2012级研究生期末试题

Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions : Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。

His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe。

2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试考试科目：802化工原理（含实验）（允许使用计算器）请将题号和答案写在答题纸上，直接写在试卷上无效一、填空题1.层流流动中，体积流量不变而管径增大一倍吧，则摩擦系数______。

2.相同材料，装等量水的黑白塑料袋，放在阳光下照射，升温较快的是______，放在荫凉处降温，降温较快的是______，原因是______。

3.相同质量密度的片状和正方形状颗粒做沉降分离，正方形状颗粒较片状沉降快是因为______。

4.完成精馏操作的必要条件是塔顶______和塔底______。

5.板式塔中气体上升穿过板孔阻力主要来自______和______。

6.恒速干燥阶段，物料表面温度等与空气______。

7.在一定干燥条件下，物料厚度增加，物料临界含水量（）A．增大 B.减少 C.不变 D.不确定8.双层传热，传热系数λ1，λ2，温差Δt1，Δt2，若Δt1﹥Δt2，则λ1（）λ2A.﹥B.﹤C. =D.不一定9.单级（理论）萃取中，在维持进料组成和萃取相浓度不变的条件下，若用含有少量溶质的萃取剂代替纯溶剂所得萃余相浓度将（）A.增加B.减少C.不变D.不确定10. 在板框过滤机中，如滤饼不可压缩，介质阻力不计，过滤时间增加一倍时，其过滤速率为原来的（）A.2倍B.1/2倍C.1/3倍D.4倍11. 层流与湍流本质区别是（）A.湍流流速﹥层流流速B.流道截面大的为湍流，小的为层流C.层流的雷诺数﹤湍流的雷诺数D.层流无径向流动，而湍流有径向流动12. 离开干燥器，温度上升，湿度增大，干燥器热效率（）A.增加B.减少C.不变D.不一定13. 滤饼过滤时，对滤液中颗粒起拦截作用的是______而不是______。

14. 对不饱和湿空气，干球温度______湿球温度，露点温度______湿球温度高度。

二、计算题1.离心泵将20℃的水由敞口水池运送到表压为2.5atm的吸收塔，管径为Ф108mm×4mm，泵开口阀门全开时总当量长度为100m（包括局部阻力、进出口阻力），泵开口阀门全开时水的流量为56.5m3/h。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1~65 小题，每小题 2 分，共130 分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1、不属于心理状态的是：A、感觉B、想象C、注意D、记忆2、大脑两半球之间传递信息的神经结构是：A、杏仁核B、内囊C、边缘系统D、胼胝体3、神经系统最小的单位是：A、突触B、轴突C、神经元D、胞体4、大部分色盲不能区分：A、红青B、红黄C、红蓝D、红绿5、感受性提高的感觉适应现象是：A、触觉适应B、嗅觉C、暗觉D、明觉6、当人看到下图，一般都只看到一些乱点，经提示这是一幅骑马图片后，人们就觉得像所提示的内容。

这主要体现的知觉特性是：A、知觉整体性B、知觉理解性 C 知觉恒常性、D、知觉选择性7、立体电影利用知觉的A、运动视差B、纹理梯度C、线条透视D、双眼视差8、5 岁小孩给娃娃讲妈妈讲过的故事，这种语言属于：A、对话B、独白C、语言获得D、语言理解9、安德森提出语言产生三阶段，包括：A、构造、转化、执行B、概念化、公式化、发音C、构造、转化、发音D、概念化、公式化、执行10、在沙赫特和辛格的情绪唤醒模型中，对情绪产生起关键作用的因素是：A、注意B、认知C、生理变化D、情境11、人对同一个目的同时产生两种对应的动机是：A、双趋冲突B、双避冲突C、趋避冲突D、多重趋避冲突12、根据马斯洛的需要层次理论，人的需要从低级到高级的正确排序：A、生理需要、安全的需要、尊重的需要、归属与爱的需要、自我实现的需要B、生理需要、安全的需要、归属与爱的需要、尊重的需要、自我实现的需要C、生理需要、归属与爱的需要、安全的需要、尊重的需要、自自我实现的需要D、生生理需要、归属与爱的需要、尊重的需要、安全的需要、自自我实现的需要13、某生学业成绩好，但其他表现一般，根据斯滕伯格的成功智力理论，其在校表现优异智力是：A、分析性智力B、创造性智力C、实践智力D、综合性智力14、下列属于晶体智力的是：A、形成抽象概念的能力B、发现复杂关系的能力C、理解词汇能力D、知觉的速度15、最具核心意义的个性心理特点是：A、能力B、气质C、性格D、兴趣16、根据奥尔波特的人格特质理论，构成个体独特性的重要特质属于：A、首要特质B、中心特质C、根源特质D、共同特质17、根据人对问题思考的速度的差异，卡根等将认真风格类型划分为：A、场独立性与依存性B、冲动型与沉思型C、同时性与继时性D、整体加工与部分加工18、让吸烟上瘾的人扮演因吸烟患肺癌接受治疗，之后他戒了烟。

西南科技大学研究生试题单（A 卷）年级 专业 2012 -2013学年第 1 学期 考试科目 线性代数与矩阵分析 命题人 赵松泉 共2页 第 1 页注意事项：1.答题时只能答在答题纸上，不能答在试卷上，需要写明题号，不需要抄题；2.每道题必须写出必要的解题步骤和过程；3.每道题满分10分，全卷满分100分。

一. 已知矩阵1022010010211012A -⎛⎫ ⎪- ⎪= ⎪-- ⎪-⎝⎭,求A 的Jordan 标准形J 。

二. 设123456x x x X x x x ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭，()()162534sin x x f X e x x x x =++.求df dX。

三.在4R 中，求由基1234,,,αααα到1234,,,ββββ的过渡矩阵，其中()()()()12341,2,1,01,1,1,11,2,1,11,1,0,1T T T T αααα⎧=-⎪⎪=-⎪⎨=-⎪⎪=--⎪⎩与()()()()12342,1,0,10,1,2,22,1,1,21,3,1,2TT T T ββββ⎧=⎪⎪=⎪⎨=-⎪⎪=⎪⎩ 并求向量()1234,,,Tx x x x ξ=在1234,,,ββββ下的坐标。

四.已知()1023510,1,2,0,.224T i A i i X i i -⎛⎫ ⎪=++=- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭ 求 ()A 121,,,,.AX AX AXA A ∞∞ 五. 已知矩阵1234012300120001A ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，求A 的最小多项式()m λ。

六.给定22R ⨯的基123410000101,,,00011010X X X X ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫==== ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭及线性变换()222,2a b TX X X R c a ⨯⎛⎫=∈ ⎪⎝⎭，其中,,a b c 都是实数。

求T 在给定基下的矩阵A 。

西南科技大学研究生试题单（A 卷）年级 专业 2012 -2013 学年第 1 学期考试科目 线性代数与矩阵分析 命题人 赵松泉 共2 页 第 2页七.已知 sin 53sin 2sin 52sin sin 5sin 1sin sin 5sin 2sin 52sin sin 5sin 4sin 5sin 2sin 52sin sin 53sin t t t t t t At t t t t t t t t t t t t +--⎛⎫⎪=-+- ⎪ ⎪--+⎝⎭，求A 。

高级作物营养学复习题一、解释概念1、共质体：是由细胞的原生质(不包括液泡)组成的，穿过细胞壁的胞间连丝把细胞和细胞连成一个整体。

这些相互联系起来的原生质整体称为共质体。

2、养分胁迫：因土壤养分不足而明显抑制植物生长的现象。

3、短距离运输：也称横向运输，是指介质中的养分沿根表皮、皮层、内皮层到达中柱(导管)的迁移过程。

由于其迁移距离短，故称为短距离运输。

4、生理酸性肥料：某些化学肥料施到土壤中后离解成阳离子和阴离子，由于作物吸收其中的阳离子多于阴离子，使残留在土壤中的酸根离子较多，从而使土壤(或土壤溶液)的酸度提高，这种通过作物吸收养分后使土壤酸度提高的肥料就叫生理酸性肥料5、有益元素：虽不是所有植物所必需的，但为某些植物正常生长发育所必需，或对某些植物生长有促进作用的元素。

6、长距离运输：也称纵向运输，是指养分沿木质部导管向上，或沿轫皮部筛管向上或向下移动的过程。

由于养分迁移距离较长，故称为长距离运输。

7、以磷增氮：是指通过对豆科作物，特别是豆科绿肥施用磷肥，促进作物根瘤的形成和根瘤菌固定空气中的氮素，以增加作物的氮素营养和土壤含氮量。

8、氮素反硝化作用：也称脱氮作用。

反硝化细菌在缺氧条件下，还原硝酸盐，释放出分子态氮或一氧化二氮的过程9、专一性根分泌物：是受某一营养胁迫诱导在植物体内合成的代谢物质，并通过主动分泌作用进入根际。

它的合成和分泌只受该营养胁迫因子的专一诱导和控制，改善这一营养状况就会抑制或阻止这种化合物的合成与分泌。

而当植物缺乏这一营养时，植物体可通过自身的调节能力，合成专一性物质并从根排到根际土壤中，然后通过活化该种养分和显著提高其吸收效率达到克服或缓解该营养胁迫的调节目的。

10、土壤阳离子交换量：是指土壤胶体所能吸附各种阳离子的总量，其数值以每千克土壤中含有各种阳离子的物质的量来表示，即mol/kg。

11、质外体：是由细胞壁和细胞间隙组成的连续体。

它与外部介质相连，是水分和养分可以自由出入的地方，养分迁移速率较快。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合（代码311）真题及详解一、单项选择题：1～45小题，每小题2分，共90分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试题要求。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1．关注和探询“谁控制学校”、“谁制定学校管理的政策”、“谁决定教育的伦理、社会和经济目标”、“谁设置课程”的教育理论流派是（）。

A．制度教育学B．改造主义教育理论C．存在主义教育理论D．批判教育学【考点】教育理论流派的主要观点。

【答案】D【解析】本题旨在考查考生对不同教育理论流派基本观点的理解和掌握情况。

制度教育学重视制度的教育价值；改造主义教育理论强调教育是“社会改造”的工具，主张以重大的社会问题作为课程内容；存在主义教育理论主张教育的本质和目的在于使学生实现“自我生成”、提倡学生“自由选择”道德标准、主张个别教育的方法，主张培养学生的人格品质；批判教育学关注和探询“谁控制学校”、“谁决定教育的伦理、社会和经济目标”、“谁设置课程”等。

故本题的正确答案为D。

2．如下现象属于教育范畴的是（）。

A．爸爸针对小明懦弱的个性设法训练小明如何以牙还牙报复欺侮者B．妈妈指导小明在与他人冲突中如何保护自己C．老师严格管理以保护小明等弱小学生不再受欺负D．小明在与同学的多次冲突中逐渐学会了如何与人和睦相处【考点】教育的内涵与实质。

【答案】B【解析】本题旨在考查考生对教育内涵与实质的理解程度。

教育是一种有目的、有意识的培养人的活动。

它与“管理”、“自学”不同，更与“以牙还牙”等负面的“训练”有本质区别。

这道题的关键还是要找到每个选项的关键词，ACD的关键词分别给出，是训练、管理和学会。

故本题的正确答案为B。

3．下列现象中，可以说明教育对社会发展起促进作用的是（）。

A．班级授课制为普及义务教育提供了便利B．普及义务教育在一定程度上满足了机器大生产对劳动力的需求C．僵化的制度化教育导致社会拒绝学校毕业生D．学生发展指导制度促进了学生学业、生涯、个性及社会性的发展【考点】教育的社会功能。

ENGLISH ACHIEVEMENT TEST FOR POSTGRADURATESJune 2012Name_______________ Number _______________ Class______________PartⅠListening Comprehension (25%)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D], and decide which the best answer is. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the centre.Short Conversations1.[A] Ask friends to help her.[B] Try to finish both on Saturday.[C] Try to finish one work on Saturday.[D] Talk to both sides and ask for more time.2. [A] At a drug store.[B] At a hospital.[C] At a doctor’s office.[D] At a dentist’s office.3. [A] Interviewer and interviewee.[B] Employer and employee.[C] Teacher and student.[D] Doctor and patient.4. [A] Her husband is from another country.[B] Conflicts between couples are mainly from culture shocks.[C] The man has great difficulty getting along with his wife.[D] Couple from the same area have no conflicts.5. [A] In a car.[B] At a bus-stop.[C] In a bus.[D] In a theater.6. [A] The man is ill.[B] The man is a clerk.[C] The man does pay attention to his health.[D] The man has stayed in bed for a week.7. [A] Neither of their watches keeps good time.[B] The woman’s watch stopped 3 hours ago.[C] The woman’s watch goes too fast.[D] It’s too dark for the woman to read her watch.8. [A] He went to the movie theater last night.[B] He was with another girl.[C] He was fast asleep.[D] He was watching another channel.Long ConversationsConversation OneQuestions 9-12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. [A] On television.[B] At registration.[C] In class.[D] At work.10. [A] Students are not required to attend regular lectures.[B] The professor videotapes lectures for review.[C] Classes are held at various locations throughout the area.[D] Students received credit for work experience.11. [A] It’s a requirement for psychology majors.[B] She wasn’t able to get into the traditional course.[C] She lives far from the university.[D] She has to work a lot of hours this semester.12. [A] It requires too much travelling.[B] It limits interaction among students.[C] It increases class size.[D] It encourages students to watch too much television. Conversation TwoQuestions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. [A] Going to Italy vs. helping her mother.[B] Going to Nepal vs. staying home.[C] Having fun vs. making money.[D] Attending her family vs. improving herself.14. [A] Find a high-paying part-time job.[B] Practice his knowledge in field work.[C] Borrow some money from a financial group.[D] Prepare for his last academic year in advance.15. [A] Many programs are provided.[B] It is difficult to get in.[C] Students’ fees are rather high.[D] Students have chances to go abroad.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the centre. Passage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have justheard.16. [A]The painting of Lisa will be unearthed.[B] The husband of Mona Lisa is to be discovered.[C] The bones of Leonardo’s Model might be unearthed.[D] Da Vinci’s painting is regained.17. [A] At a convent in Florence.[B] Near her home in Florence.[C] In a church in Paris.[D] Near her home in Paris.18. [A] Because Lisa’s husband asked Da Vinci to do it.[B] Because Lisa herself asked Da Vinci to do it.[C] Because Da Vinci once loved Lisa.[D] Because Da Vinci was Lisa’s neighbor.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. [A] Patel’s mother.[B] Patel’s wife.[C] Patel’s partner.[D] Patel’s friend.20. [A] She was wide awake.[B] She was in sound sleep.[C] She was looking at the photos.[D] She was calling her partner.21. [A] It was in good condition.[B] It was overcrowded.[C] It carried 4 passengers.[D] It broke down halfway.22. [A] Patel’s Indian friends all died.[B] Patel’s friends all liked him.[C] Patel happened to sit in the back seats.[D] Patel might happen to drive the car.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. [A] The housing affordability crisis.[B] The personal credit crisis.[C] The government credit crisis.[D] The party political crisis.24. [A] It is realizable.[B] It is obtainable.[C] It is unrealistic.[D] It is unpractical.25. [A] Insufficient houses being built.[B] The rising interest rates.[C] Uncertainty about the carbon tax.[D] Uncertainty about the government.Part ⅡVocabulary (20%)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose one answer that best completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.26. We need one hundred more signature before we take the ________ to the governor.A) poster B) melee C) petitionD) notice27. The ecologist felt a great ________ from spotting the rarespecies at the foot of the mountain.A) thrill B) tremble C) lustD) thrift28. ― Better late than never‖ is a ________that is very familiar to most English speakers.A) plaudit B) plenary C) plentyD) platitude29. She used to satisfy all the needs of the youngster, who had________ for more pocket money.A) impressed B) importuned C) informed D) improvised30. The belief that one should be honest is deeply ________ in our culture.A) incurred B) ingenuous C）ingredient D) ingrained31. The company was financially ________ and almost wentinto bankruptcy.A) corrupt B) cornered C) conjured D) covered32. His irresponsibility and dishonesty ________ the anger of his friends.A) indebt B) indicate C) incurD) incline33. Compared with all his peers, the young man had been________ successful in that field.A) conspicuous B) conspicuouslyC)notorious D) notoriously34. In this ________ romantic novel, the author narrates a riveting love story.A) racy B) rave C) raptD) ratio35. It is absolutely ________that every driver of a vehicle mus t pass a driver’s license test.A) mandatory B) machinery C) monetary D) mercury36.The challenge for the future lies in ________ conditions incities that will be favorable to economic growth.A) formulating B) fostering C）forbidding D) forking37. The old lady _________ about her granddaughter for about an hour.A) rated B) raved C) rantedD) ranked38. Cotton is the ________ of the surrounding country.A) mainline B) mainspring C) mainstay D）mainland39. Linguistics ________ a diverse range of subjects such as phonetics and stylistics.A) embraces B) emerges C) emitsD) employs40. He really enjoyed the film because it was a___________of history and contemporary events.A) fuss B) flurry C) fuse D）fusion41. In China, home computer ownership is expected to___________that of the U.S. and Europe combined..A) outline B) outrage C) outstripD) outgrow42. The child’s brain disorder was ________.A) congenital B) conservative C) congenial D) congeal43. Conservation is of ________ importance.A) paralyze B) paramount C) paranoiaD) paranormal44. The use of animal in scientific tests raises difficult ________ questions.A) ethical B) ethics C) ethnicD) cheeky45. TV coverage of the match had to be ________ when it went into over-time.A) churned B) prolonged C) promotedD) addicted46. Lack of essential minerals can cause ________ in unbornchildren.A) deform B) deformity C) declination D) diabetes47. All the cars are tested for ________before they leave the factory.A) defection B) defects C) detectionD) defector48. She had a(n) ________ sense of guilt for sometime afterbreaking off her relationship with Henry.A) longing B) lingering C) leadingD) leaning49. To her relief she was ________ of all the charges laid against her.A) acquitted B) alleged C) acquiredD) acquainted50. In many Western cultures, ________ consciousness isbased on a perception of objects in space, rather than of space itself.A) murky B) spatial C)subjective D) viable51. ________ are those implicit cultural rules by means ofwhich sets are arranged so that they take on meaning.A) Patterns B) Patrol. C) pavilionD) penetration52. A small but ________ group of critics, many of themsupported by the oil and coal industries, still don’t buy it.A) consistent B) persistent C) elegantD) parliament53. People from different cultures may unconsciously_________ on each other’s sense of space.A) break B) breach C) infringeD) inflict54. Children are often very good at ___________ into a new culture.A) combining B) integrating C) constituting D) inflicting55. Different perceptions of time may cause cultural ________.A) clashes B) clasps C) coresD) castes56. The tutor tried to dissuade students from using________ in formal writing.A) neo-fascist B) neologism C) neocolonialism D) neo-realist57. We help people with mental or physical ________ to find work.A) handicaps B) mortal C) dilemma D) handcraft58. The ________ of medical knowledge are being pushed farther outwards as time goes on.A) volunteer B) frontiers C) frontage D)chaplain59. We need ________ evidence if we are going to take legal action.A) tangle B) thorny C) tangibleD) newly60. The public were________ when they heard the presidenthad been murdered.A) appalled B) intrude C) invaded D) attested61. The senator is opposed to any laws that ________ on a citizen’s right to bear arms.A) destroy B) infringe C) salvageD) damage62. There was a _______look on his face whenever he looked at his sweetheart.A) rapt B) capture C) rapeD) rapture63. Parents must not ________ their children’s bad behavior.A) connote B) afflict C) condone D) opt64. Nuclear power is still a ________issue.A) vigilant B) livid C)viableD) prickly65. Despite fierce competition, she fought ________ to win the gold medal.A) galley B) gallop C) gully D) gallantlyPart ⅢReading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the passage. (True涂A，False涂B) According to Freud, no mistakes in speaking, including mispronounced or misplaced words, momentary stammering, are in fact accidental. All are symptoms of inner conflicts, associated with the way in which our unconsciousnessinfluences what we consciously say and do. Slips of the tongue are unconsciously motivated—by motives or feelings that we feel on an unconsciously level, but which are repressed from our conscious minds –or which we try consciously but unsuccessfully to suppress. These often, but by no means always, involve sexual associations.As in other cases of the misunderstanding of actions or talk, slips of the tongue are often humorous, and could pass as jokes. The difference lies simply in whether or not the speaker consciously intended the words to come out as they did. Slips of the tongue shade over into other types of ―inappropriate‖speech, which Freud also believed are often unconsciously motivated—as when a person fails to see that something he or she says has a clear double meaning. These again can be taken as jokes if deliberately intended—but are otherwise lapses in the controlled production of talk that we expect people to sustain.One of the best ways of illustrating these points is to look at lapses in the talk of radio and TV announcers. Announcer s’speech is not like ordinary day-to-day talk, because it is not spontaneous, but scripted. It is also expected to be more nearly ―perfect‖ than ordinary talk—delivered with fewer hesitations and more clearly articulated. Hence, when announcers, such as newscasters, make ―bloopers,‖they are more visible and obvious than in casual conversations. Yet announcers do, of course, make slips of the tongue, and many are funny or have the ―only too true‖ nature to which Freud called attention.We tend to laugh more at verbal mistakes when announcers (or professors in lectures) make them than in ordinary conversation. Broadcasters and professors are supposed to be specialists in the production of faultless talk. The humor does not only reside in what is said, or mis-said, but in the discomfiture that the person might show at delivering a less than perfect performance. We temporarily see behind the mask of cool professionalism to the ―ordinary individual‖ behind.66. According to Freud , all kinds of mistakes in speaking aresymptoms of inner conflicts.67.Slips of the tongue are often humorous and comical.68.Sometimes a speaker can deliberately allow himself slipsof the tongue in order to be humorous.69.News announcers’ speeches are as spontaneous as everyday talk.70.Audiences sometimes laugh at announcers’ slips of thetongue because they are afforded a glance at the human side of these professionals.Passage TwoQuestions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.Like most people, I’ve long understood th at I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how I’m treated as a person.Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people. I had customers say and do things to meI suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned (示意) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been.I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon(勤杂工) by plenty of people. But at 19 years old. I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I’d be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked-cordially.I soon found out differently, I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking forKristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry. It’s no secret that there’s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others’ needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant.I’m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I’ll return to a profe ssion where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I’ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.71. The author was disappointed to find that___________________.A) one’s position is used as a gauge to measure one’s intelligenceB) talented people like her should fail to get a respectable jobC) one’s occupation affects the way one is treated as a personD) professionals tend to look down upon manual workers72. What does the author intend to say by the example in the second paragraph?A) Some customers simply show no respect to those who serve them.B) People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded.C) Waitresses are often treated by customers as casual acquaintances.D) Some customers like to make loud complaints for no reason at all.73. How did the author feel when waiting tables at the age of19?A) She felt it unfair to be treated as a mere servant by professionals.B) She felt badly hurt when her customers regarded her as a peon.C) She was embarrassed each time her customers joked with her.D) She found it natural for professionals to treat her as inferior.74. What does the author imply by saying ―…many of mycustomers didn’t get the difference between server and servant‖ (Lines 3-4)?A) Those who cater to others’ needs are destined to be looked down upon.B) Those working in the service industry shouldn’t be treated as servants.C) Those serving others have to put up with rough treatment to earn a living.D) The majority of customers tend to look on a servant asa server nowadays.75. The author says she’ll one day take her clients to dinner in order to _______.A) see what kind of person they areB) experience the feeling of being servedC）show her generosity towards people inferior to herD）arouse their sympathy for people living a humble lifePassage ThreeQuestions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage.Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don’t always say what we mean or mean what we say.Sometimes our words don’t mean anything except ― I’m letti ng off some steam. I don’t really want you to pay close attention to what I’m saying. Just pay attention to what I’m feeling.‖ Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, ―This step has to be fixed before I’ll buy.‖ The owner says, ― It’s been like that for years.‖ Actually, the step hasn’t been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: ― I don’t want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can’t you?‖ The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend’s unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it waspreceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says ―No!‖ to a serials of charges like ―You’re dumb,‖ ―You’re lazy,‖ and ―You’re dishonest,‖ may also say ―No!‖ and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is ―And you’re good looking.‖We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, ―If sure has been nice to have you over,‖ can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.76. Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners, if ______.A) they use proper words to carry their ideas.B) they both speak truly of their own feelings.C) they try to understand each other’s ideas beyond words.D) they are capable of associating meaning with their words.77.―I’m letting off some steam‖ in paragraph 1 means________.A) I’m just calling your attention.B) I’m just kidding.C) I’m just saying the opposite.D) I’m just giving off some sound.78.The house-owner’s example shows that he actually means_________.A) the step has been like that for yearsB) he doesn’t think it necessary to fix the stepC) the condition of the step is only a minor faultD) the cost involved in the fixing should be shared79.Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if__________.A) linked to an abnormal amount of assertivenessB) seen as one’s habi tual pattern of behaviorC) taken as part of an ordering sequenceD) expressed to a series of charges80.The word ―ritualistically‖ in the last paragraph equals something done_________.A) without true intentionB) light-heartedlyC) in a way of ceremonyD) with less emphasisPassage FourQuestions 81 to 85 are based on the following passage.Jogging has become the most popular individual sport in America. Many theories, even some mystical ones, have been advanced to explain the popularity of jogging. The plain truth is that jogging is a cheap, quick and efficient way to maintain physical fitness.The most useful sort of exercise is exercise that develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems. If these systems arefit, the body is ready for almost any sport and for almost any sudden demand made by work or emergencies. One can train more specifically, as by developing strength for weight lifting or the ability to run straight ahead for short distances with great powers in football, but running trains your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen more efficiently to all parts of your body. It is worth noting that this sort of exercise is the only kind that can reduce heart disease, the number one cause of death in America. Only one sort of equipment is needed – a good pair of shoes. Physicians advise beginning joggers not to run in a tennis or gym shoe. Many design advances have been made in only the last several years that make an excellent running shoe in dispensable if a runner wishes to develop as quickly as possible, with as little chance of injury as possible.A good running shoe will have a soft pad for absorbing shock, as well as a slightly built-up heel and a full heel cup that will give the knee and ankle more stability. A wise investment in good shoes will prevent bilisters and the foot, ankle and knee injures and will also enable the wearer to run on paved or softsurfaces.No other special equipment is needed; you can jog in any clothing you desire, even your street clothes. Many joggers wear expensive, flashy warm –up suits, but just as many wear a simple pair of gym shoes and T-shirt; in fact, many people just jog in last year’s clothes. In cold weather, several layers of clothing are better than one heavy sweater or coat. If joggers are wearing several layers of clothing, they can add or subtract layers as conditions change.It takes surprisingly little time to develop the ability to run. The American Jogging Association has a twelve –week program designed to move form a fifteen-minute walk (which almost anyone can manage who is in reasonable health) to a thirty-minute run. A measure of common sense, a physical examination, and a planned schedule are all it takes.81.The main purpose of this passage is to _____.A) discuss jogging as a physical fitness programB) describe the type of clothing needed for joggingC) provide scientific evidence of the benefits of joggingD)distinguish between jogging as a ―common sense ―fitnessprogram and a cult (崇拜) movement82.The most useful kind of exercise is exercise that ______.A) trains the body for weigh liftingB) enables a person to run straight ahead for short distances with great powerC) is both beneficial and inexpensiveD) develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems83.We can conclude from this passage that ________.A) because of jogging, heart disease is no longer an American problemB) jogging can be harmful if the runner is not properly preparedC) warm-up suits are preferable to gym shoes and T-shirtsD) jogging is bad for the ankles and knees84.The author’s tone ________.A) skeptical B) aggressive C）approving D）purely objective85.As used in this passage, the word ―mystical ― means ________.A）awesome B）horrifying C) a spiritual discipline D) viciousPart ⅣWriting (15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The More You Give, the More You Get You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below:1.Some people argue that this will not do in a market-driven society.2.My opinion.ANSWER SHEETName_______________Score________________Number_______________ Dept.______________ Class______________Part ⅣWriting:The More You Give, the More You Get。

2006~2012重庆大学研究生期末考试历年试题和答案总结2006级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题(适用于30-53班)时间: 150分钟2007.7.7Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then selectthe best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneMost conceptions of the process of motivation begin with the assumption that behavior is, at least in part, directed towards the attainment of goals or towards the satisfaction of needs or motives. Accordingly, it is appropriate to begin our consideration of motivation in the work place by examining the motives for working. Simon points out that an organization should be able to secure the participation of a person by offering him inducements(引诱)which contribute in some way to at leastone of his goals. The kinds of inducements offered by anorganization are varied, and if they are effective in maintaining participation they must necessarily be based on the needs of the individuals.Maslow examines in detail what these needs are. He points out not only that there are many needs ranging from basic physiological drives such as hunger to a more abstract desire for self-realization, but also that they are arranged in a hierarchy(等级制度)whereby the lower-order needs must to a large degree be satisfied before the higher-order ones come into play.One of the most obvious ways in which work organizations attract and retain members is through the realization that economic factors are not the only inducement for working as indicated by Morse and Weiss. In line with the social respect and self-realization needs discussed by Maslow, factors such as associations with others, self-respect gained through the work, and a high interest value of the work can serve effectively to induce people to work.1. According to Maslow, a work organization is able to motivate people to work by_______.A. satisfying their physiological needsB. satisfying their self-realization needsC. satisfying hierarchy of their higher-order needD. first satisfying their lower-order needs2. Lower-order needs concern a person's _______.A. essential physical needs C. self-realizationB. self-respect D. working relationships with others 3. Which of the following is NOT a higher need that attracts people to work? A.Association with others. C. Interest value of the work. B. Possibility of earning a good salary . D. Cultivation of self-respect.14. Which of the following statements may be supported by Morse and Weiss? A. Physiological needs are the most basic.B. There is a hierarchy of needs that must be met.C. Economic factors are the greatest inducement.D. Personal esteem and the gaining of power is the most important factor. 5. Simon points out that ________.A. the needs of individuals range from hunger to self-realizationB. effective inducements must be based on what individuals wantC. economic factors are not the only inducement for workingD. inducements must not be too variedPassage TwoAccording to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistentevidence that there is any category of ―natural leaders‖. It seemsthat there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of thatparticular group.Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to ―get things done‖. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well beings of a social groups members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit(阻碍) attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The problems faced by leaders.B. How leadership differs in small and large groups.2C. How social groups determine who will lead them.D. The role of leaders in social groups.7. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can becomeleaders EXCEPT __________ .A. recruitmentB. formal election processC. specific leadership trainingD. traditional cultural patterns8. Which of the following statements about leadership can beinferred from paragraph2?A. person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effectiveleader in another group.B. Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.C. A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research onleadership.D. Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of theirqualifications.. In mentioning ―natural leaders‖ in line 7, the author is making the point that _____ . 9A. few people qualify as ―natural leaders‖B. there is no proof that ―natural leaders‖ existC. ―natural leaders‖ are easily accepted by the members of a groupD. ―natural leaders‖ share a similar s et of characteristics10. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on __________ .A. ensuring harmonious relationshipsB. sharing responsibility with group membersC. identifying new leadersD. achieving a goalPassage ThreeMany objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearances, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers ? using nonscientific modes of thought.Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologistthinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, byand large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping process of a technologist‘s mind can be seenin nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbalthinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston?3Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, which is indispensable for an artist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to need ―hard thinking,‖nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and is inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Recordwished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial errors in mechanical design, they are a reflection of chaos caused by the neglect of non-verbal thinking.11. The main purpose of the author in writing this text is ________.A. to demonstrate the role of nonverbal thinking in the developmentoftechnologyB. to stress the importance of nonscientific thinking in engineering designC. to identify the two kinds of thinking that are used by technologistsD. to urge engineering institutes to attach importance to the education ofnon-verbal thinking12. Which of the following statements is in agreement with theauthor‘s opinion?A. When one designs an object he usually first has in mind what it should be like.B. Compared with verbal or mathematical thought, nonverbal thoughtis regardedas a primitive stage of cognitive process.C. Nonverbal thinking is in reality superior to verbal or mathematical thought.D. Nonverbal thinking is becoming an even more important componentin designcourses with the development of technology.13. The author describes the predicament faced by the History American EngineeringRecord as ―paradoxical‖ (Para. 3) most probably because ________.A. architectural schools offered better training for their studentsin engineeringdesignB. college students should be better qualified to make the drawingsin engineeringdesignC. the drawings needed were so complicated that only the students in4architectural schools had the capability of making them.D. engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed torecord the development of their own discipline.14. The author uses the example of the early models of high-speed railroad carsprimarily to indicate that ________.A. a lack of attention to the nonscientific aspects in design results in poorconceptualization by engineersB. neglect of trivial problems in mechanical design often causes costly errors inengineering systemsC. designers of automatic control systems need to have a better understanding ofanalytical problemsD. design of modern engineering systems depends more on nonscientific thinkingthan on mechanical knowledge15. Which of the following can best describe the function of non-verbal thinking inthe development of technology?A. Vital C. FundamentalB. Indispensable D. PreliminaryPassage FourTraditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries andfocal points ? periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documentsone‘s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions ―What happened?‖ and ―How did it happen?‖ have given way to the question ―Why did it happen?‖ Prominent among the methods used to answer the question ―Why‖ is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho- historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment tohistory as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derivesits ―facts‖ not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who madehistory, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance intheir lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic principle of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances5that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the ―deepest‖ explanation of any event, that other explanationsfall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history ( in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.16. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?A. History is composed of unique and non-repeating events that must beindividually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.B. Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings ofpsychologists.C. The traditional historians pay more attention to historical events whilepsychohistorians pay more attention to the emotional causes.D. The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in fashioneven though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historicalmethod.17. According to the text, traditional history can be distinguished basically frompsychohistory in that traditional historians ________.A. usually view past events as complex and having their own individualityB. narrate instead of analyzing and explaining historical eventsC. interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature istranscendedD. never use psychological explanations in historical contexts to account forevents18. It can be inferred from the text that the methods used by psychohistoriansprobably prevent them from ________.A. uncovering alternative explanations that might cause them to question theirown conclusionsB. producing a one-sided picture of an individual‘s personality and motivationsC. presenting their material in chronological orderD. offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on historicalevents19. The text supplies information for answering which of the following questions?A. What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historicalinterpretation?B. When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional history firstestablished?C. What sort of historical figure is best suited for psychohistorical analysis?6D. What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditionalhistorians?20. Which of the following does the author mention as a characteristic of the practiceof psychohistorians?A. The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrativeform.B. Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible toother scholars.C. Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.D. Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequentialthan are those in the childhood of the figure.Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20%Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.In that tradition, when dad needs something, he goes and gets it. So when it‘stime to buy him a gift, all that‘s left is stuff he didn‘t really want. The questionbecomes, what do you get for the guy who has everything? Choosing the right gift can be a minefield. It‘s not the gift that matters.It‘s not really the thought that counts,either. You have to find a gift that says, ―Hey, dad, I really understand who you areand this is a symbol of our relationship.‖Moreover, some dads have trouble switching roles from giver to receiver. ―I tellmy kids, ‗you don‘t have to get me anything,‘‖ says Rick Flynn. His philosophy is,―Let me take care of you.‖ ―But at the same time,‖ he admits,―I‘m thinking, ‗Gee, Ihope I get that drill.‖Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.加强企业间的合作是当今世界企业发展的重要方向。

2012年全国硕士研究生考试管理类联考真题一、问题求解：第1~15小题，每小题3分，共45分。

下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1、某商品定价200元，受金融危机影响，连续2次降价20%后的售价为（）A.114B.120C.128D.144E.1602、如图，三个边为1的正方形的覆盖的区域（实线所围）的面积为（）（实线为图书最外面的线）A. B. C. D. E.3、在一次捐赠活动中，某人将捐赠的物品打包成件，其中帐篷和食品共320件，帐篷比食品多80件，则帐篷的件数是（）A.180B.200C.220D.240E.2604、如图2，三角形ABC是直角三角形，，，为正方形，已知a，b，c分别是为，，的边长，则：（）A. B. C. D. E.5、如图3，一个储物罐的下半部分是底面直径与高均是20m的圆柱体，上半部分（顶部）是半球形的，已知底面与项部的造价是400元/，侧面的造价是300元/，该储物罐的造价是（）万元A.56.52B.62.8C.75.36D.87.92E.100.486、在一次商品促销活动中，主持人出示了一个9位数，让顾客猜测商品的价格，商品的价格是该9位数中从左到右面相邻的3个数字组成的3位数，若主持人出示的是的513535319，则一顾客猜中价格的概率是（）A. B. C. D. E.7、某商店经营15种商品，每次在橱窗内陈列5种，若每两次陈列的商品不完全相同，则最多可陈列（）次A.3000B.3003C.4000D.4003E.43008、甲、乙、丙三个地区公务员参加一次测评，其人数和如下表：三个地区按平均分从高到低的排列顺序为A.乙、丙、甲B. 乙、甲、丙C. 甲、丙、乙D.丙、甲、乙E. 丙、乙、甲地区/分数 6 7 8 9 甲10 10 10 10乙15 15 10 20丙10 10 15 159、经统计，某机构的一个安检口每天中午办理安检手续的乘客人数及对应的概率如下表：安检口2天中至少有1天中午办理安检手续的乘客人数大于15人的概率是（）顾客人数0--5 6--10 11--15 16--20 21--25 26以上概率0.1 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.25A.0.2B.0.25C.0.4D.0.5E. 0.7510、某人在保险柜中存放了M元现金，第一天取出它的，以后每天取出的前一天所取的，共取了7天，保险柜中剩余的现金为（）A. B. C. D. E.11、在直角坐标系中，若平面区域D中虽有的点的坐标（x,y）均满足：，，，则面积是（）A. B. C. D. E.12、某单位春季植树100棵，前2天安排乙组植树，其余任务由甲、乙两组共用3天完成，已知甲组每天比乙组多植树4棵，则甲组每天植树（）棵A.11B.12C.13D.15E.1713、有两队打羽毛球，每队派出3男2女参加5局单打比赛，第二局和第四局为女生，那么每队派队员出场的方式有几种？A. 12B.10C.8D.6E.414、若能被整除，则（）A. B. C. D. E.15、有一个丁家村进行“三下乡”活动，分别有两辆货车，甲货车可以拉40台电视机和10台洗衣机，乙货车可以拉20台电视机和20台洗衣机。

2012-2013年北航研究生中国特色社会主义理论期末考试试题（马拉克思整理上传）一、简答题（7选2）1、为什么说扩大我国中等收入阶层是实现社会公平正义的有效途径之一?中国现阶段中等收入阶层的维稳作用第一，中等收入阶层极易成为经济增长的牺牲品。

首先，中等收入阶层极容易成为我国目前日益扩大的贫富差距的替罪羊。

我国目前的贫富差距现象已经成为阻碍经济增长、影响社会稳定的重大社会问题。

其次，中等收入阶层的生存状况不容乐观。

由于高收入阶层不断挤占中等收入阶层的生存空间和社会资源，中等收入阶层的生存处境面临尴尬局面。

第二，我国中等收入阶层的规模制约了他们不能顺畅表达自身利益。

我国的中等收入阶层发育不够充分，规模较小，没有足够的自主和参与意识。

这种状况决定了中国社会的民主要求和权利愿望还没有在一定规模上形成，还不可能有公民行使自主权利的积极行动和组织自觉。

第三，在金融危机中最先受到冲击的就是中等收入阶层。

第四，网络媒体舆论是制约中等收入阶层维稳作用的重要因素。

在社会转型期的中国，不能笼统的说中等收入阶层就是社会的“稳定器”；分析中等收入阶层和社会稳定的关系，不能直接照搬西方学者的“稳定器”理论，而是应该结合我国的具体国情和我国中等收入阶层的状况综合分析。

首先，政策导向是中等收入阶层能否维护社会稳定的重要因素。

其次，判断中等收入阶层能否起到维护社会稳定的作用，需要结合中等收入阶层的特征和具体国情来综合考量。

总之，如果我国政府在制定政策的时候，对中等收入阶层有所侧重，鼓励其发展壮大，维护其阶层利益，那么中等收入阶层渴求稳定、害怕变革的特性就会发挥作用，使中等收入阶层成为维护社会稳定的重要力量；反之，如果随着经济增长，中等收入阶层的利益持续受损，其阶层利益无法寻求合理的表达渠道，那么他们就会要求社会变革，如果寻求不到社会变革的良性途径，就很有可能引发社会动荡，成为影响社会稳定的重要力量。

（三）培育中等收入阶层是实现社会公平正义的有效途径在西方，中产阶层就是“大众”的代名词，随着西方资本主义国家的现代化进程，中产阶层逐渐发展壮大，并随着社会经济的进一步发展而逐渐成为社会的主流。

15华南师范大学2012级研究生泛函分析期末考试试题参考解答1.(10分)设1ăpă8,定义算子T为T(x1,¨¨¨,x k,¨¨¨)=(0,12x1,23x2,¨¨¨,kk+1x k,¨¨¨), @x=(x1,¨¨¨,x k,¨¨¨)Pℓp.证明:算子T:ℓpÑℓp是有界线性算子,求T的共轭算子T˚.解.(1)由}T x}=(8ÿk=1ˇˇˇˇkk+1x kˇˇˇˇp)1pď(8ÿk=1|x k|p)1p=}x}知T是有界线性算子.(2)(ℓp)˚=ℓq,其中1p+1q=1.对@x Pℓp,y Pℓq,⟨x,T y⟩=⟨(x1,x2,x3,¨¨¨,x k,¨¨¨,(0,12y1,23y2,¨¨¨,k´1ky k´1,¨¨¨)⟩=x2¨12y1+x3¨23y2+¨¨¨+x k¨k´1ky k´1+¨¨¨=12x2¨y1+23x3¨y2+¨¨¨+k´1kx k¨y k´1+¨¨¨=⟨(12x2,23x3,¨¨¨,k´1kx k,¨¨¨),y⟩=⟨T˚x,y⟩.故T˚x=(12x2,23x3,¨¨¨,k´1kx k,¨¨¨),@x Pℓp.■2.(15分)定义算子T:C[0,1]ÑC[0,1]为(T x)(t)=ż1x(s)1+std s,@x(t)P C[0,1].试证:T是有界线性算子,并求算子范数}T}.证明T将C[0,1]中的有界集映成C[0,1]中的列紧集.解.(1)由}T x }=max 0ďt ď1|(T x )(t )|=max 0ďt ď1ˇˇˇˇż10x (s )1+std s ˇˇˇˇďmax 0ďs ď1|x (s )|¨max 0ďt ď1ż1011+std s =}x }¨max "1,sup 0ăt ď11t żt011+ud u*=}x }¨max "1,sup0ăt ď1ln (1+t )t *=}x }即知T 是有界线性算子,且}T }ď1.进一步,}T }ěmax 0ďt ď1}(T x n )(t )}x n (t )=$’&’%nt,0ďt ď1n 1,1n ďt ď1=max 0ďt ď1ˇˇˇˇˇż1n 0ns 1+st d s +ż11n11+st d s ˇˇˇˇˇ=max 0ďt ď1t +t ln n (1+t )n +t ´n ln n +tnt 2ět +t ln n (1+t )n +t ´n ln n +tnt 2,@0ăt ď1.令n Ñ8得}T }ěln (1+t )t,@0ăt ď1.再令t Ñ0+得}T }ě1.这就证明了}T }=1.(2)设A 是C [0,1]中的有界集,则D M ą0,s .t .@x P A,}x }ďM.由第1步知@x P A,}T x }ď}x }ďM.而T (A )一致有界.又由|(T x )(t )´(T x )(t 1)|=ˇˇˇˇż10x (s )[11+st ´11+st 1]d s ˇˇˇˇď}x }ż10s |t ´t 1|(1+st )(1+st 1)d s ďM |t ´t 1|ż1s d s =M2|t ´t 1|知@εą0,D δ=2εMą0,s .t .@t,t 1P [0,1]:|t ´t 1|ăδ,@x P A,|(T x )(t )´(T x )(t 1)|ăε.故T (A )等度连续.据Ascoli-Arzela 定理即知T (A )是列紧集.■3.(15分)设X 是线性赋范空间,x 和y 是X 中两个线性无关的元,证明:存在f,g P X ˚,使得f (x )=1,f (y )=0,g (x )=0,g (y )=1;进而证明:如果z P X 满足:对于h P X ˚,只要h (z )=0必有h (x )=h (y )=0,则存在常数a 和b ,使得z =ax +by .解.(1)设Y =span t x,y u ,定义Y 上的有界线性泛函f 1(αx +βy )=α.由Hahn-Banach 定理,f 1可保范延拓为f P X ˚.此f 就满足f (x )=1,f (y )=0.同理可得到满足题意的g .(2)用反证法证明D a,b P F ,s .t .z =ax +by ôz P Y.若z R Y ,考虑W =t w =y +αz ;y P Y,αP F u及W 上的有界线性泛函f 1(w )=α,@αP W.由Hahn-Banach 定理,f 1可保范延拓为f P X ˚.于是f (x )=f (y )=0,f (z )=1.与题设矛盾.故有结论.■4.(15分)设(H,(¨,¨))是实Hilbert 空间,M 是H 的非空子集,证明:M KK =span M,M KKK =M K .解.(1)@x P M,@y P M K ,⟨x,y ⟩=0ñM ĂM KK ñspan M ĂM KK (MKK是子空间)ñspan M ĂMKK(M KK是闭的).往用反证法证明span M =M KK .若span M ĹM KK ,则由正交分解定理,D 0‰x P M KK ,s .t .x K span M ñ#x P M KK X span M K=M KK X M K =t 0u x ‰0ñ矛盾.故有结论.(2)M K 是闭的线性子空间,而由第1步,M KKK =span M K =M K =M K .■5.(15分)设(H,(¨,¨))是实Hilbert 空间,t e k u 8k =1是H 的正交规范基,t x n u 8n =0和t y n u 8n =0是H 中的两列元,其中t}x n }u 8n =0有界并且y n Ñy 0.证明:(1)当k Ñ8时,t e k u 在H 中弱收敛于零,但不强收敛于零.(2)如果对于每一个k ,当n Ñ8时有(x n ,e k )Ñ(x 0,e k ),则(x n ,y n )Ñ(x 0,y 0).解.(1)由Parseval 等式知8ÿn =1|(x,e n )|2=}x }2ñlim n Ñ8(x,e n )=0,@x P H.故e n á0.又由}e n }=1知e n Ñ0不成立.(2)由t}x n }u 有界知D M ą0,s .t .@n ě1,}x n }ďM.于是|(x n ,y n )´(x 0,y 0)|ď|(x n ,y n ´y 0)|+|(x n ´x 0,y 0)|ďM }y n ´y 0}+ˇˇˇˇˇ8ÿk =1y 0k (x n ´x 0,e k )ˇˇˇˇˇ(y =8ÿk =1y 0k e k)ďM }y n ´y 0}+(8ÿk =1|y 0k |2)12[8ÿk =1|(x n ´x 0,e k )|2]12.令n Ñ8即得结论.这里我们利用了实变函数中Levi 定理的类比.极限和求和可以交换次序!■6.(15分)设X 是实线性赋范空间,t x λ;λP Λu 是X 中的一个子集,其中Λ为指标集.证明:如果对于每一个f P X ˚,t f (x λ);λP Λu 是有界集,则t x λ;λP Λu 也是有界集.解.将x λ看作是X ˚˚中的元,则sup λP Λ⟨x λ,f ⟩=sup λP Λf (x λ)ă8ñsup λP Λ}x λ}ă8(共鸣定理).■7.(15分)设t (X k ,}¨}k )u 8k =1是一列实Banach 空间.记U =!x =(x 1,¨¨¨,x k ,¨¨¨);x k P X k ,k =1,2,¨¨¨,lim k Ñ8}x k }k =0).对于x =(x 1,¨¨¨,x k ,¨¨¨),y =(y 1,¨¨¨,y k ,¨¨¨),αP R ,在U中定义线性运算和范数分别为x+y=(x1+y1,¨¨¨,x k+y k,¨¨¨),αx=(αx1,¨¨¨,αx k,¨¨¨),}x}=supkě1}x k}k.(1)证明:(U,}¨})在如上定义的线性运算和范数的意义下是一个实Banach空间.(2)设每个X k均为可分空间,问U是否也是可分空间,为什么?解.(1)易知(U,}¨})是赋范线性空间.设t x n u是U中Cauchy列,则@εą0,D N,s.t.@mąněN,εą}x m´x n}=supkě1}x m k´x n k}.特别地,对@kě1,@mąněN,εą}x m k´x n k}k.(1)故t x n k u8n=1是X k中Cauchy列.由X k完备知D x k P X k,s.t.limnÑ8x n k=x k.在(1)中mÑ8得@kě1,@něN,εě}x n k´x k}kñ@něN,εě}x n´x}.这表明x nÑx=(x1,¨¨¨,x k,¨¨¨).进一步,}x k}kď››x N k´x k››k+››x N k››kďε+››x N k››k.令kÑ8得limnÑ8}x k}kďε.再令εÑ0+得limkÑ8}x k}k=0.故U完备,是Banach空间.(2)U是可分的.设D k是X k的可数稠密子集,则8ďn=1t(d1,¨¨¨,d n,0,¨¨¨);d i P D i,1ďiďn u是U 的可数稠密子集.事实上,对@x P U,εą0,由lim k Ñ8}x k }k =0知D K ą0,s .t .@k ąK,}x k }k ăε.又由D k 在X k 中稠密知@1ďk ďK,D d k P D k ,s .t .}d k ´x k }ăε.于是}(d 1,¨¨¨,d n ,0,¨¨¨)´x }=max "sup 1ďk ďK}d k ´x k }k ,sup k ąK}x k }*ăε.■。

2012年全国研究生统一考试教育学专业真题与答案一、单项选择题：1～45小题，每小题2分，共90分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

凯程教育学2014年在北师大方面保录班7多金花全部录取,专业课押题全部命中,其中张海y同学是来自某三本院校国经贸专业,,考取了北师大学校咨询状元,7名学员的经验视频均在凯程网站有展示,有志于考教育学的同学,可以去查看, 凯程的教育学由徐影团队负责教研,在集训营和远程进行全方面授课指导,加上凯程教育学资源,教育学考研十拿九稳. 特别提醒的是考教育学的学生,99%都是跨专业考生,且难度没有那么大,所以想跨专业考研的同学,教育学是首选. 择校择专业就找凯程老师1. 关注和探询“谁控制学校”、“谁制定学校管理的政策”、“谁决定教育的伦理、社会和经济目标”、“谁设置课程”的教育理论流派是A. 制度教育学B. 改造主义教育理论C. 存在主义教育理论D. 批判教育学【参考答案】D。

【解析】批判教育学是20世纪70年代之后兴起的一种教育思潮，主要代表人物是鲍尔斯、金蒂斯、阿普尔、吉鲁，法国的布厄迪尔等。

基本观点是：第一，当代资本主义的学校教育不是一种民主的建制和解放的力量，而是维护现实社会的不公平和不公正的工具，是造成社会差别、社会歧视和社会对立的根源；第二，教育是与社会相对应的，有什么样的社会政治、经济和文化，就有什么样的学校教育机构，社会的政治意识形态、文化样态、经济结构都强烈低制约着学校的目的、课程、师生关系、评价方式等，学校教育的功能就是再生产出占主导地位的社会政治意识形态、文化关系和经济结构；第三，批判教育学的目的就是要揭示看似自然事实背后的利益关系，帮助教师和学生对自己所处的教育环境及形成教育环境的诸多因素敏感起来，即对他们进行“启蒙”，以达到意识“解放”目的，从而积极地寻找克服教育及社会不平等和不公正的策略；第四，教育现象不是中立的和客观的，而是充满着利益纷争的，教育理论研究不能采取唯科学主义的态度和方法，而要采用实践批判的态度和方法。

共（1）页，第（1）页 河北科技大学硕士学位研究生
2012——2013 学年第 1 学期
《材料的热力学与动力学》课程期末考试试卷
学院 专业 姓名 学号
一、已知A-B 二元系中，一个成分为X B =0.4的合金是α+β两相组织，此时α相的成分0.2B X α=,其摩
尔自由能m G a α=，β相的成分0.8,B X β=,其摩尔自由能m G b β=，试求两相合金的摩尔自由能。

（15分）
二、根据材料热力学原理解释为什么大多数纯金属加热产生固态相变时会产生体积膨胀的效应？（15分）
三、已知某金属形成空位的激活能为58.2KJ/mlo-1,根据统计热力学熵的统计意义，求在700下该金属的空位浓度。

（15分）
四、用Gm-X 图解法说明，为什么BCC 结构的金属加入铁中后，大多数会封闭铁的面心结构相区？（15分）
五、已知某二元系A-B 的体心结构的固溶体中，各种原子结合键能之间的关系为
/2,1000AB BA AA BB s s u u u u kT T K +--==,试计算800K 下的Spinodal 范围。

（20分） 六、试用图解法说明，在某一温度下某二元过饱和固溶体α在析出另一结构的化合物θ时，其相变驱动力和形核驱动力的大小。

（20分）。

哈尔滨医科大学大庆校区《专业综合》毕业试题年级：2012级 专业：护理学 层次：硕士研究生哈尔滨医科大学大庆校区教务处监制第1 页 共5页一、单项选择题（30×1分=30分）1.对诊断肠梗阻有重要意义的体征是A.肠鸣音亢进，有气过水声及金属音B.腹部膨隆C.腹部压痛、反跳痛D.腹肌紧张2.患者,女,45岁,以胆结石收住入院,此患者手术时用的是椎管内麻醉，术后去枕平卧位的目的是 A.预防低血压 B.预防出血 C.预防头痛 D.预防窒息3.高钾血症是指血清钾浓度高于A.5.5mol/LB.6.5mol/LC.3.5mol/LD.5mol/L 4.心力衰竭最常见的诱发因素是哪项A.过劳B.心律失常C.摄入盐过多D.感染 5.溃疡病人出现哪项症状怀疑有穿孔A.突发性剧烈疼痛伴腹膜炎体征B.柏油样便C. 呕吐D.电解质紊乱6.引起肾盂肾炎最常见的致病菌为A.粪链球菌B.大肠杆菌C.葡萄球菌D.真菌 7.癫痫大发作的最重要护理措施是A.避免外伤B.禁用口表测试体温C.不可用力按压肢体D.保持呼吸道通畅 8.类风湿关节炎最常累及关节为A.肘关节B.四肢小关节C.膝关节D.脊柱小关节9.哪种口腔炎因具有较强的传染性需隔离 A.疱疹性口炎 B.单纯性口炎 C.鹅口疮 D.溃疡性口炎10.患有多发性神经严的糖尿病病人进行足部护理不当的是A.鞋袜不宜过紧B.每晚用温水洗足C.检查足部有无外伤D.趾间保持湿润 11.乳癌的首发症状是A.乳头凹陷B.橘皮样改变C.无痛性肿块D.两侧乳房位置不对称12.造成产后出血的主要原因为A.宫缩乏力B.凝血机制障碍C.胎盘早剥D.前置胎盘 13.腹腔内实质脏器损伤最可靠依据是 A.肝浊音界缩小 B.腹肌紧张 C.移动性浊音阳性 D.腹腔抽出不凝固血液 14.某人，突然出现上腹部持续性剧痛，全腹压痛、反跳痛、肌紧张，腹透膈下有游离气体，最可能的诊断是A.消化道穿孔B.肠梗阻C.腹膜炎D.幽门梗阻15.急性阑尾炎的主要症状是A.转移性右下腹疼痛B.畏寒、发热C.恶心、呕吐D.食欲下降 16.脑血栓病人发病时间常在A.睡眠或安静时B.剧烈运动时C.情绪激动时D.血压剧烈上升时17.某病人受伤昏迷20min 后清醒,6h 后又发生昏迷,左侧瞳孔散大,右侧肢体活动障碍可诊断为A.脑挫裂伤B.左侧硬膜外血肿C.脑内血肿D.右侧硬膜下血肿18.最易骨折的肋骨是A.第1-2肋B.第2-3肋C.第4-7肋D.第8-10肋19.上尿路结石的主要症状是A.活动后镜下血尿B.排尿困难C.尿频、尿急D.尿失禁20.前臂骨折导致尺中神经损伤可发生下列哪种畸形A.猿手畸形B.爪状手畸形C.垂腕畸形D.锅铲样畸形21.急性再障最突发的表现是A.出血与感染B.感染C.贫血D.脾大22.急性血源性骨髓炎的好发部位是A.骨髓腔B.骨皮质C.骨膜下D.干骺端23.女，40岁，胆道手术后，T管引流2周，拔管前先试行夹管1-2天，夹管期间应注意观察的内容是A.饮食、睡眠 B.腹痛、发热、黄疸C.大便的颜色D.引流口有无渗液24.成年颅内压增高病人每日液体的入量不宜超过A.1000mlB.1500mlC.2000mlD.2500ml25.口服铁剂治疗缺铁性贫血有效者，Hb恢复正常后仍需治疗A.半个月以上B.1个月以上C.2个月以上D.3个月以上26.肠套叠的好发年龄为A.2岁以内B.2~3岁C.3~4岁D.5~7岁27. 下列药品中需要观察尿量的是A.甘露醇B.西地兰C.阿托品D.硫酸镁28. 对高热患者的观察下列错误的一项是A.每天测体温4次B.物理降温后的效果C.面色有无改变D.脉搏、呼吸、血压的变化29.大量不保留灌肠时液面距肛门为A.40~60CMB.60~70CMC.20~40CMD.>70CM30.对于一位常规外科术后麻醉未醒的病人应当采用哪种护理系统A.全补偿系统B.部分补偿系统C.辅助教育系统D.自护系统二、简答题（8×5分=40分）1.如何正确采集亚急性感染性心内膜炎病人的血培养标本？（5分）1.①未经治疗的亚急性病人，应在第一天隔一小时采血1次，共3次；②如次日未见细菌生长，重复采血3次后，开始抗生素治疗；③用过抗生素者，停药2-7天后采血；④本病的菌血症为持续性，无需在体温升高时采血；哈尔滨医科大学大庆校区教务处监制第2页共5页⑤每次采血量10-20ml作需氧和耐氧菌培养，至少应培养3周。