大学商务英语知识归纳总结
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Unit 1 Making Enquires
What is enquiry?
An enquiry is a request for information. When a businessman intends to import goods, he
will make an enquiry to an exporter asking for information or an offer for the goods he
wishes to buy.
Compare enquiry & inquiry:
Inquiry is often defined as an official or intellectual investigation. This is favored in
English only when talking of investigations.
To “enquire” means to request information/look into. From this comes the noun “a/the
enquiry”.
What is FOB?
FOB is the short for Free On Board.
1. Term of sale under which the price invoiced or quoted by a seller includes all charges up to
placing the goods on board a ship at the port of departure specified by the buyer. Also called
collect freight, freight collect, or freight forward.
2. Used in shipping to indicate that there is no charge to the buyer for goods placed on board a
carrier at the point of shipment. Typically followed by the name of a port or city, e.g., F.O.B.
San Francisco.
FOB是国际贸易中常用的贸易术语之一。FOB的全文是Free On Board(…named port
of shipment)，即船上交货(…指定装运港)，习惯称为装运港船上交货。
按此术语成交，由买方负责派船接运货物，卖方应在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内，将货物装上买方指定的船只，并及时通知买方。货物在装船时越过船舷，风险即由卖方转移至买方。
在FOB条件下，卖方要负担风险和费用，领取出口许可证或其他官方证件，并负责办理出口手续。采用FOB术语成交时，卖方还要自费提供证明其已按规定完成交货义务的证件，如果该证件并非运输单据，在买方要求下，并由买方承担风险和费用的情况下，卖方可以给予协助以取得提单或其他运输单据。
1. 卖方义务
在合同规定的时间和装运港口，将合同规定的货物交到买方指派的船上，并及时通知买方。
承担货物在装运港越过船舷之前的一切费用和风险。 自负风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其他官方批准证件，并且办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。
提交商业发票和自费提供证明卖方已按规定交货的情节单据，或具有同等作用的电子信息。
2. 买方义务
订立从指定装运港口运输货物的合同，支付费用，并将船名、装货地点和要求交货的时间及时通知买方。
根据买卖合同的规定受领货物并支付货款。
承担越过船舷之后所发生的一切费用和风险。
自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他官方证件，并办理货物进口所需的海关手续。
What is a quotation?
A quotation is merely a notice of the price of certain goods at which the seller is
willing to sell.
What is L/C?
L/C refers to Letter of Credit .
A written commitment to pay, by a buyer's or importer's bank (called the issuing bank) to
the seller's or exporter's bank (called the accepting bank, negotiating bank, or paying
bank).
A letter of credit guarantees payment of a specified sum in a specified currency, provided
the seller meets precisely-defined conditions and submits the prescribed documents
within a fixed timeframe. These documents almost always include a clean bill of lading or
air waybill, commercial invoice, and certificate of origin. To establish a letter of credit in
favor of the seller or exporter (called the beneficiary) the buyer (called the applicant or
account party) either pays the specified sum (plus service charges) up front to the issuing
bank, or negotiates credit. Letters of credit are formal trade instruments and are used
usually where the seller is unwilling to extend credit to the buyer.
In effect, a letter of credit substitutes the creditworthiness of a bank for the
creditworthiness of the buyer. Thus, the international banking system acts as an
intermediary between far flung exporters and importers. However, the banking system
does not take on any responsibility for the quality of goods, genuineness of documents, or
any other provision in the contract of sale. Since the unambiguity of the terminology used in writing a letter of credit is of vital importance, the International Chamber Of
Commerce (ICC) has suggested specific terms (called Incoterms) that are now almost
universally accepted and used. Unlike a bill of exchange, a letter of credit is a
nonnegotiable instrument but may be transferable with the consent of the applicant.
Although letters of credit come in numerous types, the two most basic ones are (1)
Revocable-credit letter of credit and (2) Irrevocable-credit letter of credit, which comes in
two versions (a) Confirmed irrevocable letter of credit and (b) Not-confirmed irrevocable
letter of credit.
信用证（Letter of Credit，L/C），是指开证银行应申请人的要求并按其指示向第三方开立的载有一定金额的，在一定的期限内凭符合规定的单据付款的书面保证文件。信用证是国际贸易中最主要、最常用的支付方式。
信用证当事人
1、 开证申请人，又称为开证人，是指向银行申请开立信用证的人，一般是指进口人，是指买卖合同的买方。
2、 开证行，是指接受开证申请人的申请，开立信用证的银行，一般是进口地的银行，开证申请人与开证行的权利义务以开证申请书为依据，开证行承担保证付款的责任。
3、 通知行，是受开证银行委托，将信用证转交给出口商的银行。通知行的责任是将传递信用证和审核信用证的真伪。通知行一般是出口方所在地的银行。
4、 受益人，是指接受信用证并享受其利益的一方，一般是出口方，即买卖合同的卖方。
5、 议付行，是指愿意买入或贴现受益人跟单汇票的银行，它可以是开证行指定的银行，也可以是非指定的银行，视信用证条款的规定而定。
6、 付款行，是信用证上规定承担付款义务的银行。如果信用证未指定付款银行，开证行即为付款行。
What is CIF?
CIF refers to cost, insurance and freight.（成本加保险费、运费） A shorthand term for signifying that the price invoiced or quoted by a seller includes
insurance and all other charges up to the named port of destination. In comparison,
carriage and insurance paid to (CIP) terms include insurance and all charges up to a
named place in the country of destination (usually the buyer’s warehouse).
