TK英语教学资料

Unit24 Selection and use of supplementaryMaterials and activities⏹How do select and use supplementary materials and activities?Supplementary materials are books and other materials we can use in addition to the coursebook. They include skills development materials, grammar, vocabulary and phonology practice materials, collections of communicative activities and teacher’s resource materials. Supplementary materials may also come from authentic sources (e.g. newspaper and magazine articles, video, etc.).Some coursebook packages include supplementary materials and activities specially designed to fit the coursebook syllabus,and there are also many websites where you can download supplementary materials. We select supplementary materials and activities first by recognizing that we need something more than (or different from) the material in the coursebook, and than by knowing where to find the most appropriate kinds of material.⏹Key conceptsMake a list of all the reasons you can think of for using supplementary materials and activities. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the supplementary materials in the box below?There are various reasons why we might want to use supplementary materials and activities. Some of the main reasons are as follows:●to replace unsuitable material in the coursebook●to fill gaps in the coursebook●to provide suitable material for learners’ particular needs and interests●to give learners extra language or skills practice●to add variety to our teachingCoursebooks are organized according to a syllabus, and they are often carefully graded(i.e. grammatical structures, vocabulary, skills, etc. are presented in a helpful sequence for learning), so that learners’ knowledge of the language builds up step by step through the book. Supplementary materials and activities can providevariety in lessons and useful extra practice, but it is important to make sure that they fit into the learners’programme, are suitable for the class and match the aims for particular lessons. Here are some of the possible advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of supplementary materials:⏹Key concepts and the language teaching classroomSelection of supplementary materials and activities●Get to know what supplementary materials are available in your school. Use aquestionnaire or interviews for needs analysis (see gage 110) at the beginning of the course to find out what you will want to add to the coursebook when you are planning your scheme of work.●Supplementary language practice materials are not always accompanied byteacher’s books, and the aims of activities may not be clear. When selecting material, therefore, you need to think about exactly how it will replace or improve on material in your coursebook.●It may be useful to use authentic material (which is not designed for aparticular level), in order to give learners the experience of working with more challenging texts and tasks.●The activities in materials designed to develop individual skills often includethe use of other skills, e.g. learners need to read a text before they carry out a listening task, or to do some writing as a follow-up activity after a speaking activity. When selecting materials and activities, think carefully about all the skills that are required.●Many publishers produce materials for practicing separate language skills atdifferent levels. Teacher’s resource books, too, usually list tasks and activities according to level. Before deciding to use these materials, however, you should check how appropriate the level is for your learners. Think about the language they will need to understand or to produce.Use of supplementary materials and activities●Learners get used to the methodology in their coursebook. If you are usingsupplementary materials with very different procedures, you may need to give special attention to instructions.●You can adapt many supplementary materials for use with classes at differentlevels. The texts used in these materials may not be graded, but you can grade the activities by making the learners’ tasks more or less challenging.●Games and extra communicative activities can provide variety and makelearning fun. But you need to think about your reasons for using them, so that your lesson still has a clear purpose. Older learners may want to know why they are doing these activities.See Units 22 for consulting reference resources and Unit 23 for the selection and use of coursebook materials.FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITY (See page 174 for answers)Here are ten sets of instructions for the kinds of activities you might find in a book of supplementary materials. For each one, decide:---what level(s) it is suitable for (i.e. elementary, intermediate, advanced)---what do you think the aims are---what materials (if any) the teacher needs to prepare---if it focuses on particular language1.In pairs, compare your list of ideas for staying healthy. Then agree on the sixmost useful ideas. Next, get together with another pair and decide on a group list of the six best ideas. Put these ideas in order according to their usefulness.2.Describe the picture to your partner so that s/he can draw it. When you havefinished, compare your pictures and discuss the reasons for any differences. 3.Send one member of your group outside the classroom to read the nextsentence. He or she must remember the sentence without writing it down, than come back and dictate the sentence to the group.e your dictionary to find as much information as you can about your word.Discuss with the other students in your group how the meanings of your words are connected and then explain the connections to the class.5.Decide which stories are true and which are false. Then choose one to tell tothe rest of the class for them to make the same decision.6.Read the definition to the class for them to guess the word.7.Listen to the words on the recording and check whether you have underlinedthe correct syllables.8.Correct the text so that it matches the information in the picture.9.Write the next part of the story on the computer. When you have finished,move to the next computer and continue the story you see on the screen.10.Go to the blackboard and rub out one word in the sentence, so that the wordsthat are left on the board still form a correct sentence.REFLECTIONThink about these comments from teachers. Which do you agree with and why?1.T here’s more than enough material in my coursebook. I don’t have time to usesupplementary materials.2.My students get board with the same book in every lesson, so I usesupplementary materials as often as I can.3.I’d like to use supplementary materials more often, but I find it difficult to fitthem into my syllabus.DISCOVERY ACTIVITIES1.Keep a record of the supplementary materials you use during one week’steaching. Make notes on the reasons for using the material, how it worked and what changes you would make if you use it again. Put you notes in your TKT portfolio.2.Choose two or three supplementary activities you have used recently. Makenotes on the changes you would need to make to use the material at different levels.3.For ideas on using-and making- supplementary materials, have a look atModule 13,Units Four and Five of A Course in Language Teaching by Penny Ur. Cambridge University Press 1996, Sections 2-4 and 9-9 Learning Teaching by Jim Scrivener (2nd edition, Macmillan 2005) and Chapter 4 of Teaching Practice Handbook (second edition) by Roger Gower, Diane Phillips and Steve Walters, Macmillan 1995.4.You can find more ideas for using supplementary materials at Dave’s ESLCafé/ideas/index.html and a very useful list of links to other websites where you can find supplementary materials at /links.htmlTKT practice task (See page 176 for answers)For questions 1-7, choose which book listed A-H could help a teacher who made the following comments.There is one extra option with you do not need to use.Teacher’s comments1.I’ve been teaching for a long time, but I really need some fresh ideas forteaching grammar to low-level learners.2.I’m not sure how to use websites for teaching English.3.I’m looking for activities to help my teenage elementary learners developtheir fluency, but I haven’t got time to do a lot of extra preparation.4.I’m interested in using poems and short stories in my language classes.5.I want a book that explains pronunciation and give me some ideas about howto teach it.6.My learners need lots of extra tasks for reading practice, but I haven’t gottime to search for supplementary materials at the right level.。

TK英语教学部————F4
1. lesson aims:
1.教学目标：
A：
B:
C:
D:
2.语言技能：
LISTENING：
SPEAKING:
READING:
WRITING:
TRANSLATION:
3.自然拼音：
2. 教学板书
●KEY WORDS:
●ADVANCED WORDS:
●READING
●FILLING
●QUESTION
●SENTENCES
●GRAMMER
●SPEECH
●PHONICS
3. 教学习题
附件（）
4.Teaching aids and Rewards
5.教学自省反馈
Week 1 Period 1
流程备注总结反思Part 1: Greeting
Part 2: Warming-up
Part 3: Presentation
单词引入方法
单词练习方法
单词能力检测
单词游戏回顾
单词替换练习
单词情景引入
Part 4: Presentation
句型引入方法
句型练习方法
句型能力检测
句型游戏回顾
句型替换练习
句型情景引入
Part 5: 演讲或情景短句演讲内容
情景内容
练习方法
评比方法
Part 6: 自然拼音
引入方法
练习方法
教学用具
教学习题
Part 7: 课程歌曲
引入内容
引入方法
练习方法
游戏回顾
Part 8: ABCmouse
引入内容
引入方法
练习方法
游戏回顾
教学亮点记录：。

Unit32 Giving feedback⏹How do we give feedback?Giving feedback is giving information to learners about their learning. Feedback can focus on learners’ language or skills, the ideas in their work, their behaviour, their attitude to learning or their progress. Sometimes we give feedback to the whole class, at other times we give feedback to small groups or individual learners. The purposes of feedback are to motivate learners and to help them understand what their problems are and how they can improve.⏹Key conceptsThink of three comments you often give to your learners as feedback. What do they focus on? Why do you give them?Here are some examples of teacher feedback to learners:We can give feedback to individual learners (individual feedback) or groups of learners (group feedback). When learners give feedback to one another, this is called peer feedback. Feedback can be oral or written.Feedback can be linked to formal or informal assessment and can be given to learners in the classroom or during individual meetings. We can also write regular feedback in the form of comments, grades or marks on a learner’s record sheet. The learner can keep this sheet in their portfolio or we might keep it with our records of their overall progress and achievement. We can use this feedback when we make our end-of-course assessment.Peer feedback is useful for all learners. The learners who give the feedback reflect on the work their classmates have done. The learners who receive feedback are given information on how they can improve. The learners are often guided by a feedback observation sheet. Young learners, though, are not able to give very detailed peer feedback because they are not yet able to think about their classmates’work very carefully. Peer feedback can have a positive effect on classroom dynamics and can help to train learners in skills they need to become autonomous.Learners can also give teachers feedback about the lessons, activities and materials. They can tell us when they like what they are doing and when they are not so interested in the materials of activities, or when they are having problems with the language. They can also make suggestions for materials and activities to use.⏹Key concepts and the language teaching classroom.●Feedback should be positive. We should tell learners what is good, what theyare doing well, what they need to do to improve and how. This is particularly important for weaker of less confident learners.●We can give feedback in the classroom during an activity, while we aremonitoring learners doing pairwork or group work or at the end of or after the lesson.●During feedback we can revisit or recycle language that learners are havingproblems with.●Learners will need training in how to give feedback to each other.●We can organize small-group feedback sessions, where the teacher and thelearners can give and receive feedback on the classes and on their learning.●Feedback which is particularly personal or sensitive should be given tolearners in individual meetings and not in front of the whole class.●It is useful to give learners written or oral feedback after assessment inaddition to giving them a score - to provide encouragement and guidance for how to improve.See Units 17 and 21 for assessmentFOLLOW-UP ACTIVITY (See page 175 for answers)Here are some examples of feedback. For each one identify its focus and purpose.REFLECTIONDo you agree with these teachers’ comments about giving feedback? Why?/Why not?1.My learners are only interested in the marks they get for their work. They arenot interested in my comments. They don’t even read them.2.My groups of adult learners are always asking me for feedback on their levelsand want to know how they are doing in every lesson. I think it’s very difficult for the learners who are making slower progress. They don’t like it when I tell them they are not doing as well as the others.3.When I get my learners to give feedback to each other, they just say ‘That’sfine’ and don’t say any moreDISCOVERY ACTIVITIES1.If you teach younger learners, try the feedback chat on page 111 of English forPrimary Teachers by Mary Slattery and Jane Willis, Oxford University Press 2011. Note down what happened in your TKT portfolio.2.For more ideas on how to give feedback, have a look at Units Three and Fourof A Course in Language Teaching by Penny Ur, Cambridge University Press 1996.3.Try introducing peer feedback sessions in some of your classes. Is it effective?How do the learners feel about this approach? Note down what happens and the learners’ reactions in your TKT portfolio.e the TKT Glossary to find the meaning of these terms: get learners’attention, one-to-one, seating arrangemen..TKT practice task (See page 176 for answers)For questions 1-5, match the situations with the kinds of feedback listed A-C. You need to use some options more than once.1.The teacher notices that all the learners are having problems with the newlanguage. She notes the problem down and discusses it later with the learners.A. peer feedbackB. teacher feedback to the classC. teacher feedback to an individual2. A young learner has just finished talking to the class about his hobby. Theteacher say: ‘Thank you very much. That was very interesting.’A. feedback on languageB. feedback on attitudeC. feedback on ideas3. A teenage learner has written a story for homework. The teacher has written:‘This is so much better than last week’s homework. Well done.’A. specific instructions on what to doB. indentifying problemsC. encouragement4. The teacher writes on the first draft of a learner’s composition: ‘Look at thiswebsite for more ideas.’A. feedback on grammatical mistakesB. instructions on planningC. help with using reference resources5. The teacher is talking to a group of primary-school children at the end of agroup work activity. She says: ‘You talked a lot today and I was pleased to see everyone working so well together.’A. feedback on pronunciationB. feedback on behaviourC. feedback on progress。

TKT Wordlist01．Approaches方法Activity-based learning 活动型学习法Communicative approaches 交际法Content-based learning 教学内容为基础的学习法Functional Approach功能法Grammar-Translation method 语法翻译法Guided discovery 有指导的发现学习法Lexical Approach 词汇方法学Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP) 3P教学法Situational presentation 情境呈现法Structural Approach 结构方法Task-based Learning (TBL) 任务型教学Test-teach-test 试题教学法Total Physical Response (TPR)全身反应法02．Assessment 评价, 评估Achievement test 成绩测验Assess v. 估定, 评定Assessment n.评估Assessment criteria 评估标准,‘Can-do’ statements积极的陈述Cloze test 填字测验Comprehension questions 理解力问题Continuous assessment n. 对进步的连续评估Diagnose v. 判断Diagnostic test 诊断测验，学习困难测试Evaluation n. 估价, 评价Formal assessment, evaluation 正式评估Formative assessment, evaluation形成性评估Informal assessment, evaluation 非正式评估Item n. 项目Learner profile 学生素质Matching task配对练习Multiple-choice questions选择题Objective tes t客观测验Oral test口试Peer assessment, evaluation同伴评价Placement test分级/分班测验Portfolio n. 文件夹, 作品集Proficiency test 能力测验Progress test阶段性测试Self-assessment, evaluation 自我评价Sentence completion填空题Sentence transformation 句子转换Subjective test主观测验Summative test总结性测验Test n. 测试True/false questions对错题Tutorial n. 个别指导3. Background to language learning 英语学习背景Achievable target, goal 可达成的目标Acquire vt. 占有, 获得, 取得, 学到Acquisition n. 获得, 所获之物Attention span注意力的持续时间Auditory learner听觉学习者Autonomous adj. 自治的Cognitive(processes) adj. 认知的, 认识的,Confidence n. 信任, 信心Conscious (of) n. 意识Demotivate vt. 使失去动力;使变得消极Developmental error发展型错误Effective adj. 有效的, 有影响的English-medium school以英语为教学语言的学校Error n. 错误, 过失Expectation n. 期待, 期望Expose vt. 暴露, 揭穿Exposure n.显露, 暴露, 揭露Factor n. 因素, 因子First language本国语Focus on form 集中于语言形式的学习Goals n. 目标Guidance n. 引导, 指导, 导航系统Ignore (errors) 忽略的（错误）Independent study 独立学习Intensive cours e密集课程Interference n. 妨碍, 干扰Interlanguage n. 人工辅助语言Kinaesthetic learner 动觉型学习者L1/L2 学习者母语/第二语言Language awareness语言意识Learner autonomy学习自主性Learner characteristics学习者特征Learner independence自我学习Learner training 学习者培训Learning resources n. 学习辅助资料Learning strategies学习策略Learning style学习风格Linguistic adj. 语言的, 语言学的Literacy n. 读写能力, 识字Mature adj. 成熟的,充分发育的, vt. 使...成熟, 长成Maturity n. 成熟, (支票等的)到期Memorable adj. 值得纪念的Memorise vt. 记忆(存储)Mother tongue n. 母语Motivate vt.激发(兴趣或欲望) Motivation n. 动机Natural orde r自然顺序Needs n. 需要Participate vt. 分享vi. 参加, 参与Participation n. 参加, 参与Personalisation n. 个性化Personalise v.个人化Pick up vt. （后天）习得，浸入式Processing language处理语言Proficient [prəә'fiʃəәnt] adj. 熟练的, 精通的Silent period 安静期；静默期Slip n. 滑; 疏漏, 小错误; 下跌Target language culture目标语言文化Unmotivated adj. 动机不明的Visual learner 视觉型学习者Work language out v. 对指定的语言内容进行理解4. Classroom management 教学管理Active role积极型学习者Classroom management教学管理Closed pairs在座位置与相邻的同学做两人练习Co-operate v. 合作, 协作Co-operation n. 合作, 协作Co-operative adj. 合作的,Discipline vt. 训练, 惩罚Dominant n. 主宰/导者Dominate v. 支配, 占优势Energy levels（学习者参与学习的）活力/能力等级Get students’ attention得到学生的注意Grade (language)（语言能力）等级Group dynamics团体动力学Interaction patterns 互动方式Involvement浸入式（学习），融入（活动）Learning contract合约制学习Mingle vi. 联合, 交际Mixed ability（同一班级学员）的不同语言能力Mixed level （同一班级学员）的不同语言等级Monitor n.级长,班长Nominate vt. 提名, 指派One-to-one一对一（一个老师对一个学生）Open class （以教师一人在班级前面为主导的）课堂形式Open pairs（一组学员在班级前展示）学习形式Passive role被动型学习者Rapport, build rapport n. 关系, 同意, 一致Routine adj. 常规的, 例行的Seating arrangement席位的安排Seating plan座位设计Teacher role 教师角色Teaching space教学空间，教学位置5. Functions功能Appropriacy n.合适，适当Appropriate adj. 适当的, 相称的Chunk n. 厚块（片）, 相当大的量, Colloquial adj. 白话的, 口语的, 语体的Declining, refusing an invitation拒绝邀请Enquiring adj. 爱打听的, 显得好奇的Express vt. 表达, 表示;Expressing ability表达能力Expressing intention表达意图，表达目的Expressing necessity表达需求Expressing obligation表达责任义务Expressing permission表达同意，许可Expressing preference表达喜好Expressing probability表达可能性，猜测Formal (language)正式用语Formality (level of)礼节或程度（等级）Function功能Functional exponent 功能表达用语Greeting问候Inappropriate adj. 不适当的, 不相称的Informal (language) 非正式（用语）Informality (level of) 非正式礼节或程度（等级）Instructing命令, 指令Negotiating谈判Neutral adj. 中立的, 中性的Predicting预知, 预言, 预报Register n. (语)语域Requesting要求, 请求Speculating推测, 好奇6. Grammar 语法Active voice 主动语态Adjective形容词Adverb 副词Article 冠词Aspect （时）态Auxiliary verb 助动词Base form of the verb动词原型Clause从句Collective noun集合名词Comparative adjective比较级形容词Compound noun复合名词Conditional adj. 有条件的, 假定的Conditional forms条件句结构Conjunction连词Connector连词Countable noun 可数名词Demonstrative adjective指示形容词Demonstrative pronoun 指示代词Dependent preposition 固定搭配中的介词Determiner限定词Direct question 直接（引语）疑问句Direct speech直接引语First conditional第一条件句（描述真的可能发生的事）Gerund, -ing form 动名词Grammatical structure 语法结构Imperative命令Indirect question间接（引语）疑问句Indirect speech间接引语Infinitive不定式Infinitive of purpose表示目的不定式-ing/-ed adjective 含有-ing/-ed结构的形容词，形容对人或事物的感知Intensifier使事物或意义更加激烈的词，如muchInterrogative adj. 疑问的Irregular verb不规则动词Main clause [语法] 主句Modal verb情态动词Noun名词Object宾语Object pronoun 宾格代词Participle (past and present) 分词Passive voice 被动语态Past continuous, progressive过去进行时Past perfect continuous, progressive过去完成进行时Past perfect simple过去完成时Past simple 一般过去时Person 人称Personal pronoun 人称代词Phrase短语, 习语Plural noun复数名词Possessive adjective n. [语]所有格形容词Possessive pronoun [语].所有格代名词Possessive ‘s’ and whose所有格Preposition 介词Present continuous, progressive for future 现在进行时Present perfect continuous, progressive现在完成进行时Present perfect simple现在完成时Present simple 一般现在时Pronoun 代词Proper noun专有名词Punctuation标点Quantifier数量词Question tag [语]疑问句尾Reflexive pronoun 反身代词Regular verb规则动词Relative clause关系从句Relative pronoun关系代词Reported statement间接陈述Reporting verb引出间接引语的动词Second conditional第二条件句（描述不可能发生的）Singular noun单数名词Subject主语Subject-verb agreement主谓一致Subordinate clause〈语法〉从句Superlative adjective形容词最高级Tense (动词的)时态Third conditional第三条件句（描述绝不可能发生）Third person 第三人称Time expression 时间表达Uncountable noun 不可数名词Used to过去常常Verb 动词Verb pattern动词型7. Introductory activities 引导活动Ice-breaker破冰者（活动）Introductory activity 开场活动Warm up热身（活动）Warme r热身（活动）8. Language skills 语言技能Accuracy n. 准确Authenticity n. 确实性, 真实性Cohesion n. 连接，团结Cohesive adj.有结合性的Coherence连贯性Coherent adj. 合理的, 一贯的,Context 上下文Discourse叙述,Deduce meaning from context 从上下文中得出结论Develop skills发展技能Draft n. 草稿Edit vt. 编辑, 编校, 修订Extensive listening/reading 泛听/读Extract n.摘录Fluency n. 流利Infer attitude, feeling, mood 推测态度,感觉,情绪Intensive listening/reading精听/读Interact vi. 相互作用, 相互影响Interaction n. 相互作用, 相互影响Interactive strategies 双向互动策略Key word 关键词Layout n. 布局, 安排, 设计Listen/read for detail 细节听力/阅读Listen/read for gist主旨听力/阅读Listen/read for mood 观点态度听力/阅读Note-taking n. 笔记, 笔录Oral fluency口语流利Paragraph n. 段落Paraphrase n. 改写Predict v. 预知, 预言, 预报Prediction n. 预言, 预报Process n. 过程, 工序Process writing 写作流程Productive skills产出性技能Proofread v. 校对Receptive skills 输入性技能Re-draft 再次草地稿Relevance n. 关联, 相关性Relevant adj. 相关的, 切题的Scan 扫读Skill 技能Skim 略读,Subskill 副属技能Summarise vt. 概括Summary n. 摘要Text structure篇章结构, 正文结构Theme题目, 主题Thematic adj. 题目的, 主题的,Topic n. 题目, 话题, 主题Topic sentence标题句子Turn-taking 依次（顺序）发言Version n. 版本, 翻译9. Learners’ mistakes and correction strategies 学习者的错误和纠正策略Correction code校正码Echo correct教师复述错误部分，学生自行校正Finger correction 教师指出错误部分，学生更正Over-application of the rule 使用不当错误Over-generalisation过度推论，归纳错误Reformulate再用形式表示Reformulation再形成Repetition n. 重复, 反复Self-correction自校正Time line时线10. Lesson planning 教学计划Achieve aims, objectives客观达到目标Aim目标Analyse language 分析用语Anticipate (language) problems 预见语言难题Arouse, generate interest引/激发兴趣Assumptions n. 假定, 设想Class profile 班级描述Components (of a lesson plan)教案组成部分Conduct feedback结果反馈Consolidate v. 巩固, 联合, 统一Enable vt. 使...能够, 使可行Encourage vt. 鼓励, 激励, 支持Encouragement n. 鼓励Feedback n. 反馈, 成果Focus on vt. 集中在Give feedback 给出反馈Highlight n.精彩部分,闪光点Lead-in 导入Logical adj. 符合逻辑的, 逻辑上的Main aim 主要目标Objective adj. 客观的, 目标的Outcome n. 结果Pace n. 速度, 步调,Peer feedback 学生相互给出反馈Personal aim 个人目标Pre-teach (vocabulary) 教学前（词汇）Procedure n. 程序, 手续, 步骤;Raise awareness意识升级Rationale n. 基本原理, 基础理论Recycle n. 再循环Reflect on teaching教学反思Reinforce vt. 加强, 增援Report back传达报告，报告返回Scheme of work 工作计划/方案Sequence n. 序列, 继起的事, 顺序Set a question, task, test设置一个问题，任务，测试Set the scene, the context 设置情境，上下文Specification, to specify (aims)n. 规格, 详述Stage n. 阶段,Step n. 步骤Stimulate (discussion)vt. 刺激, 激励, 鼓舞Student-centred 以学生为中心的教学形式Subsidiary aim 辅助目标Syllabus n. 摘要, 大纲Teacher talking time教师用语时间Teacher-centred 以教师为中心的教学形式Timetable fit 合理布置时间表计划Timing n. 时间的掌握(安排, 配合) Variety n. 多样, 种类, 杂耍Vary vt. 改变, 使多样化11. Lexis 词汇Affix v. 使...附于, 署名, 粘贴Affixation词缀Antonym反义词Collocation排列，布置Compound复合词False friend假朋友Homonym同音异义字Homophone 同形异开异义词Idiom 习语Lexical set 词汇集合Lexis 词，词汇Multi-word verb多词动词Part of speech n. 词性, 词类Phrasal verb动词短语Prefix 前缀Suffix 后缀Synonym同义词12. Phonology 音韵Connected speech连续语言Consonant 辅音Contrast n. 差别, 对比Contrastive stress对立重音Contraction 缩写Diphthong双元音字Discriminate vt. 区分Distinguish vt. 区别, 辨认, Feature n. 特征, 容貌Identification n. 证明，确认Identify vt. 识别, 认明, 鉴定Intonation语调，声调Linking 连接，读Main stress主要重音Minimal pair 最小对立体Phoneme音素Phonemic script 音标Phonemic symbol音素符号Phonemic transcription音位标音Primary stress主重音Rhyme n. 韵, 押韵, 韵文Rhythm节奏，韵律Schwa n. 英语中非重读音节的元音Secondary stress次重音Sentence stress句子重音Stress 重音Strong forms强读式Syllable音节Unvoiced sound非语音Voiced sound 浊音Vowel元音Weak forms弱读Word boundary词界Word stress 单词重音13. Practice activities and tasks Brainstorm集思广益以寻找(解决难题的方法等)Categorisation n. 分类Categorise v. 加以类别, 分类Chant vt. 吟唱,Choral drill v.集体操练Communicative activity 交流沟通活动Controlled practice 机械式（完全约束控制的）操练Drill 有指导和提示的进行练习Extension task 扩展任务Filler 活动步骤之间的连接填充过渡活动Freer practice自由者操练Gap-fill n. 填空; 填空练习Guided writing有指导的写作练习Individual drill 个体操练Information-gap activity 信息填空活动Jigsaw listening/reading拼接听力阅读练习Jumbled paragraphs, pictures, sentences 被打乱的段落，图片，句子Label 词义与词汇的配对Less controlled practice半机械型练习Mind map 词汇归类表格Open-ended (task) 询问类活动（无固定答案，因人而异）Picture stories用图片代替文字呈现的故事Practice 操练，练习Prioritising 优化，重新排列Problem solving问题解决Project work 设计活动/作业Rank ordering 排序Recall 回忆，记忆Restricted practice机械式（完全约束控制的）操练Revise 校正，修订Revision校正，修订Role-play角色扮演, 角色模仿Solution解答, 解决办法Solve vt. 解决, 付给Substitution drill替换训练Survey n. 调查Swap n. 交换Target language目标语言Task n. 工作, 任务Task-type任务类型Transformation drill 转化，抟换练习Visualisation引发学生思考的看得见的教学材料Visualise v. 使...看得见, 形象化Word map词汇归类表格14. Presentation techniques 呈现技巧Concept checking概念（教学内容）检测Concept questions 概念（教学内容）检测问题Contextualise将(音素、单词等)置于上下文中研究Define vt. 定义, 解释Definition n. 定义, 阐释, 清晰度Elicit vt. 引出, 诱探出Emphasis n. 强调, 重点Emphasise vt. 强调(着重, 加重) Gesture n. 手势, 姿态Illustrate meaning举例说明意思Meaningful adj. 意义深长的, 有意义的Mime n. 哑剧Present v.提出, 呈现Presentation n. 陈述, 介绍,Teaching strategy教学策略Reference resources推荐/参考的资源Bilingual dictionary双语对照字典Consult v. 商讨, 向...请教, 查阅Headword n. 标题字Monolingual dictionary单语词典Phonemic chart 音位/音素图Reference materials, resources推荐/参考的资料/资源15. Teachers’ and learners’ language in the classroomAcknowledge认知Ask for clarification 要求澄清, 阐明Clarify澄清, 阐明Convey meaning 传达/递意义Exchange 交换，兑换Facial expression面部表情Filler填充符Hesitate犹豫, 停顿,Model示范，模范,Narrate叙述(故事), 描述Praise赞美, 称赞Prompt提示Recast重做Refer to指的是,Respond v. 回复, 反应,Response n. 回复, 反应, Simplification n. 简化, 精简Simplify v. 简化Terminology n. 术语Utterance n. 说话, 发表, 说话的方式Word prompt 文字提示16．Teaching materials and aids Activity book 活动手册Adapt (material)改编Audio script 声音文本Authentic material 真实资料Board game棋类游戏Book书Brochure小册子Chart图表Coursebook教科书Coursebook unit 教科书单元Crossword puzzle纵横拼字谜Dialogue对话Dice骰子, 掷骰游戏Exploit (material) 扩展的资料Flashcard (教学用)抽认卡Flexible adj. 灵活的, 可变通的Flipchart翻转图Graded reader年级课本，分级读本Graph图表, 曲线图Grid格子, 赛车起跑线Handout 散/分发材料Language laboratory . 语言实验室Leaflet 小叶, 传单Learning centre 学习中习Overhead projector (OHP) 高射投影仪Overhead transparency (OHT) 字幕片Puppet 木偶Realia直观教具(实际事物) Recording script记录文本Resources资源, 才智Rubric题目Self-access centre 自学中心Sticker粘纸Supplementary material 补充资料Tapescript磁带录音稿Teacher’s book 教师用书Teaching aids教具Textbook课本, 教科书Transcript 成绩单Video clip 视频节目剪辑Visual (aid) 图片教具Workbook练习本Worksheet工作表。

T K T培训内容要点TKT培训补充材料2009年11月26日谢强备课和使用相关资源备课第一部分计划和准备一节课和系列课第18单元识别和选择目标必背要点概念1.main aim, subsidiary aim, personal aim 主要目标、分项目标、教师个人目标2.syllabus 教学大纲3.procedure 上课进程必须理解和背记的重要练习1.表格题：确定上课每一进程的分项目的 88页2.配对题：识别教学目的 90页第19单元识别教案的组成部分必背要点概念1.level and number of learners 学生水平和人数2.timetable fit 与前一节课和后一节课的合理连接安排3.main aim 主目标4.subsidiary aim 分项目标5.personal aim 教师个人授课方面的目标6.assumption 对学生现有水平的认定7.anticipated language problems 预期学习难点8.possible solutions 可能的解决方案9.teaching aids, materials, equipment 教学辅助工具、材料和设备10.procedure 上课进程11.timing 上课每一阶段的时间12.interaction patterns 互动方式13.homework 作业必须理解和背记的重要练习1.表格题：教案要素对应的具体内容 94页2.配对题：识别课程每一阶段的分目的 95页第20单元准备一节课或者几节系列课必背要点概念（8个）1.语法课顺序：PPP 3P教学法；TBL任务型教学法2.输入课productive顺序：TBL3.输出课receptive顺序：set the scene事先确定场景; feedback事后老师给出反馈4.系列课结构型顺序：复习、复习、对比5.系列课综合型顺序：词汇、阅读、写作6.系列课任务型顺序：输入（听、读）、课堂问答讨论、制作张贴板7.scheme of work教案大纲、教案的大体框架8.peer correction 相互纠正、互相改错必须理解和背记的重要练习1.排序题：几节课的顺序 99页2.排序题：一节课的顺序 101页第21单元评估手段必背要点概念rmal assessment 非正式评估2.formal assessment 正式评估3.表格：两者差异 102页4.proficiency test语言水平测试，achievement test成果测试，progress test阶段测试5.multiple-choice questions选择题, matching tasks配对题, true/false questions对错题, objective test客观性测试6.正式评估和非正式评估的特点 103页必须理解和背记的重要练习1.对错题：正式评估与非正式评估的特点 104页2.配对题：配对测试目的第二部分选择和使用相关资源备课第22单元查资料必背要点概念1.teacher’s book教师用书2.bilingual dictionary双语字典, monolingual dictionary单语字典nguage awareness语用意识4.collocation搭配5.worksheet活页练习题必须理解和背记的重要练习1.配对题：参考资料和参考目的 108页2.配对题：参考资料和参考目的 109页第23单元选用教材资料必背要点概念1.coursebook package全套教材: a student book学生用书, a teacher’s book教师用书 (tapescript录音文本), audio/video recordings磁带录像带, workbook练习册(activity book活动手册)2.coursebook adaptation教材改变3.realia实观教具必须理解和背记的重要练习：配对题：教学活动与目的 113页第24单元选用补充材料与活动必背要点概念1.syllabus教学大纲-coursebook教材-supplementary materials补充材料2.graded readers 分级读物3.authentic sources真实渠道4.scheme of work工作计划5.不同补充材料的优缺点 115页必须理解和背记的重要练习配对题：教师需求与补充材料 118页第25单元选用教学辅助工具必背要点概念1.teaching aids教具2.overhead projector投影仪3.visual aids视觉辅助工具4.realia实观教具5.transparency幻灯片nguage laboratory语音室rmation gap信息不对称8.flashcard抽认图9.puppet木偶10.chart图表11.prompt提醒12.leaflet单页13.poster招贴画14.wallchart挂图15.lexical set词汇上下文16.phonemic chart口型发音图17.phonemic symbols音标18.hand gesture手势19.facial expression面部表情20.mime哑剧21.elicit引出22.context上下文必须理解和背记的重要练习：1.问答题：情况与辅助工具 122页2.配对题：教学目的和辅助工具 123页MODULE2模考的考查内容、考试词汇与考试技巧MODULE2模拟题的考察内容1.面对不同学生对象的教学目的2.教师不同指令所代表的教学目的3.教案组成部分的定义4.课程顺序（TBL）5.评估目的6.字典标注的含义7.教学需求和选用参考资料8.改编教材的策略9.为实现教学目的选用补充材料10.选用教具MODULE2考试常见词汇1.match配对，TKT最常见的考试形式；extra option多余的选择，这是比较容易的情况，相对复杂的是可以多次选择某一个选项，所以审清题干非常重要。

Unit30 Grouping learners⏹How do we group students?Grouping learners is using different ways to organize our learners when they are working in the classroom. We usually organize them to work in different ways during each lesson. The groupings we choose depend on the type of activity, the students and the aim of the activity.⏹Key conceptsWhat are the different ways we group learners in the classroom?There are two different ways in which the teacher can group learners in the classroom. The first is when she chooses particular interaction patterns for the learners, i.e. ways in which learners work together and with the teacher in class.They include open class, group work, pairwork and individual work, and the teacher to learner(s) and learner(s) to teacher.In this table you can see examples of different interaction patterns.In our lesson plans we usually use short forms for showing interaction patterns, for example T-Ss’ rather than writing out ‘teacher to students’. We use ‘S’ to mean one student, and ‘Ss’ to mean more than one student.The second way in which the teacher groups learners is when she decides which learners will work together in pairs, groups or teams. The teacher considers the learners’ levels, learning styles, learner needs, personalities and relationships with others in the class before asking learners to work together. She needs to think which learners will work together in order to learn best.⏹Key concepts and the language teaching classroom.When deciding how to group learners, we need to consider a number of different factors:●The teaching aim. It is much easier to choose how to choose how to grouplearners when we have decided on the aim of the lesson and the aim of each activity.●The learning styles of the learners. For example, some learners prefer to workas individuals, others in groups. Learners also have different personalities and find it easier to work with some partners or groups than with others●The ability and level of the learners. Most classes are ‘mixed ability’, i.e. theyinclude learners of different abilities. We can group learners for some activities so that learners of the same ability work together, and for other activities so that learners of different abilities work together.●The personalities of our learners. Most of the time learners will work welltogether, but sometimes there are learners who do not work together positively,e.g. when one learner is shy and another is quite dominant(i.e. alwaystalking and stopping others from taking part). We need to think carefully about how to group these learners.●The class size. With a class of between 20 and 30 learners, we can managepair and group work quite easily. With classes of more than 30 learners, pair and group work are possible, but need more careful planning.●The previous experience of the learners. When learners are not used pair andgroup work we need to plan how to introduce this way of working. We can start by doing short pairwork activities and gradually introduce longer and more varied groupings.●The activities than we have chosen. For example, a discussion activity can bedone in groups, a role-play can be done in pairs. But we can also choose to do these activities differently, depending on the needs of the group and the aims of the lesson. So, for example, a discussion activity can be done in pairs or asa whole class, and a role-play can be done in groups.●The balance of interaction patterns in a lesson. A lesson where learners aredoing pairwork for the whole lesson will probably not be successful: learners will become bored and there might be discipline problems. A lesson where learners are doing individual work for the whole lesson will probably not be successful either: learners will lose concentration and become bored. Equally,a lesson which is wholly teacher-led is unlikely to be successful: learners needa balance of different interaction patterns within one lesson.●The group dynamics of the class. i.e. the relationships between the learnersand how learners will behave towards each other.The first part of a lesson plan from a methodology book for primary learners is on the next page. In each activity learners are grouped in different ways: they work as a whole class, in groups and individually.adapted from Children Learning English by Jayne Moon, Macmillan 2000The interaction patterns in the lesson are:●Activity 1: two large groups/teams●Activities 2, 3 and 4: whole class and groups. In Activities 2 and3 the teacher isworking with the whole class. The teacher than divides the pupils into groups for the prediction activity.●Activity 5: individual work. In this activity the teacher is telling the story and thepupils are working on their own, listening and colouring.See Units 13 for more information on learning styles and other learner characteristics.FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITY (See page 175 for answers)Here is the second part of the same lesson. For each activity, identify the interaction patterns and their purpose for the stage of the lesson.adapted from Children Learning English by Jayne Moon, Macmillan 2000REFLECTIONWhich of the following statements do you agree with and why?1.I try to have a balance of different interaction patterns in a lesson..2.It’s best to separate weak/strong or shy/dominant learners into differentgroups or pairs.3.The age of learners that I teach makes some interaction patterns different.4.My learners don’t like group work, so I don’t do it.5.When learners work in pairs or groups, they have more opportunities to speakthan when they work alone.DISCOVERY ACTIVITIES1.Try out some different groupings and interaction patterns and write up theresults in your TKT portfolio.2.You will find some useful information on grouping young learners in Chapters7 and 8 of Children Learning English by Jayne Moon, Macmillan 2000.3.For more information on practical aspects of grouping and interaction patterns,have a look at Module 16 of A Course in Language Teaching by Penny Ur, Cambridge University Press 1996.TKT practice task (See page 176 for answers)For questions 1-6, match the different activities with the most suitable interaction patterns listed A, B or C,Activities1.Learners do an information-gap activity with two sets of information.2.Learners write their own stories.3.Learners decide together how to report their conclusions to the rest of theclass.4.All the learners act out a play for the parents.5.Learners do a written test.6.Learners take part in a choral drill.。

Unit19 Identifying the different components of a lesson plan⏹How do we identify the different components of a lesson plan?Choose the comparison that you think best describes a lesson plan.A lesson plan is like …an instruction leaflet a photograph a storya road map a computer programme a series of road signsa written summary something else?A lesson plan is a set of notes that helps us to think through what we are going toteach and how we are going to teach it. It also guides us during and after the lesson. We can identify the most important components of a lesson plan by thinking carefully about what we want our learners to do and how we want them to do it.The main components of a lesson show us what the lesson is for (the aims) and what the teacher and the learners will do during the lesson and how they will do it (the procedures). Other components help us to think about possible problems and remind us of things we need to remember about the learners. So a lesson plan is most like a road map or a series of road signs, i.e. something that shows us where we are going and how we are going to get here – although we may sometimes find that during the journey we have to take a different route!Here are some ways a lesson plan helps the teacher.⏹Key conceptsA lesson plan can include the following headings. Which ones do you thinkshould always appear? Which ones may only appear sometimes?It is usually a good idea to anticipate possible problems and solutions, but in a revision lesson we may not need these headings. Also, we may not have personal aims for every lesson, and we may not always give learners homework!Key concepts and the language teaching classroomLook carefully at this example of part of a lesson plan which aims to introduce and practise language for giving advice. Then read the points below.●When we make a lesson plan, we need to ask ourselves how the procedureswe have planned will help to achieve our aims and to make sure there are strong connections between the different stages.●We also need to consider variety, i.e. how we can use different activity types,language skills and interaction patterns. Learners of all ages need different activities in a lesson, but this is especially important for younger learners.●During the lesson we should teach the learners, not the lesson plan! We mustbe prepared, if necessary, to change our plan while we are teaching. If we have a clear plan, we will be more aware of what we are changing and why.We can include some different possibilities in a lesson plan, e.g. an extra activity to use if learners take less time than expected to complete a task, and this can help if we are not sure how well parts of the plan will work.See Unit 18 for indentifying and selecting aims and Unit 20 for planning an individual lesson or a sequence of lessons.FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITY (See page 173 for answers)Some of the teacher’s notes for this lesson plan are missing. Put the notes A-E in the correct places in the plan.A.To enable students to use past tenses accurately and put events in order insimple narrativesB.Students listen to the model story, than in groups, plan and write their ownstoriese gestures to remind students to use past tenseD.To follow on from work on past tense and to prepare for the storytellingprojectE.To make sure than board writing is clear and readableREFLECTIONThink about these comments from teachers. Which do you agree with and why?1.Written lesson plans are helpful when you first start teaching, but experiencedteachers don’t need them. I plan all my lessons in my head2.Lesson plans don’t help me teach because I always try to respond to learners’needs during the lesson.3.Writing a lesson plan is the important thing. I always have a written plan, butoften I don’t look at it while I’m teaching.DISCOVERY ACTIVITIES1.Try out different ways of writing lesson – e.g. in columns, on cards – to findout which style suits you best. Have a look at Chapter 8 (‘Why did I do it like this?’) of children Learning English by Jayne Moon, Macmillan 2000, for some useful examples.2.In your TKT portfolio, collect examples of plans you write for different kindsof lessons. Also write comments on what the strong and weaker points of the lesson were, and what you would change next time.3.For some good ideas about lesson planning read two short articles on planningby Callun Robertson, BBC English at:/think/methodology/planning1.shtml and /think/methodology/planning2.shtml4.For more detailed advice on planning and further examples of how to write aplan, look at Chapter 22, Sections A, B1-3 and C of The Practice of English Language Teaching (third edition) by Jeremy Harmer, Pearson Education Ltd 2001 and Chapter 8 of Teaching Practice Handbook (second edition) by Roger Gower, Diane Phillips and Steve Walters, Macmillan 1995.5.For lesson plans on a wide variety of topics that you can download free, visit:/teachingTKT practice task (See page 176 for answers)For question 1-7, match the stages of the lesson with the subsidiary aims listed A-H. There is one extra option which you do not need to use.Lesson stages1.Check vocabulary from the last lesson.2.Introduce the topic and elicit/present new words and phrases.3.Learners reorder jumbled paragraphs of a text.4.Learners match words in the text with possible meanings.5.Learners answer true/false questions.6.Learners underline examples of reported speech.7.Learners exchange texts and give feedback.Subsidiary aimsA.focus on formB.deducing meaning from contextC.peer correctionD.check detailed comprehensionE.contextualize and pre-teach vocabularyF.check learners’ awareness of text organization (pronouns, linking, etc.)G.controlled practice of target structureH.revise language already learnt。

Unit 20 Planning an individual lesson of a sequence lessonsHow do we plan an individual lesson or a sequence of lessons?When we plan an individual lesson, we need to think about its aims, the ‘shape’ of the lesson and the kind of techniques that are most appropriate for a particular group of learners. For example, if we are introducing a new grammatical structure, we might choose a Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP) approach or a Task-based Learning (TBL)approach. Skills lessons, too have regular shapes that we can use to organize lesson plans; for example, for receptive skills, we usually plan tasks or activities for learners to do before, while and after reading or listening; for productive skills, there is usually an introductory stage to set the scene(i.e. to explain the context) and a feedback stage after the speaking or writing activity.We also need to think about the connections between the aims of the lesson and the procedures we will use to achieve those aims. The available materials, the length of the lesson and the information we have about our learners will all help us to identify possible procedures. But the most important things is to make sure that the materials, tasks and activities we select are the ones that will help a particular group of learners to achieve the aim we have identified.A sequence of lesson is a number of related lessons that develop languageknowledge and/or language skills over a period of time. Sequences may develop a single topic or language area, or may involve topic or language area that are very closely connected. Here are three examples:⏹Key conceptsPlanning an individual lessonWhen we plan an individual lesson, we have to ask ourselves a number of questions:●Will the topic be interesting and motivating for my learners?●Are the activities and teaching materials at the right level for all the learners?●Have I planned enough for the time available? Do I need any extra material?●Have I planned too much for the time available? Are there any stages I can cutif necessary?●Have I thought about exactly how to start and end the lesson?●Does each step in the lesson help to achieve the aim?Planning a sequence of lessonsLook at these three teachers’schemes of work (i.e. outline plans) for a sequence of four lessons. What do you think might be the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme?A scheme of work helps us plan a sequence of lessons in the best way to cover theschool syllabus or the units of a coursebook in the time available. It also helps us to think about what we want to achieve and what materials we might need. It also helps us to include enough variety across our lessons. Teacher and learners need clear aims beyond the single lesson and need to see how lessons are linked to each other. Here are some of the main advantages and disadvantages of the three schemes of work on page 97:You can see that schemes of work are less detailed than lesson plans. Like any individual lesson, a sequence of lessons should have a logical and learning-friendly progression and a good balance of approaches and activities.Like a lesson plan, a scheme of work helps us to identify our aims and make sure we choose materials and procedures that match those aims.⏹Key concepts and the language teaching classroom●It’s a good idea to make lesson plans as simple as possible, so notes are betterthan full sentences, and there’s no need to describe every step in great detail.However, we may want to write down some important thins in a complete form-for example, prompts for drilling, questions to check learners’understanding, instructions, tec.● A lesson plan should be clear and easy to read during the lesson. Differentcolours, boxes, underlining, etc. are useful. It is often helpful to include drawings of the way the blackboard (or white board) will look at differentstages.●Variety is very important both in a sequence of lessons and in a single lesson.We should avoid always doing the same kinds of things in the same order, e.g.always beginning the lesson with a conversation or always ending with a role-play. There are several different ways of introducing variety into lessons.Here is a list of things we can vary:adapted from A Course in Language Teaching by Penny Ur, Cambridge University Press 1996●Learners may well require more frequent revision than the coursebookprovides. A scheme of work is a good way to make sure that we recycle language (i.e. use it again) and include regular revision activities during a sequence of lessons.●Coursebook units are often arranged around a specific topic (such as sport orrelationships), which may be a useful way of linking together a sequence of lessons. This kind of sequence give us the chance to develop particular areas of vocabulary, but learners may feel that the lessons are repetitive, so we need plenty of variety of texts and tasks.See Units 5-8 for skills-based lessons, Unit 18 for identifying and selecting aims and Unit 19 for identifying the different components of a lesson plan.FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES (See page 174 for answers)1. The lesson summaries 1-6 below are part of a scheme of work to introduce and practise language for describing people, clothes and places. Complete the scheme of work with the correct summaries (A, B or C) for lessons 1, 5 and 6.2 In the scheme of work in Activity I, which lesson or lessons:A.Has/have a variety of pace?e(s) different interaction patterns?C.Practise(s) receptive skills?D.Practise(s) productive skills?E.Increase(s) the level of difficulty?F.Has/have a change of topic?G.Has/have a change of language focus?H.Is/are lively change of language focus?I.Is/are calm and quiet?REFLECTIONThink about these comments from teachers. Which do you agree with and why?1.The coursebook gives me everything I need to plan a sequence of lessons.2.If I do a scheme of work, I don’t have to spend so much time planningindividual lessons.3.I want to respond to my learners’ needs from lesson to lesson. A scheme ofwork stops me from doing that.DISCOVERY ACTIVITIES1.Design a scheme of work for your next few lessons. Then summarise the aimsof your sequence of lessons as a handout for learners or a poster for the classroom wall. Put a copy in your TKT portfolio.2.For some very practical ideas on planning, look at Chapter 7 of PlanningLessons and Courses by Tessa Woodward, Cambridge University Press 2001 and Planning Class work: A Task-based Approach by Sheila Estaire and Javier Zanon, Macmillan 1994.3.Project work is a good way of planning a motivating sequence of lessons withplenty of variety. For ideas on planning project work and some good examples, have a look at this website:/think/methodology/project_work.shtml 4. Use the TKT Glossary to find the meaning of these terms: guided discovery,student-centred, teacher-centred.TKT practice task (See page 176 for answers)For question 1-5, look at the lessons in the project work sequence below and fill in the missing lessons from the options listed A-H.A.Some learners look for information on the internet or in the library andmake notes; some plan surveys to find out information from others using questionnaires.B.Groups exchange their work, check it and make final suggestions forediting.C.In each group learners read each other’s work, and make suggestions forediting.D.Groups plan their work and decide how to share tasks.E.Learners plan their writing or carry out survey interviews.。

Part3 Background to language teaching Unit15 Presentation techniques and introductory activities⏹What are presentation techniques and introductory activities?Presentation techniques are ways used by the teacher to present(introduce to learners for the first time) new language such as vocabulary, grammatical structures and pronunciation. Introductory activities are those used by a teacher to introduce a lesson or teaching topic.⏹Key conceptsLook at the presentation stages (the areas that are shaded) in these descriptions of two lessons for elementary-level secondary-school students. How are theThe introductory stag of a lesson helps students to settle into the lesson and focus on its content. There are two kinds of introductory activities: warmers and lead-ins. Warmers are often used to raise students’ energy levels or to make them feel comfortable. They are not always connected to the topic of the lesson, for example, they could be a quiz, game or pairwork activity. Lead-ins focus on the topic or new language of the lesson. They can also focus and motivate students and make a link between the topic of the lesson and the students’own lives (personalisation). For example, if in one lesson students are going to read a text about the Internet, rather than giving them the text immediately, we could do one or more lead-in activities such as discussing with students how often they use the Internet, what they use it for, what their favourite websites are, etc. Or if anther lesson they are going to listen to a conversation about favourite television programmes, the lead-in activities might be making a list of their favourite television programmes and discussing them with a partner. These activities will probably lead on to teaching relevant vocabulary for the texts and comprehension tasks to follow.If you look back at the PPP and TBL lessons on page 61 you will see that they too include introductory activities. Step 1 in the PPP lesson provides a lead-in to the topic, and step 2 and 3 a lead-in for language needed for the lesson’s main aim. In the TBL lesson, steps 1 and 2 are lead-ins.⏹Key concepts and the language teaching classroomThe two lessons on pages 61-2 show two common and different approaches to presenting new language items. The lesson on the left is an example of a PPP lesson, the lesson on the right an example of a TBL lesson. There are many differences between them.In the Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP) lesson:●The lesson has a language aim.●The teacher first contextualizes the new language, i.e. put it into a situationwhich shows what it means. (Step 1)●The teacher than makes sure that the students remember previously studiedlanguage needed to practice the new language by eliciting it, i.e. asking students to say the language rather than giving it to them, and by doing a choral drill (getting the students to repeat as a whole class what he/she says).(Step 2-3)●The teacher next presents the new language and the students just listen. (Step4)●The students then say sentences including the new language in a verycontrolled or restricted practice activity, i.e. one in which they can only the new language and without making mistakes. (Step 5)●The teacher tells students about the grammatical use of the new language.(Step 6)●The teacher asks the students concept questions, i.e. questions that checktheir understanding of the use or meaning of the new language. (Step 7)●The students then carry out another controlled practice activity. (Step 8)●The students do less controlled or freer practice(i.e. where they can usetheir own ideas) using the new language. (Step 9)You can see that in a PPP lesson the teacher:1.presents new language in a context2.gets students to practice it in controlled practice activities3.asks the students to use the new language in less controlled activities, in acommunicative way.In the Task-based Learning (TBL) lesson:●The aim of the lesson is for the students to complete a task (an activityin which students try to achieve something real, and have tocommunicate to do so).●The teacher starts by holding a discussion on the topic of the lesson.(Step 1)●The teacher than gives the students tasks to do. (Step 2,3,4,5)●Then the teacher and students discuss any new or problematiclanguage they needed for the task. (Step 6)●Lastly, the students do an exercise on the new language. (Step 7)You can see that in a TBL lesson the teacher:1.gives students tasks to do2.presents new language after students have needed to use it, and only presentslanguage that he/she or the students have identified as needed.A PPP approach to presenting new language gives students an opportunity topractise language in a safe learning environment where it is difficult to make mistakes. It can therefore be quite a confidence-building approach for students.But it makes students learn language items they may not be interested in or ready to learn and give them few opportunities to really use the language when they want to, and to use language experimentally and creatively for real communication. In this way it puts second language learners in a situation which is quite similar to the one in which children learn their first language. Some learners may find this approach to language learning exciting and challenging.Others may wish for more guidance and structure to help them.PPP and TBL are not the only ways of presenting new language. It is also possible, for example, to present new language to learners after they have met it in a reading or listening text which is first used for comprehension. Another possibility is to hold a discussion on a topic and introduce new language in the context of the discussion; another one is to give learners a task that require them to use new language, then after the task, present the new language to them and then give them another task to practise the new language (Test-teach-test).Presenting new language involves making various choices:●When to present the new language? Before (as in PPP) or after (as in TBL)learners try to use the new language?●What and how may language items to present (new grammatical structures,new vocabulary, new lexical phrases, new functional exponents, new topics)?In PPP the teacher make this choice; in TBL the teacher and/or the learners make the choice.●What context to present the new language in? In both TBL and PPP newlanguage items are presented in a meaningful context, i.e. one that shows the meaning of the new language, and is personalized.●What aids to use to help create the context, e.g. pictures, video, cassette, aworksheet?●How to show the meaning or use of the new language, e.g. explanation,translation, presenting through a situation?●What aspects of the new language to present, i.e. one, some or all of thefollowing: meaning/use, pronunciation, grammar, spelling?Introductory activities involve the teacher in selecting interesting and relevant warmers and lead-ins. The warmers make the students feel comfortable and ready for the lesson, and the lead-ins introduce the topic ofthe lesson and main language points needed by the learners to complete the main tasks of the lesson. You may not always need to warmers as learners may arrive at a lesson ready to learn.The ways you present new language or introduce lessons will depend on your learners – their level, interests, age, what language they already know, weaknesses and strengths in English and learning styles.They will also depend on the resources available to you in your school and the approach to presentation used in your coursebook.See Unit 16 for types of activities and tasks, Unit 18 for selecting language for presentation and planning a lesson, Units 23-25 for resources and materials useful for presentation and Unit 26 for classroom functions often used by the teacher to present new language.FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES (See page 173 for answers)Which of these are presentation activities?1.The teacher says two new functional exponents and asks the learners to repeatthem.2.The learners read a newspaper article and do a comprehension task on it.3.The learners ask the teacher how to say…in English and the teacher tells them4.The teacher points out to learners that in the task may of them mispronouncedthe word station. She asks them to repeat it after her.5.The learners have a discussion.6.The learners translate a short poem into their own language.7.The teacher uses a picture story to create a context for introducing he and she.REFLECTIONThink about these comments from teachers. Which do you agree with and why?1.TBL is close to the way we learn new language in our first language.2.Learners prefer a PPP to a TBL approach.3.I always present new language in the same way as I was taught at school.DISCOVERY ACTIVITIES1.Look at unit in your coursebook that presents new language. Does it use PPP,TBL or another approach?2.Present some new language to a class using PPP and to another using TBL.Analyse the strong and weak points of each. Put your analysis in your TKT portfolio.3.For more ideas on presenting new language, read Chapter 12 of LearningTeaching by Jim Scrivener (2nd edition, Macmillan 2005).4.Find or create some warmers. Do one with a class and in your TKT portfolio,note the effect it had on the learners and the lesson.e the TKT Glossary to find the meaning of these terms: definition,icebreaker, illustrate meaning, lexical approach, situational presentation.TKT practice task (See page 176 for answers)For questions 1-6, match the parts of a presentation stage with the name listed A-G.There is one extra option which you do not need to use.。

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