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如何解决疲劳效应英语作文Title: Strategies to Combat Fatigue Effect。
Fatigue effect, the depletion of mental and physical energy over time, poses a significant challenge to individuals in various aspects of life, be it academic, professional, or personal. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach encompassing lifestyle adjustments, cognitive strategies, and self-care practices. In this essay, we will delve into effective methods to tackle fatigue effect and enhance overall well-being.Firstly, establishing a balanced lifestyle is paramount in combating fatigue. Adequate sleep is fundamental for replenishing energy levels and sustaining cognitive function. Research suggests that adults should aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night for optimal health. Additionally, maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, even on weekends, helps regulate the body's internal clock, promoting better sleep quality and reducing daytime fatigue.Moreover, incorporating regular physical activity into one's routine is beneficial for combating fatigue. Exercise stimulates the release of endorphins, neurotransmittersthat elevate mood and energy levels. Engaging in activities such as jogging, yoga, or swimming not only enhances physical fitness but also boosts mental clarity and alertness. Even short bouts of exercise throughout the day can mitigate feelings of fatigue and improve overall productivity.In conjunction with lifestyle modifications, adopting cognitive strategies can mitigate the impact of fatigue on cognitive function. Time management techniques, such as the Pomodoro Technique, involve breaking tasks into manageable intervals separated by short breaks. This method prevents burnout and enhances focus by capitalizing on the brain's natural rhythm of attention.Furthermore, implementing mindfulness practices can counteract the cognitive effects of fatigue. Mindfulness meditation, characterized by non-judgmental awareness ofthe present moment, promotes mental clarity and resilience to stress. Studies have shown that regular meditation reduces fatigue and enhances cognitive flexibility, enabling individuals to navigate challenges with greater ease.In addition to lifestyle and cognitive interventions, self-care practices play a crucial role in combatingfatigue effect. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in sustaining energy levels throughout the day. Consuming a balanced diet rich in whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables provides essential nutrients that support optimal brain function and mitigate fatigue.Moreover, practicing self-compassion and setting realistic expectations are vital components of self-care. Perfectionism and excessive self-criticism can contribute to burnout and exacerbate feelings of fatigue. Cultivating self-compassion involves treating oneself with kindness and understanding, particularly during periods of heightened stress or fatigue.Furthermore, establishing boundaries and prioritizing self-care activities is essential for preventing burnout. Carving out time for leisure activities, social connections, and relaxation fosters resilience and replenishes depleted energy stores. Whether it's reading a book, spending time with loved ones, or engaging in hobbies, prioritizing activities that bring joy and fulfillment is essential for maintaining well-being.In conclusion, addressing fatigue effect necessitates a comprehensive approach encompassing lifestyle adjustments, cognitive strategies, and self-care practices. Byprioritizing sleep, exercise, mindfulness, nutrition, and self-compassion, individuals can mitigate the impact of fatigue and cultivate resilience in the face of challenges. Empowering oneself with effective coping mechanisms is keyto sustaining energy levels and optimizing overall well-being.。
Pheromones, 1999, V ol. 6, p. 33-38THE EFFECT OF KEEPING CONDITIONS ON THE FORMATIONOF CONDITIONED REFLEX TO QUEEN BEE PHEROMONES INWORKER HONEYBEES APIS MELLIFERA CARNICA POLLM.A. SKIRKEVIÈIUS1,2, L. BLAÞYTË11Institute of Ecology, Akademijos g. 2, LT-2600 Vilnius, Lithuania,2Vilnius Pedagogical University, Studentø g. 39, LT-2034 Vilnius, LithuaniaReceived October 30, 1998; accepted November30, 1998Key words. Apis mellifera carnica Poll., unnatural conditions, olfactory reflex, conditioning, conditioned stimulus, reward.Summary. Worker honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.) have been investigated. They were kept under natural (a bee colony) and unnatural (small cages in a thermostat) conditions from 0.5 to 3.0 h without food until the beginning of conditioning trials. Ethanol extract of mated bee queens (1·10-3 Qeq) was used as a conditioning stimulus and 50% sugar solution as reward. The ability of a bee to respond to queen extract (from 1·10-12 to 1·10-3 Qeq) calibrated according to (E)-9-oxo-2-decenoic acid was investigated.The results revealed that unnatural conditions under which worker honeybees were kept prior to conditioning influenced the formation of the reflexes to the pheromones of a bee queen. They affected not only the ability to form this reflex, but the course of its formation as well:a) the conditioned response to queen extract can be successfully formed in 93.2% of worker honeybees kept without food for 0.5 h after they have been taken away from a colony (the stimulus and reward have to be delivered on average2.9±0.44 times, bees distinguish on average 5.7±0.11 queen extract doses);b) the formation of the olfactory reflex to queen extract in worker honeybees taken from a colony and kept in a thermostat depends on the length of their starving: if they were kept without food for 0.5 h, the conditioned response was trained only in 10.0% of the individuals; if they were kept without food for an hour, the percentage of the individuals in which conditioned response occurred reached 59.1% (the stimulus and reward have to be delivered on average 4.1±0.07 times, bees distinguish on average 4.3±0.01 queen extract doses), if 2.0 h the number of individuals in which we managed to form the conditioned response grew up to 82.8% (the stimulus and reward should be offered on average 2.3±0.50 times, bees distinguish on average 5.3±0.20 queen extract doses). If the bees were kept without food for 3.0 h, the conditioned response was trained in 0.0 % of them, because they grew weak and died.Bièiø darbininkiø (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.) laikymosàlygø reikðmë sàlyginio reflekso á motinos feromonus iðugdymui Santrauka. Bitës darbininkës Apis mellifera carnica Pollm. laikytos: a) natûraliomis sàlygomis (bièiø ðeimoje) ir dirbtinëmis sàlygomis (termostate nedideliuose narveliuose); b) neleidþiant maitintis iki sàlyginio reflekso ugdymo pradþios nuo 0,5 iki 3,0 val. Sàlyginiu dirgikliu naudota apvaisintø motinø spiritinis ekstraktas (dozë 1·10-3 motinos ekvivalento (Mek)), jo pastiprinimu 50% cukraus tirpalas. Susiformavus ðiam refleksui, buvo tikrinamas bitës sugebëjimas atskirti kalibruotus pagal E-9-oksodecen-2-o rûgðtá motinos ekstrakto tirpalus nuo 1·10-12 iki 1·10-3 Mek.Tyrimø rezultatai parodë, kad bièiø darbininkiø laikymo sàlygos turi reikðmës sàlyginio reflekso á motinos ekstraktàiðugdymui:a) sàlyginá refleksà á motinos ekstraktà pavyksta iðugdyti vidutiniðkai 93,2% bièiø darbininkiø, kurios po iðëmimo iððeimos negavo maisto 0,5 val. (dirgiklá su pastiprinimu reikia pateikti vidutiniðkai 2,9±0,44 karto, bitës atskiria vidutiniðkai 5,7±0,11 motinos ekstrakto dozës);b) sàlyginio reflekso á motinos ekstraktà iðugdymas atskirtoms nuo ðeimos ir laikomoms termostate bitëms priklauso nuo jø buvimo be maisto trukmës: jeigu jos negauna maisto 0,5 val., tai sàlyginá refleksà pavyksta iðugdyti tik 10,0% individø, jeigu 1 val. tai 59,1% (dirgiklá su pastiprinimu reikia pateikti vidutiniðkai 4,1±0,07 karto, bitës atskiria vidutiniðkai 4,3±0,01 motinos ekstrakto dozës), jeigu 2 val. tai 82,8% (dirgiklá su pastiprinimu reikia pateikti vidutiniðkai 2,3±0,50 karto, bitës atskiria vidutiniðkai 5,3±0,20 motinos ekstrakto dozës), o jeigu 3 val. tai 0,0%, nes jos nusilpsta ir þûsta.Âëèÿíèå óñëîâèé ñîäåðæàíèÿ ðàáî÷èõ ï÷åë Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.© The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences33íà îáðàçîâàíèå ó íèõ óñëîâíîãî ðåôëåêñà íà ôåðîìîíû ìàòêèÐåçþìå. Ðàáî÷èå ï÷åëû Apis mellifera carnica Pollm. ñîäåðæàëèñü â íàòóðàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ (ï÷åëèíàÿ ñåìüÿ) è âëàáîðàòîðíûõ (òåðìîñòàò) áåç êîðìà îò 0,5 äî 3,0 ÷ äî âûðàáîòêè ó íèõ óñëîâíîãî ðåôëåêñà. Óñëîâíûì ðàçäðàæèòåëåìñëóæèë ýêñòðàêò îïëîäîòâîðåííûõ ï÷åëèíûõ ìàòîê.  êà÷åñòâå ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî ïîäêðåïëåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàëñÿ 50%-íûé ñàõàðíûé ñèðîï. Ïîñëå âûðàáîòêè óñëîâíîãî ðåôëåêñà ïðîâåðÿëàñü ñïîñîáíîñòü ï÷åë îòëè÷àòü êàëèáðîâàííûåïî òðàíñ-9-îêñîäåöåí-2-îâîé êèñëîòå ðàñòâîðû ýêñòðàêòà ìàòêè â äîçå îò 1·10-12 äî 1·103 ýêâèâàëåíòà ï÷åëèíîé ìàò-êè.Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î òîì, ÷òî íà âûðàáîòêó ó ðàáî÷èõ ï÷åë óñëîâíîãî ðåôëåêñà îêàçûâàþòâëèÿíèå óñëîâèÿ ñîäåðæàíèÿ:à) óñëîâíûé ðåôëåêñ íà ôåðîìîíû ìàòêè óäàëîñü âûðàáîòàòü â ñðåäíåì ó 93,2% ðàáî÷èõ ï÷åë, êîòîðûå ïîñëåèçúÿòèÿ èç ñåìüè íå ïîëó÷àëè êîðìà â òå÷åíèå 0,5 ÷ (ðàçäðàæèòåëü ñ ïîäêðåïëåíèåì íåîáõîäèìî áûëî ïðåäúÿâëÿòü âñðåäíåì 2,9±0,44 ðàçà; ðàáî÷èå ï÷åëû îòëè÷àëè â ñðåäíåì 5,7±0,11 äîçû ýêñòðàêòà ìàòêè);á) ó ðàáî÷èõ ï÷åë, êîòîðûå áûëè èçúÿòû èç ñåìüè è ñîäåðæàëèñü â òåðìîñòàòå, îáðàçîâàíèå óñëîâíîãî ðåôëåêñà íàôåðîìîíû ìàòêè çàâèñåëî îò âðåìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî îíè íå ïîëó÷àëè êîðìà: åñëè ï÷åëû íå ïîëó÷àëè êîðìà âòå÷åíèå 0,5 ÷, òî óñëîâíûé ðåôëåêñ âûðàáàòûâàëñÿ òîëüêî ó 10,0% îñîáåé, åñëè â òå÷åíèå 1 ÷, òî ó 59,1% (ðàçäðà-æèòåëü ñ ïîäêðåïëåíèåì íàäî áûëî ïðåäúÿâëÿòü â ñðåäíåì 4,1±0,07 ðàçà, ï÷åëû îòëè÷àëè â ñðåäíåì 4,8±0,01 äîçûýêñòðàêòà ìàòêè), åñëè â òå÷åíèå 2 ÷, òî ó 82,8% (ðàçäðàæèòåëü ñ ïîäêðåïëåíèåì ïðèõîäèëîñü ïðåäúÿâëÿòü â ñðåäíåì2,3±0,50 ðàçà, ï÷åëû îòëè÷àëè â ñðåäíåì 5,3±0,20 äîçû ýêñòðàêòà ìàòêè), à åñëè â òå÷åíèå 3 ÷, òî ï÷åëû îñëàáåâàëè èïîãèáàëè.INTRODUCTIONIt is well known that keeping conditions, age and species are important factors in the formation of a conditioned reflex (MaêÔàðëåíä, 1988). While studying the mechanisms of pheromone perception in worker honeybees, experiments are carried out with individuals kept under various conditions (bee colonies, cages kept in a termostat, etc.). However, usually neither bee keeping conditions nor a possi-ble effect of these conditions on study results are mentioned.Living conditions in a cage differ from those in a bee colony. First of all, a worker bee living in a cage is isolated from bee colony's life and cannot participate in it; besides, its feeding also changes greatly. These changes are reflected in its honeybag. The honeybag of a worker bee living in a hive usu-ally weighs not much (about 0.6 mg), while in an isolated worker bee it considerably increases. For instance, the honeybag of a worker bee kept in a cage for 4 days weighs on average 13. 9 mg and for 9 days about 9.3 mg (Åñüêîâ, 1995). These facts show that before applying the method of a conditioned reflex in determining worker bee sensitivity to queen's pheromone, the conditions of worker bee keeping should be accounted for.METHODSWorker bees Apis mellifera carnica Pollm. were studied. They were kept: a) under natural conditions,i. e. in a bee colony, and under artificial conditions, i. e. in small cages in a thermostat; b) without feed-ing for 0.5, 1, 2, 3 hours before starting their train-ing for the conditioned reflex. The both situations are related with food, the stimulus causing the un-conditioned reflex.Because of bad weather conditions, the bee colony was fed 50% sugar solution. In the termostat, the temperature was +30o C, the bees were fed candy and given water.The bees taken away from the hive or the ther-mostat were kept starving for a definite period of time (0.5 - 3 h). Then they were put in a refrigerator (0o C) and kept until stiff. In motionless bees, the wings were squeezed with special clips, on which they were hanged in a test stand. The bees warmed up in 30 min. Then the conditioned reflex was started to train (Ëîïàòèíà, Äîëîòîâñêàÿ, 1984; Ëîïàòèíà, ×åñíîêî-âà, Äîëîòîâñêàÿ, Ìåäâåäåâà, 1985; Ëîïàòèíà, Ïîíîìàðåíêî,×åñíîêîâà, 1986).As a conditioning stimulus, a spirit extract of mated bee queens was used, and 50% sugar solu-tion was used as a reward. When training a bee, to its antennae a glass rod was brought, onto which 0.01 ml of queen extract (0.001 Qeq) and a drop of sugar solution were placed with the aid of a micro-pipette (Fig. 1). For a bee to smell the extract, the stick was kept close to the antennae for 5 s. Then bee's antennae were touched with sugar solution, for the bee to put out reflectorily its proboscis. Such unconditioned reward lasted no more than 1 s. When a bee put out its proboscis just to smell the queenA. Skirkevièius, L. Blaþytë34extract (a conditioning stimulus), the conditioned re-flex was considered to be formed.Upon this reflex being formed, we checked the bee's ability to differentiate queen extract solutions calibrated by E-9-oxo-2-decenoic acid from 1·10-12 to 1·10-3 Qeq. Fifteen individuals could be trained and tested simultaneously.The study was performed in July - August 1998. All in all, 144 worker bees (58 taken directly from a bee colony and 86 kept in a thermostat) were stud-ied. The obtained results were statistically evaluated (Óðáàõ, 1963, 1975).RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Worker bees from a bee colony and from a ther-mostat showed a different behaviour when kept with-out food for 0.5 h (Fig. 2).The conditioned reflex to queen extract was managed to develop in 93.2±4.38% of worker bees from a bee colony and only in 10% of those from a thermostat, i. e. by 83.2±10.92% less. If worker bees from a thermostat were kept starving for 1 h, the number of individuals that developed the conditioned reflex to queen extract grew up to 59.1±4.54%, i. e. by 49.1±10.98% more.Keeping worker bees taken from a thermostat and starving for 2 h was also significant (Fig. 3). In this case, the number of the individuals that devel-oped the conditioned reflex to queen's pheromone grew up to 82.8±5.02%, or increased by 23.7±6.77% more.Thus, worker bees from a thermostat kept starv-Fig. 1.Worker bees tested in a stand.1 test stand,2 a worker bee hanged onher wings, 3 bee wing clip, 4 beam tohang a wing clip, 5 glass stick to offer thestimuli, 6 bee queen extract (conditionedstimulus), 7 sugar solution (unconditionedstimulus), 8proboscis.3536should be paid to the number of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli offered.When worker bees from a bee colony were kept starving for 0. 5 h, to develop a conditioned reflex the stimulus with reward had to be offered to them on average 2.9±0.44 times (n = 58). Among them,there were about 55. 2% of individuals to whom 1-2 times were enough to develop the reflex (Fig. 4,a ). About 37. 9% of individuals needed 37 times for this reflex to be developed. The rest part of indi-viduals failed to develop the conditioned reflex evenWhen worker bees from a thermostat were kept i. e. for the same time as those To develop the conditioned reflex, worker bees tioned reflex is different. To develop the conditioned reflex, 50% of the individuals had to be offered the stimulus and reward 16 times. In about 10% of in-dividuals the conditioned reflex was developed only after even 8 times (Fig. 4., b ).Worker bees from a thermostat kept starving for 2 h had to be offered the stimulus and reward on average 2.3±0.50 times (n = 32). Thus, in such a situation the development of the conditioned reflex to bee queen extract took least time. This is clearly demonstrated also by the worker bee distribution depending on the course of its formation (Fig. 4, c ).Upon offering the stimulus and reward 13 times,the condiitoned reflex was formed even in 88.9 % of individuals.The study results also show that bees kept un-der different conditions distinguish unequal num-bers of bee queen extract doses. Bees from a colony kept starving for 0.5 h distinguished on average 5.7±0.10 bee queen extract doses (n = 58). AboutA. Skirkevièius, L. BlaþytëFig. 3. Effects of the duration of starving in develop-ing the conditioned reflex to bee queen extract in worker bees (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.)(0,001 Qeq)1 percentage of worker bees that developed the conditioned reflex,2 percentage of worker bees that failed to develop the conditioned reflex:a bees kept starving for 0. 5 h (n = 20);b 1 h (n =22);c 2 h (n = 32),d 3 h (n = 12).Table .Extract doses (queen equivalents) destignished by worker bees (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.)kept under different conditions and kept starving for different timesNotes 1) conditioned reflex developed in 2 bees only,2) did not recover after chilling.3750% of individuals distinguished 78 doses (Table,Fig. 5, a ).When worker bees from a thermostat were kept starving for 0.5 h, only two of them developed the conditioned reflex (n = 20): one of them distin-guished two and the other six queen extract doses (Table, Fig. 5, b ). The behaviour of bees changed when they were kept starving for 1 h: they distin-guished on average 4.3±0.01 queen extract doses (n = 22). In this case more than 50% of individuals distinguished only 13 doses (Table, Fig. 5, c ).Bees from a thermostat that were kept starving for 2 h distinguished on average 5.3±0.20 queen extract doses. About half of individuals distin-guished up to 59 doses (Table, Fig. 5, d ).The analysis of the obtained results shows thatonly the worker bees from a thermostat kept starv-ing for 2 h and those from a bee colony starved for 0.5 h display a similar behaviour regarding the pos-sibility and course of the formation of the conditioned reflex and the distinguished number of queen extract doses.Thus, the results of our study disagree with the statement of Menzel and Bitterman (1983) that arti-ficial conditions do not influence the formation of conditioned reflex in bees. The reasons for such contradictory results are difficult to explain as yet.Maybe they are caused by different conditions of bee keeping. The mentioned authors caught bees from a bee-entrance late in the afternoon, then chilled them at the laboratory, fixed into special tubes, fed and kept in the dark for a night. The bees were testedFig. 4. The number (D ) of simultaneous offering of the conditioned (bee queen extract) and unconditioned(50% sugar solution) stimuli until the formation of the conditioned reflex in worker bees.a bees from a colony kept starving for 0.5 h;b bees from the thermostat kept starving for 1 h;c bees from the thermostat kept starving for 2 h; N percentage of worker bees that developed the conditioned reflex to bee queen extract;m x average number of stimulus delivery; n - number of bees studied.THE EFFECT OF KEEPING CONDITIONS ON THE FORMATION OF CONDITIONED REFLEXmxFig. 5. The number (D ) of queen extract doses distingiushed by worker bees (Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.),kept under different conditions (the conditioned reflex formed by 0. 001 Qeq of a bee queen extract dose)a bees taken from colony and starved for 0.5 h;b bees taken from thermostat and starved for 0.5 h;c bees taken from thermostat and kept starving for 1 h; d bees taken from thermostat and kept starving for 2 h, N percentage of worker bees; D av average number of distinguished doses; n - number of bees studied; in baskets - number of bees that developed the conditioned reflex to queen pheromones.D avD av D avonly next morning. Perhaps the behaviour of these bees did not differ from that of worker bees just taken away from a bee colony because of a rather short period following their separation from the bee colony. Besides, those bees were kept starving overnight. As to our tests, bees had lived in a thermostat for 2-4 days and could feed ad libitum there. Their feeding possibilities were limited only for 0.5 to 3 h. Before training the conditioned reflex, bees were kept starving for different periods of time. According to our results, worker bees kept in a thermostat and starved for 2 h behaved in a similar way as those studied by Menzel and Bitterman (1983). Additional studies are needed to elucidate the reasons for dis-crepancies of the conclusions drawn by us and by the mentioned authors.CONCLUSIONSConditions of keeping worker bees influence the development of their conditioned reflex to queen extract. They are of significance not only for the possibility of developing this reflex, but also for the course of its formation and bees' reaction to differ-ent doses of queen extract:a) the conditioned reflex to queen extract is pos-sible to develop on average in 93.2% of worker bees that upon being taken away from bee colony are kept starving for 0.5 h (the stimulus and reward have to be delivered on average 2.9±0.44 times, bees dis-tinguish on average 5.7±0.11 queen extract doses);b) the development of the conditioned reflex to bee quen extract in worker bees separated from a bee colony and kept in a thermostat depends on the duration of their starving: if it lasts 0.5 h, the condi-tioned reflex is possible to develop in only 10.0% of individuals, starving for 1 h raises this number to 59.1% (the stimulus and reward have to be deliv-ered on average 4.1±0.07 times, bees distinguish on average 4.3±0.01 queen extract doses); among the worker bees kept starving for 2 h, 82.8% develop this reflex (the stimulus and reward should be of-fered on average 2.3±0.50 times, bees distinguish on average 5.3±0.20 queen extract doses). Bees kept starving for 3 h grow weak and die.Acknowledgement. Authors address their warmest thanks to Dr. V. Apðegaitë, Senior Re-searcher of the Chemoreception Laboratory of the Institute of Ecology, for determining the content of (E)-9-oxo-2-decanoic acid in bee queen extract, and to Dr. J. Raèys, Head of the Agriculture Department of the Lithuanian Agricultural Institute, for the Apis mel l ifera carnica Pollm. bee colony used in the present study.REFERENCESMenzel R., Bitterman M. E. (1983) Learning by Hon-eybees in an Unnatural Situation. In: Huber F., Markl H. (ed.) Neuroethology and Behavioral Physiology. Berlin - Heidelberg - New York - To-kyo, p. 206 - 215.Åñüêîâ À. Ê. (1995) Ýêîëîãèÿ ìåäîíîñíîé ï÷åëû.Ðÿçàíü.Ëîïàòèíà Í. Ã., Äîëîòîâñêàÿ Ë. Ç. (1984) Âëèÿíèåòðèïòîôàíà è åãî ìåòàáîëèòîâ íà óñëîâíîðå-ôëåêòîðíóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ìåäîíîñíîé ï÷åëû. Æóð-íàë âûñøåé íåðâíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. ò. 34, âûï. 5.Ëîïàòèíà Í. Ã.,×åñíîêîâà Å. Ã., Äîëîòîâñêàÿ Ë. Ç.,Ìåäâåäåâà À. Â, (1985) Óñëîâíîðåôëåêòîðíàÿäåÿòåëüíîñòü ìóòàíòîâ êèíóðåíèíîâîãî ïóòè îá-ìåíà òðèïòîôàíà ìåäîíîñíîé ï÷åëû. Îíòîãåíåç. 16, 6.Ëîïàòèíà Í. Ã., Ïîíîìàðåíêî Â. Â., ×åñíîêîâà Å. Ã.(1986) Êèíóðåíèíû è èõ âëèÿíèå íà ï÷åë. Ï÷å-ëîâîäñòâî. 11Ìàê-Ôàðëåíä Ä. (1988) Ïîâåäåíèå æèâîòíûõ(Ïñèõîáèîëîãèÿ, ýòîëîãèÿ è ýâîëþöèÿ). Ìîñêâà.Óðáàõ Â. Þ. (1963) Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ ñòàòèñòèêà äëÿáèîëîãîâ è ìåäèêîâ. Ìîñêâà.Óðáàõ Â. Þ. (1975) Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç â áèîëî-ãè÷åñêèõ è ìåäèöèíñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ. Ìîñêâà.A. Skirkevièius, L. Blaþytë38。
含吡那地尔心脏保存液的供心保存效果梁伟涛;Vitali Rusinkevich;臧旺福;周健【摘要】目的观察含不同浓度吡那地尔的心脏保存液对供心的保存效果.方法 40只SD大鼠根据供心保存方式随机分为正常对照组、Celsior液对照组、Celsior液+0.25 mmol/L吡那地尔组、Celsior液+0.5 mmol/L吡那地尔组和Celsior液+1 mmol/L吡那地尔组(n=8).建立Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,离体心脏置各保存液中6 h,再灌注30 min,观察并比较各组心功能指标[左心室收缩末压(LVESP)、左心室发展压(LVDP)、冠脉流量(CF)、左心室内压最大上升速率(dp/dtmax)和左心室内压最大下降速率(dp/dtmin)]、心肌超微结构和心肌细胞凋亡指数.结果与Celsior液对照组、Celsior液+0.25 mmol/L吡那地尔组和Celsior液+1mmol/L吡那地尔组比较,Celsior液+0.5 mmol/L吡那地尔组大鼠供心LVESP、LVDP、CF、dp/dtmax和dp/dtmin显著提高(P＜0.05),心肌细胞凋亡指数显著降低(P＜0.05),且心肌细胞和线粒体结构较为完整.结论与单纯Celsior心脏保存液相比,含0.5 mmol/L吡那地尔的Celsior心脏保存液能减少供心保存后心肌细胞的凋亡,促进心功能的恢复,改善供心低温保存的效果.%Objective To observe the effects of heart preservation solution containing different concentrations of Pinacidii on donor heart preservation. Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, Celsior solution control group, Celsior solution + 0.25 mmol/L Pinacidii group, Celsior solution+0.5 mmol/L Pinacidii group and Celsior solution +1 mmol/L Pinacidii group according to different ways of donor heart preservation, with 8 rats in each group. Langendorff model of isolated heart was established, and isolated hearts were preserved in preservation solutions for 6 h, followedby reperfusion for 30 min. The parameters of cardiac function such as left ventricular end-systolic pressure ( LVESP), left ventricular development pressure ( LVDP), coronary flow ( CF), maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dp/dt) and minimum rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dp/dt), myocardial ultrastructure and myocardiocyte apoptotic index were observed and compared among groups. Results Compared with Celsior solution control group, Celsior solution +0. 25 mmol/L Pinacidii group and Celsior solution + 1 mmol/L Pinacidii group, the parameters of LVESP, LVDP, CF, dp/dtl and dp/dt significantly increased ( P < 0. 05), the myocardiocyte apoptotic index significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the structures of myocardiocytes and mitochondria were intact in Celsior solution + 0.5 mmol/L Pinacidii group. Conclusion Compared with single Celsior heart preservation solution, Celsior heart preservation solution containing 0.5 mmol/L Pinacidii can decrease myocardiocyte apoptosis after donor heart preservation, promote recovery of cardiac function and improve the effects of hypothermic preservation of donor hearts.【期刊名称】《上海交通大学学报（医学版）》【年(卷),期】2011(031)007【总页数】5页(P927-931)【关键词】吡那地尔；心脏保存；心肌凋亡；缺血再灌注损伤【作者】梁伟涛;Vitali Rusinkevich;臧旺福;周健【作者单位】上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院心脏外科，上海200025;上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院心脏外科，上海200025;上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院心脏外科，上海200025;上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院心脏外科，上海200025【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R654；R-332目前临床上用于原位心脏移植的供心保存时间局限于4 h，移植后患者的生存率随供心缺血时间的延长而降低［1］。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题______ that as both birds and mammals become larger, their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease, and they generally live longer.问题1选项A.The truthB.It is trueC.If trueD.To be true【答案】B【解析】考查固定句型。
句意：的确，随着鸟类和哺乳动物的体型变大，它们每单位组织的代谢率会下降，它们通常会活得更长。
It is/was+adj.+that是强调句型，It作形式主语，真正主语是that 后面的内容，B选项It is true符合题意。
因此B选项正确。
2.单选题While the company’s CEO professes to be confident and urges the deal forward, its investors are unlikely to be so _______ about its prospects. Many were uncomfortable at the way the corporation was forced to spend much of its capital in last year’s expansion, and this new venture is potentially even more risky.问题1选项A.apatheticB.sanguineC.apprehensiveD.anxious【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A选项apathetic“无动于衷的；缺乏兴趣的”；B选项sanguine“乐观的，充满希望的”；C选项apprehensive“忧虑的”；D选项anxious“担忧的；急切的”。
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rise绝热升温Admixture外加剂Aggregate集料（混凝土）Air entrainment引气（加气）Autoclave高压釜Accelerated curing快速养护Absorbed water吸附水Added water附加水Aggregate bulk density集料松散容重Auti-corrosion Admixture防锈剂Anisotropic materials各向异性材料Air-entrained concrete引气混凝土Air Entrain Admixture引气剂Aggregate porosity集料孔隙率Artificial marble人造大理石Alite阿利特Alkali-aggregate reaction碱－集料反应Alkalies in Portland cement波特兰水泥中的碱Alkali-silica reaction碱－二氧化硅反应Anhydrite无水石膏（硬石膏）Autoclave expansion test高压釜膨胀试验Air-entrained concrete加气混凝土Adhesion agent粘着剂Accelerating agent速凝剂All mesh ferrocement无筋钢丝网水泥Allyl-Butadiene-Styrene丙烯氰－丁二烯－苯乙烯共聚树脂（ABS）Air pockets鼓泡Axial tensive property轴心受拉性能Axial compressive property轴心受压性能Air impermeability气密性Abnormal Polypropylene无规聚丙烯（APP）Asbestos fibres石棉纤维Asbestos insulation石棉绝热制品Autoclave expansion test压蒸法Artificial人造石Air entraining and water-reducing admixture 引气减水剂Active addition活性混合材Addition of cement水泥混合材Aluminoferic cement clinker铁铝酸盐水泥熟料Age龄期，时期Aluminum silicate wool硅酸铝棉Aluminum foil铝箔Air space insulation封闭空气间层Areal thermal resistance（specific thermal resistance）比热阻（热导率的倒数）Absorptivity吸收率Air permeability（Air penetration coefficient）空气渗透率BBrick 绝热砖Bleeding 泌水Bitumen-determination of penetration 沥青针入度测定法Battery-mold process 成组立模工艺Bar spacing 加筋间距Binder bonding agent 粘合剂Barytes 重晶石Batchhing 称量（配料）Biaxial behavior 双轴向性质Blaine fineness 勃来恩，细度Blast-furnace slag 高炉矿渣Blast-furnace slag cements 高炉矿渣水泥Blended portland cements 掺混合料的波特兰水泥Bogue equations 鲍格方程式Bond 粘结Brucite 氢氧镁石（水镁石）Bulking of sand 砂的湿胀Bull-float 刮尺Board（block）insulation 绝热板Bitumastic paint 沥青涂料Bituminous road materials 沥青筑路材料Blowing agent 发泡剂Bar between mesh 加筋Ball impact test （******强度）落球试验法Basic constituent 碱性组分基本成分Basicity 碱度，碱性Batch mixture 配合料Bend stress 弯曲应力Bituminous paint 沥青涂料Bituminous concrete 沥青混凝土Block brick 大型砌块Blunger 搅拌器，打浆机Brick setting 砖砌体(brickwork)Brittle point of asphalt 沥青冷脆点Broken stone 碎石Bubbing potential 发泡能力Building brick 建筑红砖Building system 建筑体系，建筑系统Brittle material 脆性材料CCalcium aluminate cement 铝酸钙水泥Calcium aluminates 铝酸钙Calcium chloride 氯化钙Calcium ferroaluminates 铁铅酸钙Calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙Calcium oxide 氧化钙Calcium silicate hydrate 水化硅酸钙Calcium silicate 硅酸钙Calcium sulfates 硫酸钙Calcium sulfoaluminate 硫铅酸钙Calcium sulfoaluminate hydrates 水化硫铝酸钙Capillary voids（pores）in cement 水泥中的毛细管Capillary water 毛细管水Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cavitation 混凝土中的大孔洞，空蚀作用Cement fineness 水泥细度Cement paste 水泥浆Cement soundness 水泥安定性Cement specifications 水泥规范Cement strength 水泥强度Cement types 水泥品种Ceramsite 陶粒Chalcedony 玉髓Chemically combined water 化学结合水Chert 燧石（黑硅石）Chloride 氯化物Chloroprene Rubber 氯丁橡胶（CR）Chord modulus 弦弹性模量Clinker 熟料Coarse aggregate 粗集料Cold-weather concreting 冷天浇筑混凝土Compacting factor test 捣实系数试验Compaction（consolidation）捣实（捣固）Compressive strength 抗压强度Computer control system 计算机控制系统Concrete batching plant 混凝土搅拌站Concrete composition 混凝土配合比Concrete products 混凝土制品Concrete pump 混凝土输送泵Coefficient of permeability of concrete 混凝土渗透系数Carbonated lime sand brick 碳化灰砂砖Carbonating 碳化处理Cement resistance to chemical水泥抗化学侵蚀性Cube size 立方体试件尺寸Characteristic strength 特征强度Coarse aggregate ratio to fine粗集料玉细集料之比Carbonated shrinkage 碳化收缩Calcium silicate insulation 硅酸钙绝热制品Cellular（foamed）glass 泡沫玻璃（多孔玻璃）Composite insulation 复合绝热层Cold rolled steel 冷轧钢Cellular concrete 多孔混凝土Complex accelerator based on triethanolamine 三乙醇胺复合早强剂Component 组分，成分，构件Compliance 柔度Composite 复合，合成，复合材料Composite insulation 复合绝热层Composite portland cement 复合硅酸盐水泥Concrete 混凝土Condensed silica fume 浓缩（凝聚）的二氧化硅烟雾（硅粉）Consistency 绸度Core tests 钻芯试验Corrosion of steel in concrete 混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀Cost of concrete 混凝土成本Cracking 开裂Creep 徐变Critical aggregate size 临界集料尺寸C-S-H 水化硅酸钙Coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数Conductivity 导热性Coefficient of shrinkage 收缩系数Coefficient of permeability of concrete 混凝土收缩系数Cement mortar 水泥胶砂Crescent ribbed bars 月牙肋钢筋Concrete block 混凝土砌块Cold-drawn reinforcement bar 冷拉钢筋Cold rolled steel 冷轧钢Condensation polymerization 缩聚反应Critical degree of saturation 临界饱和度Critical stress 临界压力Cryogenic behavior 低温性质Crystallization pressure of salts盐的结晶压力Crystal structure and reactivity结晶结构和活性Curing 养护Civil Engineering 土木工程Cement 水泥Crack 裂缝Calcium silicate insulation 硅酸钙绝热制品Cement mortar 水泥砂浆Cork 软木Cork insulation 软木绝热制品Cellular（foamed）plastics泡沫塑料（多孔塑料）Cellular（foamed）polystyrene聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料Cellular（foamed）polyurethane聚氨脂泡沫塑料Calcium-resin insulating board 钙塑绝热板Cellular（foamed）rubber 泡沫橡胶DDarby 刮尺D-cracking D行裂缝Deicing salts action 除冰盐作用Diatomaceous earth 硅藻土质泥土Dicalcium silicate（C2S）硅酸二钙Dynamic modulus of elasticity 动弹性模量Dolomite 白云石Drying shrinkage 干燥收缩（干缩）Ductility 延性Durability 耐久性Durability factor 耐久性因素Decoration glass 装饰玻璃Decoration mortar 装饰砂浆Deformed bar 变形钢筋，螺纹钢Defoamer 消泡剂Dense concrete 密实混凝土Diatomaceous silicate 硅藻土(Kieselguhr，diatomite)Diatomite insulation 硅藻土绝热制品Density 密度Deformation 变形钢筋Degree of hardness 硬度Degree of humidity 湿度E Early-age behavior早期性质Ecological benefit生态效应Effective absorption有效吸收Efflorescence白霜Elastic modulus弹性模量Electron micrographs电子显微图Energy requirement能量需要Entrained air引入的空气Extensibility可伸长性Emerging wire露丝Emerging mesh露网Expanded perlite膨胀珍珠岩Epoxy Resin环氧树脂Erosion冲刷风化、剥蚀Ettringite钙矾石Expanded clay and shale膨胀粘土和页岩Expanded slag aggregate膨胀矿渣集料Expansive cement concrete膨胀水泥混凝土Expansive cement膨胀水泥Expansive phenomena in concrete混凝土中的膨胀现象Expanded vermiculite膨胀蛭石Expanded rermiculite insulation膨胀蛭石制品Expanded plastics多孔塑料Engineering plastics工程塑料FFabriform土工模袋False set假凝Feldspar长石Fiber-reinforced concrete纤维增强混凝土Final set终凝Fine aggregate细集料Fineness modulus细度模量Flowing concrete流动混凝土Fly ash粉煤灰Foamed slag泡沫矿渣Formwork removal拆模Ferromanganese锰钢Flow of cement mortar水泥胶砂流动度Fiber reinforced plastics纤维增强塑料Fiber-glass reinforced plastics玻璃纤维增强塑料Facebrick饰面砖，面砖Facing tile外墙面砖Faience mosaic嵌花地砖，釉陶锦砖Fiber cement纤维水泥Figured glass压花玻璃Fine sand细砂Fineness of cement水泥细度Finishing抹面（修整）Flash set闪凝（瞬间凝结）Flexural strength弯曲强度Flint燧石Floating刮平Fracture toughness断裂韧性Free calcium oxide游离氧化钙Freeze-thaw resistance抗冻融性Fresh concrete新拌混凝土Facing面层Fiber insulation纤维绝热材料Flexible insulation柔性绝热制品Frost action on aggregate骨料受到冰冻作用Frost action on cement paste水泥浆受到冰冻作用Future of concrete混凝土的前景Fire resistance耐火性Ferrocement钢丝网水泥Ferrocement with skeletal bar加筋钢丝网水泥Flexural property受弯性能Fatigue resistance耐疲劳性Forst resistance抗冻性Fineness modulus细度模数（M）Flexural rigidity抗弯刚度（B）Foamed concrete泡沫混凝土Fiber board纤维板Frost action on concrete混凝土受到冰冻作用GGamma raysγ-射线Gel pores凝胶孔Gel/space ratio凝胶/空隙比（对强度的影响）(Effect on strength）Geonet土工网Geotextile土工格栅Geotextile木织物Glass geogrid土工复合排水材Geomat土工垫Gradation级配Gypsum石膏Granulated wood粒状棉Glass geogrid玻纤网Glassfiber Reinforced Plastics玻璃纤维增强塑料Glass wool玻璃棉Granular（powder）insulation颗粒绝热材料Gap-graded aggregate间断级配材料Gas concrete加气混凝土Glass玻璃体Giving a basic reaction发生碱性反应Giving an acid reaction发生酸性反应Grading颗粒级配Grain-size refinement级配曲线Gravel砾石、卵石Graywacke杂砂岩Grout薄浆（灌浆）Granite花岗岩Graph图表、图解Green concrete新拌混凝土Gritly粗砂状的Ground slag矿渣粉Gypsum wall board石膏墙板Gypsum concrete石膏混凝土HHardening 硬化Hcp 水化水泥浆的简写Heat of hydration 水化热Heavyweight aggregate 重集料Heavyweight concrete 重混凝土Hemihydrate 半水化物High-alumina cement 高铝水泥High-early strength cement 高早强水泥High-strength concrete 高强混凝土High-workability concrete 高工作性混凝土Hot-weather concreting 热天浇筑混凝土Hydrophilic and hydrophobic 亲水与憎水Hydrated（portland）cement paste 已水化的水泥浆Hydration of portland cement 波特兰水泥的水化Hydration reaction of aluminates 铝酸盐的水化Hydration reaction of silicates 硅酸盐的水化反应Hydraulic cement 水硬性水泥Hydraulic pressure 水压力Honeycomb 蜂窝Heat transfer rate 热流量Homogeneous materials 均质材料High-tensile reinforcing steel 高强度钢筋High-tensile wire 高强钢丝High carbon steel 高碳钢High strength concrete 高强混凝土High performance concrete 高性能混凝土IIgneous rocks for aggregate 作为集料的岩浆岩Impact strength 冲击强度Impregnation with polymers 用聚合物浸渍Initial set 初凝Initial tangent modulus 初始正切模量Interlayer space in C-S-H C-S-H中的层间空间Interlayer water in C-S-H C-S-H中的层间水Iron blast-furnace slag 化铁高炉渣Iron ores aggregate（heavyweight）铁矿石（重集料）Isotropic materials各向同性材料Iron wire低碳钢丝Impact ductility 冲击韧性Impact strength 抗******强度Impermeability 抗渗性，不渗透性Impermeability to water 抗渗水性，不透水性Impregnate 浸渍，渗透Index of quality 品质指标，质量控制标准Inhomogeneous 不均匀的，多相的Initial shrinkage 早期收缩Initial strength 早期强度Insulating layer 隔热层Intarsia 玻璃锦砖Impact resistance 抗******性JJet set cement 喷射水泥Jolting table 振动台Job mix 现场配合Jaw crusher 颚式破碎机"Jian-1" water reducer 减水剂KKilled steel 镇静钢Kiln dust 窑灰，飞灰Kiln building 窑房Kiln plant 窑设备Kilogram calorie 千卡，大卡Knot 木节Kominuter 球磨LLow PH value cement 低碱水泥Laitance 浆皮Leaching of cement paste 水泥浆渗漏Lime cement 石灰水泥Limestone 石灰石Lightweight aggregates 轻集料Lightweight concrete 轻混凝土Lignosulfonate 木质磺酸盐Low heat Portland cement 低热波特兰水泥Laboratory 实验室Lean concrete 贫混凝土Loss of slump of concrete 混凝土的坍落度损失Le chatelier soundness test 雷氏夹法Loss on ignition 烧失量Light weight ferrocement 轻质钢丝网水泥Longitudinal bar 纵筋Longitudinal bar spacing 纵筋间距Loose fill insulation 松散填充绝热层Low alloy steel 低合金钢Low caron colddrawn steel 冷拔低碳钢丝Longitudinal rib 纵肋Lumber grading 木材等级MMacrostructure 宏观结构Magnesium oxide 氧化镁Magnesiun salts solution effect on concrete 镁盐溶液对混凝土的影响Map cracking 地图形裂纹Marcasite 白铁矿Mass concrete 大体积混凝土Maturity concept 成熟度概念Maturity meters 成熟度测定仪Microcracking 微裂缝Microsilica 微细二氧化硅（硅粉）Minimum crack spacing 最小裂缝间距Microcrack 微裂Modulus of deformation 变形模量（EB）Mineral wool insulation 矿棉绝热制品Mineral fibres 矿棉纤维Masonry cement 砌筑水泥Mild steel 低碳钢Medium carbon steel 中碳钢Moisture content of wood 木材含水量Moisture 湿度水分Moisture condition 含水状态Mocromolecule high polymer 高分子Microstructure 微观结构Mixing of concrete 矿物外加剂Mixing water 拌合用水Mix proportioning（designing）配合比（设计）Mix proportions 配合比Modified portland cement 改性的波特兰水泥Modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Modulus of rupture 挠折模量（破裂模量）Monosulfate hydrate 单硫酸盐水化物Mortar 砂浆Multiaxial strength 多轴向强度Mumicipal-waste aggregate 城市废物集料Moisture absorption 吸湿率（water vapour absorption）Moisture content of aggregate 骨料含水量Matrix 基材Mesh-bar placement and tying 铺网扎筋Manual plastering 手工抹浆Maximum size of sand 砂的最大粒径Mortar consistency 砂浆绸度Mortar strength 砂浆强度Maximum crack width 最大裂缝宽度Mix proportion by absolute volume 绝对体积配合比（设计）Mix proportion by loose volume 现场松散体积配合比（设计）Mixed-in-place 现场拌和Mix proportion by weight 重量配合比Mixed process 混合过程Mixing time 拌和时间Mixing water 拌和水Modility 流动性Membreane curing 薄膜养护Map cracking 龟裂Mastic 玛脂Modulus of elasticity concrete 混凝土弹性模量Modulus of water-glass 水玻璃模数Masonry mortar 砌筑砂浆Maximum aggregate size 最大集料粒径Marber 大理岩Moderate heat portland cement 中热硅酸盐水泥Moderate heat of hydration 中热Moderate sulfate resistance 中抗硫酸盐Magnitude of self-stress 自应力NNDT 非破损试验的缩写Neutron radiation 中子辐射Neoprene 氯丁橡胶NNO water reducer NNO型减水剂Non-hydranlic cement 气硬性水泥Non-destructive tests 非破损试验Nuclear shielding concrete 核屏蔽混凝土Normal distribution 正太分布Non-evaporable water 非蒸发水Nominal diameter 公称直径Normal consistency of cement paste 水泥净浆标准绸度Neat cement paste 水泥净浆Needle crystal 针状晶体Needle penetrometer 维OOscillating screen 振动筛Oscillation generator 振动器Oscillator 振动器Oil-well platform concrete 油井平台混凝土Opal 蛋白石Overlays of concrete 混凝土覆盖层Oriented water 定向的水Osmotic pressure 渗透压力Oven-dry aggregate 炉干骨料Overall thermal conductance 总导热系数Organosilicon 有机硅Organosilicon resin 有机硅树脂Oscillate 振动，振荡Ordinary low-alloy steel 普通低合金钢Ordinary oil well cement 普通油井水泥Ordinary portland cement 普通硅酸盐水泥PParticle size 颗粒尺寸Penetration resistance 抗贯入性Periclase 方镁石Perlite 珍珠岩Permeability 渗透性Phosphate 磷酸盐Phenolic Formaldehyde 酚醛树脂（PF）Placing of concrete 混凝土的浇筑Plaster of paris 建筑石膏Polypropylene 聚丙烯（PP）Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯（PS）Polystyrene-plywood laminate 聚苯乙烯胶合木板Polyester plastics 聚酯塑料Plastic veneer 塑料贴面板Plastic-steel window 塑钢窗Polyester 聚酯Polyester Resin 聚酯树脂（PR）Plastic shrinkage 塑性收缩Poisson's ratio 泊松比Polymer concrete 聚合物混凝土（PC）Polymer-impregnated concrete 聚合物浸渍混凝土（PIC）Polymer-cement concrete 聚合物水泥混凝土（PCC）Polymethylmethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）Pore-size distrbution 孔径分布Pore-size refinement 孔径尺寸修整Prestressded ferrocement 预应力钢丝网水泥Plain round bar 光圆钢筋Prestressed steel 预应力钢筋Pumped concrete 泵送混凝土Pumice concrete concrete block 浮石混凝土砌块Plastics 塑料Polythene 聚乙烯（PE）Polyvinyl Alcohol 聚乙烯醇（PV A）Polyvinyl Acetate 聚醋酸乙烯（PV AC）Polyvinyl Chloride 聚氯乙烯（PVC）Polyvinyl Formal 聚乙烯醇缩甲醛（PVFO）Porosity 孔隙率Portland cement 波特兰水泥Portland blast-furnace slag cement 高炉矿渣波特兰水泥Portlandite 氢氧钙石Portland pozzolan cement 火山灰质波特兰水泥Potential compound composition 潜在化合物成分Pyrite pyrrhotite 硫化铁，黄铁矿Particle size distribution 粒度分布Pat test 试饼法PH-value PH值Pozzolan 火山灰Pozzolanic reaction 火山灰质反应Preplaced aggregate concrete 预填集料混凝土Proportioning 配合Pulverized fuel ash 磨细粉煤灰Pull-out test 拔出试验Pumice 浮石QQuality assurance 质量保证Quick set 快凝Quality 质量Quality control 质量控制Quartz glass 石英玻璃Quartz glass fiber 石英玻璃纤维Quartz sand 石英砂Quick lime 生石灰[CaO]Quartz 石英Quatzite 石英岩Quick-taking cement 快凝水泥Quick hardening 水硬性水泥Quench 水淬，骤冷RRadiation shielding concrete辐射屏蔽混凝土Rapid setting and hardening cement快凝与快硬水泥Revibration重新振捣Rice husk ash谷糠灰Ready-mixed concrete预拌混凝土Recycled-concrete aggregate再生混凝土集料Regulated-set cement调凝水泥Retarding admixtures缓凝外加剂Retempering重新调拌Roller-compacted concrete滚筒-压实混凝土Reinforced plastics加筋塑料Reinforcement mat钢筋网Resistance to chemical attack of mortar砂浆耐蚀性Rock wool岩石棉Rigid insulation刚性绝热制品Rib height肋高Rib spacing肋间距Ribbed bars带肋钢筋Rich concrete富混凝土Residue on sieve筋余Raw limestone石灰石Raw gypsum二水石膏SSalt crystallization pressure 盐的结晶压力Sand 砂Sandstone 砂岩Saturated surface dry condition 饱和面干条件Scaling 起皮，鳞片状剥落Schmidt rebound hammer 希密特回弹仪Screeding 抹平Seawater 海水Secant elastic modulus 正割弹性模量Sedimentary rocks for aggregate 作为集料的沉积岩Segregation 离析Self-stressing cement 自应力水泥Setting of cement paste 水泥浆的凝结Special hydraulic cement 特种水硬性水泥Specifications 规范Specific heat 比热Specific surface area 比表面积Sphericity 圆度Splitting ******* strength 劈裂抗拉强度Standard specifications 标准规范Standard test method 标准试验方法Stiffening of cement paste 水泥浆的变硬Strain 应变Strength 强度Setting of concrete 混凝土的凝结Shear-bond failure 剪切粘结破坏Shear strength 剪切强度Shotcreting 喷射混凝土浇筑Shrinkage 收缩Shrinkage-compensating concrete 收缩补偿混凝土Sieve analysis of aggregate 集料的筛分析Silica fume 硅粉Slag 矿渣Slip-formed concrete 滑模混凝土Slump cone test 坍落度锥体试验Slump loss in concrete 混凝土中坍落度损失Solid/space ratio 固体∕空隙比Solid-state hydration 固态水化Soundness 安定性Spacing-factors of entrained air 引入空气的间距因素Structural lightweight concrete 结构轻混凝土Structure（microstructure）of concrete 混凝土的（微观）结构Structures（concrete）in photographs 混凝土结构照片Sulfate attack 硫酸盐侵蚀Sulfate resisting cement 抗硫酸盐水泥Sulfates in portland cement 波特兰水泥中的硫酸盐Sulfides and sulfate aggregate 硫化物与硫酸盐集料Standard sand 标准砂Strength of cement mortar 水泥胶砂强度Strength grade of cement 水泥强度等级Spiral reinforcement 螺纹钢筋Stirrup 箍筋Struture lightweight concrete 结构用轻混凝土Specimen 试件Self-stressing concrete 自应力混凝土Sand grading 砂的级配Sand grading curve 砂的级配曲线Sand grading standard region 砂的级配标准区Self-stressing ferrocement 自应力钢丝网水泥Self-stressing cement mortar 自应力水泥砂浆Shear steel 剪切钢筋Saturation capacity 饱和含水量Saturation point 饱和点Stearic acid 硬脂酸Surface-active agents 表面活性剂Synthetic resin binder 树脂粘结剂Synthetic lightweight aggregate 人造轻集料Shotereting process 喷浆工艺Scaling 麻面Surface dusting 表面起砂Sandwich 夹层Shrinkage crack 收缩裂缝Stressed crack 受力裂缝Special steel 特种钢Sawdust concrete 锯屑混凝土Softening point test 软化点试验Solidification 凝固作用Stress 应力Stress intensity factor 应力强度因素Stress-strain curve 应力－应变曲线Surface moisture 表面水Splitting strength 劈裂强度Splitting failure 劈裂破坏Standard error 标准误差Stand sieve 标准筛Static modulus 静弹性模量Steam curing 蒸汽养护Strength grading 强度级别Strength of cube 立方体强度Strength at 28 days 28天强度Stress concentration 应力集中Styrene Butadiene Rubber 丁苯橡胶（SBR）Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene 苯－丁－苯乙烯Sulphoaluminate cement clinker硫铝酸盐熟料Surface energy 表面能Surface hardness 表面强度Surface ******* 表面张力Sand-lime brick 灰砂砖Saturated aggregate 饱和水集料Superplasticized admixture 超塑化外加剂Surface area 表面积Strength of aggregate 集料强度Strength of cylinders 圆柱体强度Supersulphated cement 石膏矿渣水泥Setting time of concrete 混凝土的凝结时间Standard of concrete 混凝土强度Standard deviation 标准差Structure high density concrete 结构高表观密度混凝土Steel-fibre concrete 钢纤维混凝土Set retarder admixture 缓凝剂Set retarding and water-reducing admixture 缓凝减水剂Superplasticizer admixture 高效减水剂Superplasticized concrete 超塑性混凝土Setting time 凝结时间Sulphonated formaldehyde melamine 磺化甲醛三聚氰胺Saturated and surface-dry aggregate 饱和面干集料TTangent modulus of elasticity 正切弹性模量Temperature effects 温度效应Tensile strain 拉伸应变Tensile strain capacity 拉伸应变能力Tensile strength 拉伸强度（抗拉强度）Test methods 试验方法Thermal conductivity 导热性Thermal expansion coefficient 热膨胀系数Thermal shrinkage 热收缩Truckmixing 卡车搅拌Total water/cement ratio 总水灰比Trial mixes 试拌合物The particle grading 颗粒级配Tough aggregate 韧性集料Timber 木材Thermal insulation material 保温材料Test sieve 试验筛Through-solution hydration 通过溶液的水化Time of set 凝结时间Tobermorite gel 莫来石凝胶Topochemical hydration 局部水化Toughness 韧性Transition zone 过渡区Transporting concrete 混凝土输送Tricalcium aluminate 铝酸三钙Tricalcium silicate 硅酸三钙Triethanolamine 三乙醇胺Testing of material 材料试验Testing sieve shaker 试验用振动筛分机Test load 试验负荷Test method 试验仪表Test report 试验报告Test result 试验结果Tetracalcium aluminate hydrate 水化铝酸四钙Texture of wood 木材纹理Theories of cement setting and hardening 水泥凝结硬化理论Thermal contraction 热收缩Thermal diffusivity 热扩散性Thermosetting plastics 热固性塑料Technical manual 技术规范Test method of ferrocement panels in flexure 钢丝网水泥板受弯试验方法Transverse barspacing 横筋间距Thermo plastics 热塑性塑料Transverse rib 横肋Transverse bar 横筋Temperature shrinkage 温度收缩Thermal insulation material 绝热材料Thermal insulation properties 保温性能Thermal insulating concrete 绝热混凝土Thermal insulating plaster（Thermal insulating mortar）绝热砂浆UUltrasonic pulse velocity 超声脉冲速度Unixial compression behavior 单轴向受压状况Ultimate creep 极限徐变Ultimate strain 极限应变Unlimited swelling gel 无限膨胀凝胶Units of measurement 计量单位Unit weight 单位重量Ultimate gation 极限伸长值Ultimate principles 基本原理Ultrasonic inspection 超声波样份Uncombined CaO 游离CaOV Vander Wale force 范德华力Vebe test 维勃试验Vermiculite 蛭石Very high early strength cement 超高早强水泥Vibration 振动，振捣Vicat apparatus 维卡仪V oid in hydrated cement paste 水化水泥浆中的孔隙V olcanic glass 火山玻璃Vinsol resin 松香皂树脂Vapor pressure 蒸汽压力Variegated glass 大理石纹Veneer 墙面砖、饰面砖Vesicular structure 多孔结构Vicat needle 维卡仪Viscometer 粘度仪Viscosity 粘度粘滞性Viscosity of asphalt 沥青粘滞性V oids ratio 孔隙率Vibro-moulding process 振动成型工艺Vibrating stamping process 震动模压工艺Vibrating vacuum-dewater process 振动-真空脱水工艺Vacuum insulation 真空绝热Vapour barrier，water vapour retarder 隔汽层Vibrating table 振动台V oids detection 空隙的测定V-B test（vebe test）维勃证WWater 水Water/cement ratio 水灰比Water-reducing admixture 减水剂Water tightness 水密性、不透水性Water content 用水量Water requirement 需水量Water-lightness 透水性Water-reducing retaders 缓凝减水剂White cement 白水泥Windsor probe 温莎探针Winter concreting 混凝土冬季浇筑Workability 工作性（工作度）Wetting agents 温润剂Water solubility 水溶性Water retentivity 保水性Water storage 在水中养护Water repellent 疏水的、不吸水的、憎水的Water resistance 抗水性Water vapor 水蒸汽Wearability 耐磨性Weather resistance 耐候性Workability 可加工性Wood-preserving process 木材防腐处理Work done by impact ******功Weighting error 称量误差Workability loss of with time 和易性随时间损失Workability of ready-mixed concrete 预拌混凝土和易性Workability of light-weight concrete 轻混凝土和易性Water-reducing admixture 普通减水剂Water-proofing 防水的Water-proofing admixture 防水剂Wire rope 钢绞线Workability measurement 和易性测量Wire mesh 钢丝网Welded mesh 焊接网Wood wool slab 木丝板Water content（moisture content）含水率（湿度）Water absorption 吸水率Wet screening 湿法筛分，湿筛析Wetting and drying 潮湿与干燥Workability control 和易性控制Workability definition 和易性定义Water pepellent admixture 防水剂Water requirement for normal consistency of cement paste 水泥净浆标准绸度用水量Water proofing compound 防水化合物XX-ray diffiraction analysis X射线衍射分析X-ray phase analysis X射线相分析X-rayogram X射线图式X-ray spectrometer X射线光谱仪YYield limit 屈服极限Yield point 屈服点Yield strength 屈服强度Yield stress 屈服应力Yield of steel 钢材的屈服ZZeolite 沸石Zones for sand grading 砂级配区Zeta-potential ζ－电位Zone of heating 预热带。
