompass error is east，what describes the error and the correction to be made to gyrocompass headings to obtain true headings ________. [单选题] *The readings are too low（small numerically）and the amount of the error must be added to the compass to obtain true(正确答案)The readings are too low and the amount of the error must be subtracted from the compass to obtain trueThe readings are too high（large numerically）and the amount of the error must be added to the compass to obtain trueThe readings are too high and the amount of the error must be subtracted from the compass to obtain true40. If the magnetic heading is greater than the compass heading，the deviation is ______. [单选题] *east(正确答案)westnorthsouth41. Deviation which is maximum on intercardinal compass headings may be removed by the ______. [单选题] *Flinders barTransverse magnetsFore-and-aft magnetsSoft iron spheres on the sides of the compass(正确答案)42. The accuracy of the DGPS mainly depends on_______. [单选题] *the price of the equipmentthe relative angle between the satellitethe position of the observerthe age of the calculated correction(正确答案)43. Which statement concerning locating signals in the GMDSS is FALSE? [单选题] *Locating signals are transmitted by survival craft VHF transceivers.(正确答案) Locating signals are transmitted by SARTS.Locating signals are intended to facilitate the finding of a distressed vessel or its survivorsLocating signals are not transmitted by auto alarm generators.44. Coral atolls, or a chain of islands at right angles to the radar beam, may show as a long line rather as an individual targets due to ______. [单选题] *the effects of beam width(正确答案)limitations on range resolutionthe pulse length of the radarthe multiple-target resolution factor45. Quadrantal error in a gyrocompass has its greatest effect ______. [单选题] *in high latitudesnear the equatoron north or south headingson intercardinal headings(正确答案)46. What is important to remember when using AIS for collision avoidance? [单选题] *AIS may not give a complete picture of the traffic situation(正确答案)AIS is more accurate than ARPAAIS is not as accurate as ARPAAIS is not allowed to be used for collision avoidance47. Integrated Bridge and Navigation Systems (IBS/INS) provide excellent performance and reliable navigation under all conditions by _____. [单选题] *integrating well-proven, harmonizing equipment(正确答案)integrating all equipment in the bridgean intelligent platform with ECDIS and Radarthe control center based on ECDIS48. Which statement concerning GPS is TRUE ________. [单选题] *It cannot be used in all parts of the worldThere are 12 functioning GPS satellites at presentIt may be suspended without warning(正确答案)Two position lines are used to give a 2D fix49. When hitting a solid object such as a ship or an airplane, the radar waves are reflected back ______ they came. [单选题] *in the waythe wayby the waythrough the path(正确答案)50. A Doppler log in the volume reverberation mode indicates ______. [单选题] *speed being made goodspeed through the water(正确答案)the set of the currentthe depth of the water51. ECDIS must be able to perform all of the following EXCEPT ______. [单选题] *determine true bearing and distance between two geographical pointsdetermine magnetic compass deviation(正确答案)transform a local datum to the WGS-84 datumconvert “graphical coordinates” to “display coordinates”52. According to SOLAS the breathing air apparatus that must be onboard shall have sufficient capacity for how many minutes of operation? [单选题] *2030(正确答案)456053. Which factor has the greatest effect on the amount of gain required to obtain a fathometer reading? [单选题] *Salinity of waterTemperature of water(正确答案)Atmosphere pressureType of bottom54. Your ARPA has two guard zones. What is the purpose of the inner guard zone? [单选题] *Alert the watch officer that a vessel is approaching the preset CPA limitWarn of small targets that are initially detected closer than the outer guard zone(正确答案)Guard against target loss during critical maneuvering situationsSound an alarm for targets first detected within the zone55. ETA／PILOT REVERTING means [单选题] *ETA pilot station has been givenETA pilot station will be given afterwards(正确答案)ETA pilot station was not givenETA pilot station is given56. ________is used for providing homing signals from survival craft for detection by 9 GHz radar. [单选题] *NAVETEX receiverSearch and Rescue Transponder(正确答案)Emergency Position Indicating Radio BeaconDigital selective calling57. ______ is used for safety of navigation ship-to-ship. [单选题] *Channel 6Channel 13(正确答案)Channel 16Channel 7058. Which action should you take after sending a false distress alert on VHF? [单选题] *Send a DSC cancellation message on Ch-70.Make a voice announcement to cancel the alert on Ch-16.(正确答案)Make a voice announcement to cancel the alert on Ch-13.Make a voice announcement to cancel the alert on Ch-22A.59. ______ typically extends from close as 0.1 nautical miles out to 32 NM. [单选题] *EBLVRMCRTtarget tracking range(正确答案)60. When own ship’s position input to ECDIS is wrong, what is the result? [单选题] *NothingECDIS will give warningECDIS will automatically be switched offPosition, range and bearing taken on the ECDIS will be wrong(正确答案)61. The radar control used to reduce sea return at close ranges is the ______. [单选题] *Gain controlSensitivity time control(正确答案)Fast time constantPulse length control62. The common way to obtain your ship’s position is ______. [单选题] *keeping a close watch and lookouttaking a radar range and bearing(正确答案)observing a radar target and listening to signalskeeping a well clear caution63. A radar display in which North is always at the top of the screen is a（n）______. [单选题] *Unstabilized displayStabilized display(正确答案)Composition displayRelative display64. ______ is a radio receiver with ability to sense direction of the incoming radio waves. [单选题] *The echo sounderThe radarThe course recorderThe direction finder(正确答案)65. The abbreviation RYC in a marine cable generally stands for ______. [单选题] *referring to your crewreference for your captainreturn to your cabinreceived your cable(正确答案)66. How long must the GMDSS radio log be retained on board ________. [单选题] *At least two years after the last entry(正确答案)At least one year after the last entryAt least 90 days after the last entryAt least 30 days after the last entry67. The angular difference between the true meridian（great circle connecting the geographic poles）and the magnetic meridian（direction of the lines of magnetic flux）is called ______. [单选题] *deviationvariation(正确答案)errordifference68. If you receive the signal over radiotelephone of Romeo Papa Tango while using the International Code of Signals, you should ______. [单选题] *report to the callerrepeat your last transmission(正确答案)continue since he received your last transmissionend the transmission69. Deviation changes with a change in ______. [单选题] *latitudeheading(正确答案)longitudesea conditions70. How does current and drift effect the relative motion, relative vector presentation? [单选题] *No effect(正确答案)Producing small errors in calculated aspectProducing large errors in calculated aspectProduce errors in calculated CAP/TCPA71. A single vertical magnet placed underneath the compass in the binnacle is used to compensate for ______. [单选题] *the horizontal component of the permanent magnetismdeviation caused by the vessel's inclination from the vertical(正确答案)induced magnetism in the horizontal soft ironinduced magnetism in the vertical soft iron72. The receiver uses ______ satellites to compute latitude，longitude，altitude，and velocity. [单选题] *onetwothreefour(正确答案)73. ______ is used for calling and replying, and for transmitting acknowledging and relaying distress alerts. [单选题] *NAVTEX receiverSearch and Rescue TransponderEmergency Position Indicating Radio BeaconDigital selective calling(正确答案)74. How is an uncoded racon displayed on the PPI? [单选题] *As a line(正确答案)As a dotAs a small circleAs a large circle75. Variation is a compass error that you ______. [单选题] *can correct by adjusting the compass cardcan correct by adjusting the compensation magnetscan correct by changing the vessel’s headingcannot correct(正确答案)76. Before sailing, mariners on duty shall check the headings of magnetic compass by comparison with _____. [单选题] *ship’s clockengine movement recorderrepeaters(正确答案)navigation lights77. ____ is the navigational timekeeper of the vessel. [单选题] *The marine sextantThe chronometer(正确答案)The magnetic compassThe gyrocompass78. A(n) ______ indicates that there is serious and immediate danger for vessel, crew and passengers. [单选题] *distress alert(正确答案)urgency messagesafety messageroutine message79. Which one of the followings is a standard phrase? [单选题] *WARNING. You are running into danger.(正确答案)You are possibly running into danger.You could be in the case of running into danger.You could , I think , be running into danger.80. What is the right way to use VHF CH16 and working channel? [单选题] *Ships can call other ships on Ch16 but should move to a working channel as soon as possible.(正确答案)Ship should use working channel to call other ships at any time.Ch16 is only used as the international distress and calling frequency.Ship can use Ch16 or working channel as they like81. The ship LRIT system shall transmit the ship’s LRIT information at ______ to an LRIT DATA center ? [单选题] *1-hour interval2-hour interval3-hour interval6-hour intervals(正确答案)82. In ________ within coverage of an Inmarsat geostationary satellite, continuous alerting is available. [单选题] *Sea Area A1Sea Area A2Sea Area A3(正确答案)Sea Area A483. How to report your ship call sign to a shore station? [单选题] *Use capital lettersUse phonetic alphabet(正确答案)Use letters and numbersUse flag signals84. Any piece of metal on becoming magnetized will develop regions of concentrated magnetism called ______. [单选题] *fluxpoles(正确答案)magnetsazimuth85. ____ is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. [单选题] *The marine sextant(正确答案)The chronometerThe magnetic compassThe gyrocompass86. Which of the following is defined as static information? [单选题] *Navigational statusSafety related messageMMSI(正确答案)Route plan87. The ______ transmits own ship data cyclically via two defined VHF channels and receives the same data of the other ships and objects that are equipped with AIS systems. [单选题] *AIS(正确答案)ECDISGPSVDR88. What are the only magnetic compass correctors that correct for both permanent and induced effects of magnetism？ [单选题] *Quadrantal spheresHeeling magnets(正确答案)Athwartships magnetsFore-and-aft magnets89. All VHF marine band radios operate in the simplex mode, which means that ______. [单选题] *only one person may talk at a time(正确答案)only two persons may talk at the same timethe radio only transmitsthe radio only receives90. What type of radar can activate a racon? [单选题] *X-band radar(正确答案)S-band radarC-band radarNo radar can91. Your radar is set on a true motion display. Which of the following will NOT appear to move across the PPI scope? [单选题] *Echoes from a buoy(正确答案)Own ship's markerEcho from a ship on the same course at the same speedEcho from a ship on a reciprocal course at the same speed92. What is the spoken emergency signal for a “man overboard” on the VHF radio? [单选题] *Man OverboardSecurityMaydayPan-Pan(正确答案)93. When the transmissions of a radio station have broken down, switched off or suspended, it is _______. [单选题] *unfunctionalbreak downoff poweroff air(正确答案)94. The maritime radio system consisting of a series of coast stations transmitting coastal warning is called______. [单选题] *NAVTEX(正确答案)HYDROLANT/HYDROPACNAVAREASAFESEA95. If a magnetic compass is not affected by any magnetic field other than the Earth's，which statement is TRUE? [单选题] *Compass error and variation are equal(正确答案)Compass north will be true northVariation will equal deviationThere will be no compass error96. Which device provides the main means in the GMDSS for locating ships in distress or their survival craft? [单选题] *Radio direction finderSatellite EPIRBs(正确答案)MF/HF DSCVHF homing device97. The description of RACON beside an illustration on a chart would near a ______. [单选题] *radar conspicuous beaconcircular radiobeaconradar transponder beacon(正确答案)radar calibration beacon98. A navigator fixing a vessel’s position by radar______. [单选题] *should never use radar bearingsshould only use radar bearings when the range exceeds the distance to the horizoncan use radar information from one object to fix the position(正确答案)must use information from targets forward of the beam99. Lines on a chart which connect points of equal magnetic variation are called ______. [单选题] *Magnetic latitudesMagnetic declinationsDipIsogonic lines(正确答案)100. AMVER is a system which provides ______. [单选题] *satellite communicationsnavigational informationweather informationposition reporting service(正确答案)。

高三英语阅读理解文章结构题单选题30题1.The author starts the passage with a question to _____.A.attract readers' attentionB.provide background informationC.introduce the main topicD.show the importance of the issue答案：A。

本题考查文章开头以问题开头的作用。

选项A，以问题开头通常是为了吸引读者的注意力，让读者产生好奇心从而继续阅读文章。

例如“Have you ever wondered why the sky is blue?”这样的问题会引发读者思考并想知道答案，进而继续阅读文章。

选项B，提供背景信息一般不是以问题开头的主要作用。

选项C，问题不一定直接引入主题，可能只是引起兴趣后再引入主题。

选项D，以问题开头不一定直接表明问题的重要性。

2.The first paragraph of the article begins with a story. This is to _____.A.make the article more interestingB.support the main argumentC.give an exampleD.provide historical context答案：A。

以故事开头通常是为了使文章更有趣，吸引读者。

比如以一个有趣的小故事开头，能让读者更容易投入到文章中。

选项B，故事开头不一定直接支持主要论点。

选项C，故事开头不一定是为了举例说明。

选项D，一般故事开头不是为了提供历史背景。

3.The article starts with a quote to _____.A.emphasize the author's pointB.show the author's knowledgeC.inspire readersD.provide an expert opinion答案：A。

Integrating Static Checking and Interactive Verification: Supporting Multiple Theories and Provers in VerificationJoseph R.KinirySystems Research GroupSchool of Computer Science and InformaticsUCD DublinBelfield,Dublin4,IrelandPatrice ChalinDependable Software Research GroupDepartment of Computer Science and Software EngineeringConcordia UniversityMontreal,Quebec,H3G1M8,CanadaCl´e ment HurlinUniversit´e Henri Poincar´e,Nancy1BP60120,Nancy Cedex,Francewith contributions fromCees-Bart Breunesse,Julien Charles,David Cok,Bart Jacobs,Erik Poll,Silvio Ranise,Aleksy Schubert,and Cesare TinelliAbstractAutomatic verification by means of extended static checking(ESC)has seen some success in industry and academia due to its lightweight and easy-to-use nature.Un-fortunately,ESC comes at a cost:a host of logical and prac-tical completeness and soundness issues.Interactive veri-fication technology,on the other hand,is usually complete and sound,but requires a large amount of mathematical and practical expertise.Most programmers can be expected to use automatic,but not interactive,verification.The focus of this proposal is to integrate these two approaches into a single theoretical and practical framework,leveraging the benefits of each approach.1.IntroductionEndemic in society today are problems related to the lack of software quality which,as a result,is costing gov-ernments,businesses,and nations billions of dollars annu-ally[16].Correctness and security issues are also directly related to some of the most important concerns of the day such as those of national security and technology-based vot-ing.Additionally,driven by governmental regulations and market demands,businesses are now slowly beginning to assume liability for the faults exhibited by the software sys-tems they offer to their customers.This is particularly true in safety and security critical domains.While a variety of software engineering practices have been developed to help increase software quality(e.g.,test-ing practices,system design,modern processes,robust op-erating systems and programming languages),it is widely acknowledged that a promising way to achieve highly reli-able software in critical domains is to couple these practices with applied formal techniques supported by powerful mod-ern tools and technologies like those discussed in this paper.1.1.Program VerificationApplied formal methods has turned a corner over the past few years.Various groups in the semantics,specification, and verification communities now have sufficiently devel-oped mathematical and tool infrastructures that automatic and interactive verification of software components that arewritten in modern programming languages like Java has become a reality.Automatic verification by means of Ex-tended Static Checking(ESC)has seen some success in in-dustry and academia due to its lightweight and easy-to-use nature.Unfortunately,ESC comes at a cost:a host of logi-cal and practical completeness and soundness issues.Inter-active verification technology,on the other hand,is usually complete and sound,but requires a large amount of math-ematical and practical expertise.Typical programmers can be expected to use automatic,but not interactive,verifica-tion.In this paper we discuss work which is being undertaken to:•integrate the ESC and interactive verification ap-proaches into a single theoretical framework,thus cre-ating a unified semantic foundation,and•directly realize this theoretical framework in a modern software development environment(IDE)as an Open Source initiative.Specifically,our current work is focused on the integra-tion of the verification technologies behind two successful tools,namely ESC/Java2[12]and the LOOP program ver-ifier[11](both will be described shortly).The proposed integrated environment will perform as much automated verification as possible,falling back on interactive verifica-tion only when necessary.Additionally,in those situations where developers wish to delay the completion of the inter-active proofs,the tool will insert run-time assertion check-ing code.2.Two Key Java Verification ToolsNext,we discuss two complementary verification tools for Java upon which we base this work.These two tools are complementary because one is an automatic checker and the other is an interactive one.2.1.Extended Static Checking:ESC/Java2One of the most successful automatic verification tools for Java has been ESC/Java,an extended static checker orig-inally developed at DEC SRC[6].The next-generation release,called“ESC/Java2”,is now available as an Open Source project that is supported by academic and industrial researchers[12].David Cok and thefirst author are the ESC/Java2project administrators and have been the main contributors(until recently).ESC/Java2is currently used as a research foundation by over a half dozen research groups and as an instructional tool in nearly two dozen software-centric courses around the world.ESC/Java2reasons about Java programs that are spec-ified with annotations written in the Java Modeling Lan-guage(JML)[2,13].ESC/Java2automatically converts JML-annotated Java code into verification conditions that are automatically discharged by an embedded theorem prover—currently,Simplify[5].Problems in the specifi-cations,programs,or the checking itself are indicated to the user by means of error messages.As ESC/Java2’s perfor-mance and mode of interaction are comparable to an or-dinary compiler,it is quite usable by industry developers as well as computer science and software engineering stu-dents.2.2.Interactive Verification:The LOOP ToolThe LOOP tool,developed by the SoS Group at Radboud University Nijmegen under the supervision of Prof.Bart Jacobs,is an interactive verification tool for JavaCard[3]. The LOOP tool is one of the most complete verifiers with respect to the subset of Java that it covers.LOOP com-piles JML-annotated Java programs into proof obligations expressed as theories for the PVS theorem prover.By mak-ing use of PVS to interactively discharge the proof obliga-tions,one is able to prove a program correct with respect to its JML specification.The base Java/JML semantics of the LOOP tool essen-tially consists of a parameterized theory.The theory pa-rameters are for the(sub-)theory to be used to reason about integral types.Early in the LOOP Project,Java’s integral types were modeled by the mathematical ter, support was added for bounded integers(with the familiar modulo arithmetic)and a bitvector representation(which facilitates reasoning about bit-wise operations—something that is common in JavaCard applications).When reasoning about Java programs,one has a choice of program logics in-cluding Hoare logics and two weakest precondition calculi. Recently,Breunesse has merged these into a single,unified theory in which different representations can be used simul-taneously[1].As these two tools represent some of the best-of-breed of applied formal methods in the Java domain,integrating their foundations and approaches has merit.To accomplish this goal,there are several theoretical and practical challenges to be faced.3.Integration:Observations and Challenges There is no single canonical semantics of Java.The canonical informal semantics for Java is embodied in the Java Language Specification[8].Various groups have for-malized portions of this text and built complementary tools, e.g.,the•Everest Group at INRIA Sophia-Antipolis,•SoS Group at the Radboud University Nijmegen,•Logical Group at INRIA Futurs/Universit´e Paris-Sud,•SAnToS Laboratory at Kansas State University,•KeY group,composed of researchers from the Chalmers University of Technology,the University of Koblenz,and the University of Karlsruhe,•Software Component Technology Group at ETH Z¨u rich,and•now disbanded Extended Static Checking Group at Hewlett-Packard/Compaq/Digital Systems Research Center.In all of these cases the formalizations are incomplete,ei-ther in scope or in accuracy.Also,very little is understood about how the various semantics relate to each other. There is no single,core,canonical semantics of JML. While there are several partial informal and formal seman-tics for JML,there is no single,core semantics.Further-more,the informal semantics of JML is much more tran-sient and imprecise than that of Java,so the problems men-tioned above for Java are compounded for JML.This state of affairs leads to subtle inconsistencies between the inter-pretation of specifications by the tools that support JML. Because of this inconsistency,relating the semantics to each other is extremely difficult.Additionally,explaining,ex-tending,and reasoning about these artifacts(e.g.,the calculi of ESC/Java2)is very difficult.Little work has been done on meta-logical reason-ing about object logics.By meta-logical reasoning we mean reasoning about,rather than within,the semantics of program and specification languages.Formal meta-mathematical proofs are rare.It is not known,for example, if ESC/Java2’s object logic is sound.This is a critical issue.4.An Integrated Verification EnvironmentIn collaboration with others,our research groups have begun work on an integrated verification environment(IVE) and its necessary theoretical foundations.In doing so we have started to address the problems identified in the previ-ous section.We are(concurrently)working on the achievement of the following initial milestones:•elaboration of a semantics for a“core”JML,•extracting,analysing,and extending ESC/Java2’s logic and calculi,and•redesigning ESC/Java2’s proof infrastructure as well as backend interfaces and adaptors with the main ob-jective of allowing it to support new provers.4.1.Semantics for JMLSemantics have been developed for JML within differ-ent logics,nearly all of which have been embedded in the various tools developed by the groups enumerated in Sec-tion3.A few of these tools are publicly available,but most were never used outside the group that originally developed them.To resolve ambiguities,disagreements,and lack of de-tailed formal documentation within the JML community,a single,open semantics of a“core”of JML(recently named JML Level1)needs to be written.Chalin and Kiniry are currently outlining a proposed core and have begun formal-izing its definition.The outcome of this effort is also a ma-jor goal of the MOBIUS project[14].This semantics will be written in a well-understood for-malism,e.g.,within a modern extension to Hoare logic,a denotational semantics,and/or in an operational semantics. In our initial work we have decided to express our base, canonical semantics in PVS and Isabelle.Realizing the ob-ject logic within higher-order provers will help us charac-terize and compare semantics.It is expected that multiple formalizations of the object logic will be created due to practical and theoretical rea-sons.E.g.,most research groups have developed expertise in only one prover,and furthermore,the community can benefit from experimentation with the varying capabilities of each of these provers.4.2.Evolving ESC/Java2’s Logic and CalculiAs inherited from its predecessor,SRC’s ESC/Java, ESC/Java2makes use of an unsorted object logic and two calculi(a weakest precondition calculus and a strongest postcondition calculus).The unsorted object logic con-sists of approximately80axioms written in the language understood(only)by the Simplify prover.These axioms are highly tuned to the quirks and capabilities of Simplify. Initial logical extensions in ESC/Java2saw the logic aug-mented with approximately another20axioms.A transcription of this Simplify-based unsorted object logic has been written in PVS.We refer to this formaliza-tion of the logic as EJ0.Two other logics,EJ1and EJ2, have also been written;EJ1is merely a sorted version of EJ0whereas EJ2,also a sorted logic,was written from scratch with the purpose of better representing the abstrac-tions needed by ESC/Java2to reason about JML annotatedJava programs.Soundness proofs as well as results on the (semi-)equivalence of the EJ i logics are underway.We will also be“extracting”the weakest precondition and a strongest postcondition calculi of ESC/Java2,as well as at least one of the weakest precondition calculi used with the LOOP verification system.This will most likely be done in a higher-order logic or a term rewriting framework. The rewriting speed of special purpose environments like Maude[4]may be of benefit as the tool and verification ef-forts scale to larger problems.4.3.Supporting Multiple ProversAs we progress in our work on the definition and proofs of soundness and completeness of the EJ i logics,we are also progressing in our work on extending and adapting ESC/Java2to support multiple provers.By developing a generic prover interface along with suitable adaptors, we plan on experimenting with next-generationfirst-order provers,and a few higher-order provers.We anticipate the possibility of supporting the use of multiple provers,simultaneously or independently.Which prover to use might be determined automatically by ESC/Java2based on the context of the verification and the capabilities of the provers.For example,while Simplify is a very fast predicate solver,it does not support a complete or sound(fragment of)arithmetic,thus in verification con-texts where arithmetic is used,the tool should automatically avoid using Simplify.We have chosen Sammy and haRVey as the initial provers for experimentation[7,15].This choice was made due to our research relationship with the authors of these two tools as well as the authors’high-profile position within the SMT-LIB community[17].As a necessary precursor to being able to support mul-tiple provers,we are required to translate our object logic, whose current canonical representation is in PVS,into an appropriate formalism understood by each of the provers. Encoding of the ESC/Java2object logic for these provers is being accomplished primarily by their respective research teams.We will also be experimenting with the use of higher-order provers as backends for ESC/Java2.Our initially tar-geted provers are PVS,Isabelle,and Coq.Aside from the authors,Julien Charles at INRIA is working on a Coq real-ization of the object logic and Cesare Tinelli is contributing to the PVS realization.5.ConclusionOne of the advantages of our project is that we have a working toolset today that supports Java and JML.These tools are actively being used by researchers and a few in-dustry practitioners.Our goal is to help evolve these tools into their next-generation counterparts and,all the while, make sure that we take our own medicine.Thus,for exam-ple,writing JML specifications for the Java modules of our toolsets has been and is routinely done.We are also apply-ing our tools to themselves,thus providing non-trivial case studies demonstrating the practical utility of the tools.ESC/Java2and LOOP have been applied to other case studies in the areas of Internet voting[10],JavaCard appli-cations[9],and web-based enterprise applications,for ex-ample.Some of these case studies are already part of our GForge[18].We will be routinely re-executing these case studies as the tools evolve so as to validate the tools and ensure that their effectiveness is,in fact,improving.6.AcknowledgmentsThis proposal is based upon the work of many people. Our collaborators are gratefully acknowledged on thefirst page as well as in the various sections of the proposal.We thank the anonymous referees for their helpful comments. This work is being supported by the Ireland Canada Uni-versity Foundation as well by the European Project Mobius within the frame of IST6th Framework and national grants from the Science Foundation Ireland and Enterprise Ireland. This paper reflects only the authors’views and the Com-munity is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.References[1] C.-B.Breunesse.On JML:Topics in Tool-assisted Verifi-cation of Java Programs.PhD thesis,Radboud University Nijmegen,2005.In preparation.[2]L.Burdy,Y.Cheon,D.Cok,M.Ernst,J.Kiniry,G.T.Leav-ens,K.M.Leino,and E.Poll.An overview of JML tools and applications.Feb.2005.[3]Z.Chen.Java Card Technology for Smart Cards:Architec-ture and Programmer’s Guide.2000.[4]M.Clavel,F.Dur´a n,S.Eker,J.Meseguer,and M.-O.Stehr.Maude as a formal meta-tool.In Proceedings of the World Congress on Formal Methods in the Development of Com-puting Systems,1999.[5] D.Detlefs,G.Nelson,and J.B.Saxe.Simplify:a theoremprover for program checking.J.ACM,52(3):365–473,2005.[6] C.Flanagan,K.R.M.Leino,M.Lillibridge,G.Nelson,J.B.Saxe,and R.Stata.Extended static checking for Java.In ACM SIGPLAN2002Conference on Programming Lan-guage Design and Implementation(PLDI’2002),pages234–245,2002.[7]H.Ganzinger,G.Hagen,R.Nieuwenhuis,A.Oliveras,andC.Tinelli.DPLL(T):Fast decision procedures.In R.Alurand D.Peled,editors,Proceedings of the16th Interna-tional Conference on Computer Aided Verification,CAV’04(Boston,Massachusetts),volume3114of Lecture Notes in Computer Science,pages175–188.Springer,2004.[8]J.Gosling,B.Joy,and G.Steele.The Java Language Spec-ification.first edition,Aug.1996.[9] B.Jacobs.JavaCard program verification.In R.Boultonand P.Jackson,editors,Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics TPHOL2001,volume2151,pages1–3,2001.[10] B.Jacobs.Counting votes with formal methods.InC.Rattray,S.Majaraj,and C.Shankland,editors,AlgebraicMethodology and Software Technology,volume3116,pages 241–257,2004.[11] B.Jacobs and E.Poll.Java program verification at Ni-jmegen:Developments and perspective.In International Symposium on Software Security(ISSS’2003),volume3233, pages134–153,Nov.2004.[12]J.R.Kiniry and D.R.Cok.ESC/Java2:UnitingESC/Java and JML:Progress and issues in building and us-ing ESC/Java2and a report on a case study involving the use of ESC/Java2to verify portions of an Internet voting tally system.In Construction and Analysis of Safe,Secure and Interoperable Smart Devices:International Workshop, CASSIS2004,volume3362,Jan.2005.[13]G.T.Leavens,E.Poll,C.Clifton,Y.Cheon,C.Ruby,D.Cok,and J.Kiniry.JML Reference Manual.Departmentof Computer Science,Iowa State University,226Atanasoff Hall,draft revision1.94edition,2004.[14]The MOBIUS project.http://mobius.inria.fr/.[15]S.Ranise and D.Deharbe.Light-weight theorem provingfor debugging and verifying units of code.In International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods SEFM2003,Canberra,Australia,Sept.2003.[16]RTI:Health,Social,and Economics Research,Research Tri-angle Park,NC.The economic impacts of inadequate in-frastructure for software testing.Technical Report Planning Report02-3,NIST,May2002.[17]SMT-LIB:The satisfiability modulo theories library.http:///smtlib/.[18]The Systems Research Group GForge.http://sort.ucd.ie/.。

英语哲学思想解读50题1. The statement "All is flux" was proposed by _____.A. PlatoB. AristotleC. HeraclitusD. Socrates答案：C。

本题考查古希腊哲学思想家的观点。

赫拉克利特提出了“万物皆流”的观点。

选项A 柏拉图强调理念论；选项B 亚里士多德注重实体和形式；选项D 苏格拉底主张通过对话和反思来寻求真理。

2. "Know thyself" is a famous saying from _____.A. ThalesB. PythagorasC. DemocritusD. Socrates答案：D。

此题考查古希腊哲学家的名言。

“认识你自己”是苏格拉底的名言。

选项A 泰勒斯主要研究自然哲学；选项B 毕达哥拉斯以数学和神秘主义著称；选项C 德谟克利特提出了原子论。

3. Which philosopher believed that the world is composed of water?A. AnaximenesB. AnaximanderC. ThalesD. Heraclitus答案：C。

本题考查古希腊哲学家对世界构成的看法。

泰勒斯认为世界是由水组成的。

选项A 阿那克西美尼认为是气；选项B 阿那克西曼德认为是无定；选项D 赫拉克利特提出万物皆流。

4. The idea of the "Forms" was put forward by _____.A. PlatoB. AristotleC. EpicurusD. Stoics答案：A。

这道题考查古希腊哲学中的概念。

柏拉图提出了“理念论”，即“形式”。

选项B 亚里士多德对其进行了批判和发展；选项C 伊壁鸠鲁主张快乐主义；选项D 斯多葛学派强调道德和命运。

5. Who claimed that "The unexamined life is not worth living"?A. PlatoB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Epicurus答案：C。