育才分流英语语法词法精品辅导3
情态动词、虚拟语气、非谓语动词名词性从句和定语从句
情态动词
【要点点拨】
1.表示请求和允许：can,could,may,might.过去式使语气更委婉，答语应用原形。
---Could Iuse your computer tomorrow morning?
---Yes,you can.(否定回答可用：No,I'm afraid not.)
2.表示推测：
理论可能性can
可能性肯定句must,may,might,could
疑问句can
否定句can't(不可能)，may not(可能不)
1)can表示理论上的可能性，指某事或情况可能发生，但并不说明实际上真的发生.
Children can be very tiring.
2)反意问句。He may know the plan,doesn'the?
You must have studied Englishbefore,haven'tyou?
You can't have beencaught in the rain last night,wereyou?
3.could&be able to
在肯定句中could表示过去有"能力"做，was/were able to表示过去有能力而且确实做成了某一件事，相当于managed to do…或succeeded in doing sth.
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
4.may/might as well do sth"还是…好"、"不妨"
You might as well tell me the truth.你还是把真相告诉我的好。
5.must和have to 1)must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to强调客观需要。
2)否定形式含义不同。mustn't禁止，不许可，don't have to不必
3)must偏要(做令人不快的事)eg.Must you shout so loudly?
6.shall和should 1)表示说话人征求对方意见和向对方请示，用于第
一、三人称。
When shall my father be able to leave hospital?
shall 2)表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁以及说话人的决心。
You shall go with me(命令)/You shall have the book when Ifinish it.(允诺)
He shall be punished(威胁)/Nothing shall stop me from doing
it.(决心)
1)表示劝告和建议"应该"
2)"按道理应当""估计"(=ought to)
They should be there by now,I think.
3)用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。
I should advise you not do that.我倒是劝你别这样做。
Should 4)在条件句中表示"万一"，主句不一定用虚拟语气。
Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him./Should Ibe free tomorrow,I'll come.
5)Why/How+should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思，意为"竟然"，也用在某些从句中。
It seems so unfair that this should happen to me.这种事竟然发生在我身上真不公平。
7.will和would 1)表示意志和意愿。will指现在，would指过去。
If you will listen to me,I'll give you some advice.
2)表示请求、建议，would比will委婉、客气。Will(Would)you please pass me the book?
3)表示习惯性动作，"总是""惯于"，will指现在，would指过去。
Fish will die without water.
Every evening,she would sit by the window,deep in thought.
4).表示功能，意为"能"或"行"The machine won't work.
5)表示预料或猜想。It would be about ten when he left home.猜想
他离开家时大约十点。
8.would&used to 1)表示过去持续的状态和情况用used to；would不与表示状态的动词连用。
There used to be ahospital here./There would be ahospital here.(×)
2)would常与often,sometimes,for hours等表示时间的副词(短语)连用。
We would sit in the yard every evening and listened to his story.
3)used to强调过去的行为同现在的对比，含有"过去怎样，而现在却不这样了"的含义.eg.He will not spend the money on books as he used to.
9.dare和need
两者作为情态动词都不用于肯定句，常用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。习惯用语I dare say(可能，或许，我揣测)除外。实义动词用法同于一
般动词。但在否定句中，dare后的to可省略，即：don't/doesn't
dare(to)do….need作为实义动词时，用在否定句中时，其后的to不能省
略。
He dare go there alone.(×)He dares to go there.
He dares not go there alone.(×)He dare not go there alone./He doesn't dare(to)go there alone.
He stood there without daring lift his head.(×)He stood there without daring to lift his head.
10.情态动词+have done,表示过去比较：情态动词+do,表示现在或将
来。
cf.needn't have done&didn't need to do…
She need not have come yesterday.她昨天本不必要来的。(但却来了) She didn't need to come yesterday.她昨天不必来。(实际上也没来) 虚拟语气
【要点点拨】
一：形式为(should)+v.
1.宾语从句中。一个坚持(insist),两个命令(order,command),三条建议(advise,suggest,propose),四项要求(demand,require,request,ask).还有prefer，advise等词。
注意：1)suggest和insist有例外
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.("暗示""表明")
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
2)这类动词的名词形式后的表语从句和同位语从句中也要用(should)+v.形式。另外，还有plan,idea等词。
2.主语从句中
1)It is necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/a shame/no wonder…that….
eg.It is strange that he should have acted towards his parents like that.
二：形式为在原本的时态上退一步，即"+过去"
1.在条件句中的运用
条件从句主句
与现在事实相反过去式(be一般用were)would/could/might+v.
与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/could/might+have+过去分词
与将来事实相反1)过去式
2)should+v.
3)were to+v.would/could/might+v.
(第一人称可用should,以上同)
1)"混合虚拟条件句"或"错综时间条件句"
主句和从句时间上不一致，从句可以和过去时间相反，主句可以与现在事实相反。
If you had taken my advice just now,you would be better now.
2)if省略句。在条件句中，可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首，变为倒装句式。
Were Iyou,I would seize the chance to go abroad.
3)含蓄条件句
A)with,without,but for等介词短语代替条件句
But for the rain,the crops would have died.(=If it hadn't been for the rain)
B)其他手段
I was ill that day.Otherwise,I would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副词)
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,orI would have known nothing about it.(连词)
I might have given you more help,butI was too busy.(连词)
Given more time,we could have done it better.(分词短语)
It would be amistakenot to help him.(动词不定式)
2.宾语从句中
wish,would rather后,但would rather后所跟句子跟现在、将来相反用过去时，跟过去时间相反使用过去完成时。注意：不跟过去将来时。
I would rather you came tomorrow instead of today.我宁愿你明天而不是今天来。
3.as if(though)引导的从句中
as if后的从句当表示真实情况时，用陈述语气。试比较：
It looks as if it is going to rain./He talks as if he had been to America,
4.It is(high)time that….过去时/should+v.
5.用于if only引导的感叹句中"但愿，要是…就好了"
非谓语动词：动词不定式、分词、动名词
动词不定式
【要点点拨】动词不定式表现为两种形式：to do或do，在句中可作：
1、主语：To build the bridge needs much money.
一般用It作形式主语放在句首，把不定式短语放于句末。
It doesn't make any difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
2、表语：Their task is to build arailway in ayear.
3、宾语：The child pretended to be sleeping/asleep when Icame back home.
注意：当不定式作宾语，其后接补语时，我们常用it作形式宾语，把不
定式宾语放于补语之后。
We think it possible to finish the work in aweek.
4、定语：表示一个未发生的动作，放于被修饰的名词之后。
The building to be built will be used as ahospital.
5、状语：1)目的状语：常见形式有：to…./in order to…./so as to….
We got up early in order to catch the first bus.
2)结果状语：常见形式有：too….to…/so….as to…./only to….
Would you be so kind as to help me with my English?
He returned home 15 years later,only to find his house burnt down.
6、补语：1)宾补：He asked me to do work with him.
2)主补：She was often heard to sing the song while doing housework.
7、独立结构，在句中作插入语。常用的有：to tell the truth,to be frank,to make things worse…
分词
【要点点拨】分词可分为：现在分词和过去分词两类。
现在分词：现在分词和现在分词短语在句中可作：
1、定语：单个的现在分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，现在分词短
语作定语应放被修饰的名词后，现在分词及现在分词短语作定语时均可以发展为一个定语从句。
The girl reading over there(The girl who was reading over
there)soon fell asleep.
2、状语：现在分词作状语可分为：一般式(doing)：表示分词动作与谓
语动作同时发生；完成式(having done)：表示分词动作发生于谓语动作之
前。
The old man passed away,leaving alot of debts unpaid.
Having finished(After he had finished)his exercises,he went to play basketball.
3、补语：现在分词作宾语补语，表示宾语的一个正在进行的动作，用于
一些常见句型中：
see/hear/feel/notice/have/catch/leave/set/send….sb.doing sth.
The salesman caught the thief stealing in the shop.
4、表语：现在分词作表语，表示主语的特点，可以看作形容词，是形容
词化的现在分词。
The film was very interesting.
5、独立结构：现在分词短语作独立结构时，是固定说法，不以主动、被
动去分析。常见的有：generally speaking,judging from/by,considering…
Generally speaking,he is quite skillful at playing table tennis.
过去分词：过去分词和过去分词短语在句中可作：
1、定语：单一的过去分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，过去分词短
语作定语放于被修饰的名词后，过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以发展为一个定语从句。
The broken window(The window which was broken)will be replaced soon.
The books bought yesterday(which were bought yesterday)are of high quality.
过去分词短语作定语有三种时态：done….：表示动作已发生；to be done：表示动作将要发生；being done：表示动作正在发生。对比以下三句：The bridge built last year(which was built last year)is very beautiful.
The bridge to be built next month(which will be built next month)will be very long.
The bridge being built(which is being built)will be completed next month.
2、状语：过去分词短语作状语可分为：一般式(done)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作前；完成式(having been done)：强调分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。
Scolded(As she was scolded)by the teacher,the girl sat there without lifting her head.
Having been kept(As he had been kept)in prison for many years,he went mad.
3、补语：过去分词作宾语补语，表示宾语与补语存在被动关系，且常用于have something done/get something done/make oneself done….等句型中。
e.g.Yesterday he had his watch fixed at the watch-maker's.
4、表语：过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态，且该状态通常是由外界因素引起的。这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词，是形容词化的过去分词。
e.g.I'm interested in reading novels written by Jin Yong.
注：分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，如果分词的逻辑主语并不是主句
的主语，而另有其逻辑主语，则应在分词前补上其逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。
独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句。
e.g.The baby sleeping(As the baby was sleeping)in the room,we dared not turn up the TV.
动名词
【要点点拨】动名词是由动词后+ing的形式构成的，与动词的现在分词同形。它保留了动
词的特征，即：它可以带自己的宾语和状语，又具有名词的特征。
1、主语：Studying English well is no easy job.
注意：1)在下面一些结构中，常用it作形式主语，将用作真实主语的动名词放于句末。
It is no use/no good/useless/nice/good/fun/interesting….+doing sth.
It's good hearing Chinese,my mother tongue,spoken here.
2)动词不定式作主语和动名词作主语的区别：动词不定式作主语表示一个具体的动作，而动名词作主语则表示一个抽象的、一般的概念。
Reading English in the morning is of great use for students.
To read this English book will take much time.
2、表语：动名词作表语是对句子主语的一种说明，主语和动名词可以交换位置，句子的意思不变。这有别于进行时：进行时句中用的是现在分词，表示主语的一个正在进行的动作，主语与现在分词不能交换位置。
What he likes most is playing football.=Playing football is what he likes most.
He is playing football with his friends.
3、宾语：动名词作宾语，表示一种习惯、爱好。
He likes smoking while Ilike drinking.
注意：动词不定式作宾语，表示一个具体的动作，不表示习惯。
I like smoking,but Idon't like to smoke today,for I've got acold.
有些动词后面不用不定式作宾语，而只用动名词作宾语，请记住以下口诀：memepscarfi：音译成：妹妹不吃咖啡。这里每个字母代表一个或几个单词：m-miss e-enjoy；m-mind；e-escape；p-practise；s-suggest/stand；c-consider/complete；a-admit/allow/advise/appreciate/avoid；r-risk；f-finish；i-imagine，常用的词都列在里面了。
I highly appreciate your helping the old lady.
动名词还作介词宾语。I don't feel like going to the station to meet the guests.
4、定语：动名词作定语，放于被修饰的名词前，表示该的名词的功能，并不表示动作。
e.g.a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping/an operating table=a table for operating
区别：现在分词作定语，表示被修饰的名词的一个动作。
e.g.a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping/the running car=the car that is running
另：1)动名词的复合结构(one's doing)：表示动名词动作的发出者，在句中可作主语和宾语。动名词的复合结构作宾语时，可以用宾格代替所有格。
e.g.We like Tom's(Tom)singing the English song.
The little boy's crying drew our attention.
2)有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，注意它们的不同意思。
doing sthto do sth remember记得做过某事，(动作已发生)记得去做某事(动作未发生)
forget忘了做过某事(动作已发生)忘了去做某事(动作未发生)
regret后悔过去做过的事遗憾地去做事
mean意味着做某事意欲、打算做某事
try试着做某事(看会发生什么)努力、设法、企图做某事
stop停止做某事停下来去做另一事
go on继续原来的事接着做另一件事
can't help禁不住、情不自禁地做某事无法帮助去做某事
learn学会做某事学着、开始学做某事
need/want/require某事需要被做(=to be done)需要做某事(主动意思) 名词性从句和定语从句
【考点点拨】
名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
近几年高考对名词性从句的考查重点如下：
【考点1】名词性从句中引导词that与what的使用场合。
1.that引导名词性从句时，不在从句中充当任何成分，只起连接作用；而what是连接代词，在从句中充当成分。
①_ made the school proud was _more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A.What/because
B.What/that
C.That/what
D.That/because 2.that在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可省略,但当有两个和两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第二个从句以下的that不可省略。
如：She said(that)she had left school and that her parents would find her ajob.
②Word comes _a group of Australian guests will co me to visit our school next week.
A.that
B.which
C.不填
D.about which 3.介词后的宾语从句常用what，whether引导，不用that，which引导。但在介词besides，except，in后可用that引导宾语从句。在有it作先行词时，that可用来引导介词后的宾语从句。
③The other day,my brother drove his car down the street at _I thought was adangerous speed.
A.as
B.which
C.what
D.that
【考点2】名词性从句中引导词whether与if的用法区别。
引导及物动词或形容词后的宾语从句
可以互换的场合：He is not sure if/whether he can manage to do it.
当与or not分开使用时
He wondered if/whether we will attend the meeting or not.
引导表语从句、同位语从句及位于句首的主语从句
只能用whether不能用if的场合：引导介词后的宾语从句(有时可省略) 后面紧跟or not时
后面直接跟动词不定式时
④_ the flight to New York will be delayed is _I'm especially worried about.
A.If；what
B.Whether；that
C.When；that
D.Whether；what
【考点3】在动词：一坚持(insist)、二命令(order，command)、三建议(suggest，advise，propose)、四要求(demand，require，request，ask)后的宾语从句和这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词引出的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用(should)do形式。
⑤I advised that he _to the hospital at once,but he insisted that he _quite well then.
A.be sent；was feeling
B.was sent；sent
C.be sent；feel
D.should be sent；should feel
【考点4】名词性从句的语序只能是陈述句语序，宾语从句的时态应该与主句的谓语动词的时态保持一致。
⑥They are teachers and don't realize _to start and run acompany.
A.what takes it
B.what they take
C.what takes them
D.what it takes
【考点5】whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever和however在引导名词性从句时不可与no matter
who/which/what/when/where/how替换，因为后者只能引导让步主语从句。
⑦--Have anice trip！
--Thanks.I'll telephone you from _I get to by tomorrow evening.
A.wherever
B.every place
C.whenever
D.no matter where
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。
高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面：
【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。
⑧I shall never forget the day _Shenzhou Vwas launched,_ has agreat effect on my life.
A.when；which
B.that；which
C.which；that
D.when；that
【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。
指人时常只用who不用that的情况；
指物时只用which不用that的情况；
只用that不用which的情况；
关系代词as与which的用法区别；
the same…that…与the same…as…的区别
⑨There is no such place _you dream of in all this world.
A.that
B.what
C.which
D.as
【考点8】区别that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句。that 引导同位语从句时，that是纯连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；that引导定语从句时，that是关系代词，在从句中充当主语或宾语等。
比较：
The news that they had won the game arrived soon.
The news that you told me yesterday is true.
⑩Is this the reason _at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A.he explained
B.what he explained
C.how he explained
D.why he explained
【考点9】定语从句中谓语动词须与先行词在人称与数上保持一致。
⑾He is the only one of the students who _a winner of scholarship in three years.
A.is
B.are
C.have been
D.has been
【考点10】在先行词为time，place，reason时，常可用that代替when，where，why，并常常省去。
如：That was the reason(that)/why/for which he left home.
⑿What surprised me was not what he said but _he said it.
A.the way
B.in the way that
C.in the way
D.the way which
【趋势】近几年高考对名词性从句的考查日趋灵活，多以考查名词性从句的引导词为主，并且常与定语从句和状语从句等相关知识结合起来考查。
答案：BACDA DAADA DA
初中英语语法大全 名词 一名词的定义：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。 二名词的分类： 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 注意 专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 名词的种类 注意 物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算，称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。 （三）名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式： 1.单数 英语中，如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时，要用名词的单数
形式，表示名词的单数，要在名词前加冠词a或an。 This is a desk . 这是一张书桌。 There is an orange on the table . 桌上有一个橘子。 an orange 一个橘子 an new orange （×）→ a new orange （○） 一个新橘子 a desk a old desk （×）→ an old desk （○） 一张旧课桌 关键字：初中英语语法大全初中英语语法总结初中英语语法辅导英语语法大全名词复数名词所有格复数冠词抽象名词 a和an的使用区别 a加在以辅音开头的名词前，如a book，a pen。 an加在以元音开头的名词前，如an egg，an apple。 注意 有时a，an后面紧接的不是单数名词，而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。 这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时，要看形容词开头字母的发音，而不是看名词。 2.复数
蚄主谓一致 蚈1.主谓一致是指英语中谓语在人称、数及意义方面要与作主语的名词或代词一致。 肈2.主谓一致分为语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。 螃（1）语法一致原则：主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。主语为单数，谓语用单数；主语为复数，谓语用复数。 螃I often help him and he often helps me. 聿（2）意义一致原则：主语和谓语在意义上单复数一致。主语为单数，谓语用单数；主语为复数，谓语用复数。 薆The police are searching the woods for the murderer. （3） （4）蒂就近一直原则：当主语有两个或两个以上时，谓语动词由靠近它的主语确定。 蕿并列主语的谓语一致 1. 2.芆And 羄（1）两个单数名词用and连接，表示不同概念时，谓语用发复数。 芁Tom and Jack are close friends. （2） （3）虿两个单数名词用and连接，表示同一歌人、同一个物，同一个概念，或表示不可分割的整体时，谓语用单数。 蚇The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. （4） （5）蒁被every，each，many a，no等限定的单数名词由and连接时，谓语仍用单数，其中，后一个限定词可以省略。 肀every ……and ……every，each……and……each，no……and……no, many a……and……many a。 蝿Each boy and (each) girl has an apple. （6） （7）肈一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语，要根据意义一致的原则决定单复数。 膃Simple and plain living is a fine quality.生活简朴一种优良品质。
英语词法和句法 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 ●词类：英语的词通常分为十大类： 1.名词(noun，缩写为n.)表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念的词。如Girl(女 孩)、book(书)、Tokyo(东京)、war(战争)、Goodness(善良) 2.代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)用来代替名词并起名次作用的词如we(我们)，his(他 的)，all(全部)。 3.形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词和代词，起描述名词和代词的性质。 如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4.副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，有时修饰全句。如 quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。 5.动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6.数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示“多少”和“顺序先后”的词，如four(四)， eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 7.冠词(article，缩写为art.)本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前 面,帮助指明名词的含义，表示的名词数量或者特征。如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8.介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的 虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。9.连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)， because(因为)，if(假如)。 10.感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词。如，oh(噢)，aha(啊 哈)，hush(嘘)。 注意点一：属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词）的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。注意点二：不少词可以属于几个词类，如work(工作；动词和名词)，fast(快；形容词和副词)，since(自从；连词和介词)等。 ●句法 1.句子：是由词和词组构成的、能够表达完整的意思的语言单位。 2.句子成分：指构成句子的各组成部分，即词和短语在句子中的各种语法意义。英语 的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要有下列六种句子成分：
导论———语法层次 0.1 词素 1）自由词素 2）粘附词素 0.2 词 1）简单词、派生词、符合词 2）封闭词类和开放词类 0.3 词组 1）名词词组 2）动词词组 3）形容词词组 4）副词词组 5）介词词组 0.4分句 1）独立分句和从属分句 2）简单分句和复杂分句 3）主句和从句 4）限定分句、非限定性分句、无动词分句0.5 句子 1）完全句和不完全句 2）简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句 第1讲句子结构 1.1 主谓结构和句子分析 1）主语和谓语 2）句子分析 1.2 基本句型及其转换与扩大 1）基本句型 2）基本句型的转换与扩大 第2讲主谓一致（一） 2.1指导原则 1）语法一致 2）意义一致和就近原则 2.2 以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1）以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 2）以-s结尾的学科名称 3）以-s结尾的地理名称 4）其他以-s结尾的名词 2.3 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 1) 通常作复数的集体名词 2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词 3）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词 4）a committee of 等+复数名词
第3讲主谓一致（二） 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1）由and/both... And 连接的并列主语 2）由or/nor/either...or 等连接的并列主语 3）主语+as much as 等 4）主语+as well as 等 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一直问题1）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 1）以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 2）以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题 3）关系分句中的主谓一致问题 4）分裂句中的主谓一致问题 5）存在句中的主谓一致问题 第4讲 4.1 名词分类和名词词组的句法功能 1）名词分类 2）名词词组的句法功能 4.2 名词的数 1）规则复数和不规则复数 2）集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数4.3 单位词 1）一般表示个数的单位词 2）表示形状的单位词 3）表示容积的单位词 4）表示动作状态的单位词 5）表示成双、成对、成群的单位词 第5讲 5.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 1）名词属格的构成 2）名词属格的意义 3）名词属格的用法 5.2 独立属格和双重属格 1）独立属格 2）双重属格 第6讲限定词（一） 6.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 1）能与三类名词搭配的限定词 2）只能与单数名词搭配的限定词 3）只能与复数名词搭配的限定词
初中英语语法专项习题1-名词82页附参考答案1. ( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___? -Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 2 ( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 3 ( ) 1 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( ) 3 It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time
四、数词： 1、分类：数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。 2、基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。 1 thousand ,1000000→one million,→ten million, 0→one hundred million, 108→one hundred and eight, 146→one hundred and forty-six, 500→five hundred , 1001→one thousand and one, 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. 2、[注]：(1)百位与十位之间要加and；十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。 (2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第 一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的 逗号之前要用billion表示。 (3) hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of, 前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如：five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的) 3、序数词：表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 1、英语的序数词基本变法： (1) 一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4) 熟记特殊词。 2、序数词如下：
英语语法主谓一致 指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。处理主谓一致问题，可依据三项原则：语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致。根据这些原则，总结如下： 一.谓语动词用单数 (1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数动词。 例如：To work hard is necessary.努力工作是必要的。 Reading without comprehension is no good.只读不理解是不好的。 It pays to work hard. 天道酬勤。 (2)事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称(专有名词)用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：The United States was formed in 1776.美国于1776年成立。 The New York Times still has a wide circulation.纽约时报发行量仍然很大。 Roots is a novel about a black family.《根》是一部关于(美国)黑人家庭的小说。 (3)表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。 例如：Two weeks was too long.两周太长了。 Ten dollars is a small sum.十美元是个小数目。 Five times five makes twenty five.五乘以五是二十五。 One and a half bananas is left on the table.一只半香蕉留在桌子上。 4)表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 例如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.语言学是人类语言中的一个分枝。(5)有些名词形式是复数，意义为单数，作主语时，要求单数动词。 例如：The chaos was stopped by the police.混乱被警察阻止了。 The news is a great encouragement to us.这新闻对我们来说是一个很大的鼓舞。 Her present whereabouts is still unknown.她目前的行踪仍然不明。 (6)主语是单数时，尽管后面跟as well as (以及)，no less than (不少于……，多达)，rather than(而不是)，more than(不止是，超过)，but(除了)，except(除……外)，besides( 加之，还有)，with(和……一起，和……一块儿)，along with(跟……一起)，accompanied by ( 由……陪同)，combined with(加上)，in addition to(除……以外)，including(包括)，together with(与……一起)等，谓语动词仍用单数形式。 (7)某些不定代词，如：either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone, anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing 等，当他们作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 例如：Each of the boys has an apple.每个孩子都有苹果。 Somebody is using the phone.有人正在用电话。 Everything around us is matter.我们周围一切都是物质。 但是口语中当either或neither后+of+复数名词(或代词)作定语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。例如：Is (Are)either of the boys ready?两个男孩都准备好了吗? Neither of the novels is (are)interesting.哪一本小说都没意思。 (8)集合名词作主语表示整体概念时，动词用单数谓语形式。 例如：The government is made up of senior members of the four main right wing parties. 这届政府由四个主要右翼党的高级官员组成。 His family is not very large.他的家庭并不太大。 The staff of our school is opposed to the drastic changes in the system of education.
新编英语语法教程（第六版）第02讲练习参考答案 Ex. 2A 1. SVC Within the stricken area, not a single soul remained alive, and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by monster steam-roller. 2. SV The bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the ground. 3. SVO On August 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima. 4. SvoO Three days later, yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow. 5. SVOC The explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expense of reddish rubble. 6. SV A Within the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of expanding gas, millions of degrees hot. 7. SVOA A tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, concrete, metal, and wood over the ground.
1. 1-7 C C B B B B C 2. 1-4 C B C A 3. 1-7 B C D A D D A 4. 1-4 B A A C 5. 1-3 D A A 6. 1-3 A A D 7. 1-3 A D C 8. 1-3 D B B 9. 1-3 B D B 10. 1-5 B A C D A 11. 1-3 B D A 12. 1-4 D C C B 13. 1-4 B B C C 14. 1-3 B B A 15. 1-3 A B B 16. 1-4 C D B B 17. 1-6 B C B A B D 《冠词》参考答案： 1. 1-6 C A D A C B 2. 1-5 B D B D D 3. 1-5 B B A B B 4. 1-5 C A B A D 5. 1-4 C B C B 6. 1-5 D C A D D 7. 1-5 D A B B C 8. 1-5 A A D D C 9. 1-5 C B B A B 10. 1-3 D D D 11. 1-5 C D B A D 12. 1-4 B C A C 13. 1-3 B C B 14. 1-5 A C B A A 15. 1-4 C D C A 16. 1-3 B A B 17. 1-4 C A A D 18. 1-6 B A C B A D 19. 1-3 C A A 20. 1-3 C C D D 21. 1-4 C C B A 22. 1-5 C B A A B 23. 1-3 A C B 24. 1-4 C A D C 25. 1-4 B D A D 26. 1-6 A A B D B A 27. 1-3 A D B 《形容词》参考答案： 1. 1-5 D A C A B 2. 1-6 C C B D A B 3. 1-6 A A D B D D 4. 1-4 B B C C 5. 1-3 A D A 6. 1-4 D A C C 7. 1-3 B C B 8. 1-3 A B A 9. 1-5 B D B A B 10. 1-6 C D C D D A 11. 1-3 C B D 12. 1-4 C A B D 13. 1-3 A B B 14. 1-5 C C B D D 15. 1-5 C C B B D 16. 1-3 D A D1 17. 1-3 B A C 18. 1-5 C D D D B 19. 1-4 A B A D 20. 1-4 C C A C 21. 1-6 A A C B B D 22. 1-4 C D A C 23. 1-3 B C B 24. 1-5 B C B B C 25. 1-3 B A A 26. 1-3 C C B 27. 1-3 B A D 28. 1-3 B D C 29. 1-3 B D C 30. 1-2 A C 31. 1-2 A B 《副词》参考答案： 1. 1-6 B D C C A D 2. 1-3 B B A 3. 1-3 A A D 4. 1-3 B D B 5. 1-4 D B A B 6. 1-5 D D B A D 7. 1-5 A A C C C 8. 1-3 C A A 9. 1-3 D C C 10. 1-4 D C C A 11. 1-2 A D 12. 1-4 D A B A 13. 1-5 B A B C A 14. 1-3 B B B 《代词》参考答案： 1. 1-4 A A D D 2. 1-6 A B B A D B 3. 1-4 D A D D 4. 1-4 B A B B 5. 1-3 D B D 6. 1-3 A D D 7. 1-4 D B D D 8. 1-4 D A D B 9. 1-2 B D 10. 1-4 D D D D 11. 1-3 B D B 12. 1-3 B D D 13. 1-3 D D A 14. 1-5 B B D A D 15. 1-3 D D D 16. 1-5 B B B D D 17. 1-3 A D D 18. 1-6 D D D B D D 19. 1-6 D D B A D D 20. 1-5 B D A D B 21. 1-5 B B D D A 22. 1-3 B B D 23. 1-3 A A A 24. 1-3 B B B 25. 1-6 A B D D B D 26. 1-4 D D B A 27. 1-5 A D D B B 28. 1-4 B D A D 29. 1-5 D A A D B 30. 1-3 B A D 《介词》参考答案： 1. 1-7 B A A A A A B 2. 1-3 C C B 3. 1-4 B B B B 4. 1-6 C A D B A D 5. 1-4 B D B A 6. 1-7 B A B B A C A 7. 1-4 C B B C 8. 1-3 B A A 9. 1-4 A A A A 10. 1-4 B A D C 11. 1-3 A B C 12. 1-4 A A C B 13. 1-3 B D B 14. 1-5 B D A B A 15. 1-4 C D A B 16. 1-4 A A A B 17. 1-4 C B B D 18. 1-4 B B B B 19. 1-4 A B B B 20. 1-5 A A D C D 21. 1-5 D C C A 22. 1-7 B A D B C A A 23. 1-3 D C C 24. 1-6 C A B C A D 25. 1-6 D C A A A B 26. 1-6 A A D B B D 27. 1-3 C A A 28. 1-4 B C C B 29. 1-6 B C A C A C 《动词》 1. 1-5 C B A D B 2. 1-5 B A A B C 3. 1-3 D C C 4. 1-5 B B D B B 5. 1-3 B B B 6. 1-4 A B C C 7. 1-3 A B B 8. 1-3 B B B 9. 1-3 D B B 10. 1-3 D D B 11. 1-3 C B B 12. 1-3 C C D 13. 1-3 A B A 14. 1-2 C A 15. 1-2 B B 16. 1-3 B B B 17. 1-2 B D 18. 1-3 C B A
主谓一致 主谓一致（Subject-Verb Concord）即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致，语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致，意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致，就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。 表里不一 主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象 1,"more than one +名词"作主语时，谓语动词常用单数.例如： More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花. 2,"many a +名词"作主语时，从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词常用单数.例如：Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树. 3,"half of ,the rest of ,most of ,all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时，谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如： Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖. 4,all指人时，动词用复数；all指物时，动词用单数.例如： "All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了，一切进展顺利 5,what引导的主语从句，谓语动词可视表语而定：表语是单数名词时，动词用单数，相反，则用复数.例如： What they want to get are a number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书. 6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each ,every ,no修饰，该名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式.例如： No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔. 7,当主语后面有as well as ,with ,along with ,together with ,but ,like ,rather than ,except，逗号加and连接几个名词等引导的短语时，谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如： My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过. 8,each作主语的同位语时，谓语动词由主语来决定，与each无关.例如：They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车. 9,动词不定式，动词-ing形式短语作主语时，谓语动词常用单数.例如： Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯. 10,the following作主语时，谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如：The following are good examples下面是一些好例子. 11,以-ics结尾的学科名词，如politics ,physics ,mathematics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news ,works ,plastics等同属此类.例如：
中考英语语法之主谓一致、就近原则讲解 【导读】就近原则也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”(Proximity)，即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词(有时不一定是主语)在“人称、数”上一致。小编在此搜集整理了中考英语语法之就近原则讲解，希望对大家有所帮助。 I.在正式文体中： 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语："there be+句型;or;either…or;nor;neither…nor;whether…or;not…but;not only…but also";等。e.g. ①What he does or what he says does not concern me.他的行为或言谈都与我无关。 ②Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。 ③Not you but your father is to blame.不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。 ④Not only you but(also)he is wrong.不仅你错了，他也错了。 2.在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。 e.g. ①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。 ②There is(are)a pen and some books on the desk.桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 II.非正式文体中： 有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g. Neither she nor I were there(意义一致)我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式) Neither she nor I was there.(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式) 但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.
Exercise for subject-verb concord choice: manager or his assistant __ going to attend the meeting. A. were B. are C. is D. has 2. Two weeks __ enough for us to finish the task. B. are 3. Her politics __ neither conservative nor liberal. B. has been C. was D. is round and a square table __ in the shop window. A. was exhibiting B. was exhibited C. were exhibiting exhibited he got to the fair, what were left behind __ ten empty bottles. A. was B. were is always a possibility that the infection will return, but so far there __ been no signs of trouble. A. has D. had 7. George is the only one of the brightest students who __ from New York University. graduated graduated graduated D. are graduated 8. Hard work and plain living _ characteristics of the working class. A. were B. is C. has been the first part of the book is easy, the rest __ . A. are difficult B. has proved difficult C. is supposed difficult D. have been found difficult 10. Every policeman and fireman __ on the alert. A. was B. were C. have been D. are 11. Since the Chernobyl nuclear explosion，The public__ great concern over the safety of nuclear power plants. A. has shown B. showed C. shows D. is shown 12. Ten percent of the workers in this city __ now on strike. A. is B. are C. is to be D. are to be 13. Several of the cups in the set __ in delivery. A. were smashed B. was smashing C. was smashed D. were smashing 14. Bacon and scrambled eggs __ the standard American breakfast. A. is B. are C. is to be D. are to be 15. In cold climates, the wood-frame dwelling, properly built and insulated, _ warmest type of home. A. and the B. the C. is the D. where it is growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes __ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. A. allow C. allowing D. have allowed 17. Television is one of the great advances in methods of communication that _ made in the 19th century. A. was B. were C. are D. has been 18. The office staff __ gathered to hear the president speak. A. will B. are D. has been 19. The auxiliary police __ to report for duty at the headquarters immediately.
《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论—语法层次) 2. Parts of speech (word class) 3. Phrases 词组 4. Clause 分句 5. Sentence 句子 1. Morpheme 词素 Free morpheme 自由词素 Bound morpheme 粘附词素 Allomorph 词素变体 Noun phrase Verb phrase Adjective phrase Adverb phrase Preposition phrase Conjunction
Lecture 1 Sentence Structure（L1）Sentence elements: S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb) 谓语动词 O (object) 宾语 C (complement) 补足语 A (Adverbial) 状语 1. Two ways of sentence analysis 1) SVO Sentence Clause NP VP NP Subject Predicate verb Object All the man have done their best. Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.) ●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。 2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication) Sentence Clause Subject Predicate Operator Predication All the man have done their best. ●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为操作词（operator）和述谓成分（predication）。 2. Basic clause types SVC, SV, SV A, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SV oO Lecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord （L2-3） Guiding principles: Grammatical Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity 语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则 Nominal clause Non-finite clause Relative clause Cleft sentence Existential clause 名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase（L4-5） 1. Classification of nouns
初中英语语法专项辅导练习资料 固定句式 一．选择题（共30小题） 1．Dear students，please read every sentence carefully．_____you are，______mistakes you’ll make．（） A．The more carefully，the fewer B．The more careful，the less C．The more carefully，the less D．The more careful，the fewer 解析：The+比较级，the+比较级．表示：越…，越…______you are 中，要用形容词careful的比较级．______mistakesyou’ll make．中，mistake 是可数名词，要用few 修饰，few比较级是fewer．故选D．2．Our teacher often makes us_____________English words．（）A．pay attention to pronounce B．to pay attention to pronounce C．pay attention to pronouncing D．to pay attention to pronouncing 解析：根据make sb．do表“让某人做某事”，可排除答案B和D；又根据pay attention to doing sth．表“注意做某事”，可排除答案A．故答案选C． 3．﹣Jenny，do you think _____ money you have，_______ you’ll be．﹣No，I am afraid not．Happiness doesn’t always go with m oney．（）