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The Oscilloscope: Operation andApplications1.The OscilloscopeOscilloscope Operation (X vs Y mode)An oscilloscope can be used to measure voltage. It does this by measuring the voltage dropacross a resistor and in the process draws a small current. The voltage drop is amplified andused to deflect an electron beam in either the X (horizontal) or Y (vertical) axis using anelectric field. The electron beam creates a bright dot on the face of the Cathode Ray Tube(CRT) where it hits the phosphorous. The deflection, due to an applied voltage, can bemeasured with the aid of the calibrated lines on the graticule.First we will consider the circuitry that amplifies and conditions the voltage to be measured (the “Amp” block in figure 1).Figure 1. X vs. Y Deflection Block Diagram of the CRT The deflection of the oscilloscope beam is proportional to the input voltage (after ac or dccoupling). The amount of deflection (Volts/Division) depends upon the setting of theAMPL/DIV control for that channel (see figure 2).The input signal can be ac or dc coupled. Ac coupling involves adding a series capacitor. This has the effect of blocking (removing) the dc bias and low frequency components of a signal.Dc coupling does not have this problem and therefore allows you to measure voltages rightdown to 0 Hz. Ac coupling is useful when you are trying to measure a small ac voltage that is “on-top” of a large dc voltage. A typical example is trying to measure the noise of a dc power supply.Figure 2. Amplifier Block DiagramAmplifier FeaturesAMPL/DIV - This abbreviated name varies but it is generally some short form of amplitude per division. The control is a simple voltage divider (attenuator) which is used to change the sensitivity of the oscilloscope. At a 1 volt/DIV setting, a deflection of one major division on the graticule represents a one volt change at the oscilloscope input.Calibrated voltage measurementsThe small knob within the AMPL/DIV control must be rotated clockwise into its detente position for the amplifiers to be calibrated. Otherwise the voltage/division will be some unknown value greater than what the dial indicates.INV - There is almost always a control which lets you invert one channel. This can be used along with the ADD function to subtract two voltages. This is necessary because the common input (black lead of the oscilloscope cable) can only be connected to a 0V node. If channel A has V1 + V2 and channel B has voltage V1 then the reading of channel A + (-channel B) = (V1 + V2) + (-V1) = V2Position - For each axis there is a control which lets you shift the electron beam. With this you can set the zero voltage point to anywhere that is convenient for you.Oscilloscope InputsThe input of the oscilloscope can usually be modelled as a resistance and a parallel capacitance (see figure 3). The resistance is usually 1M S but it and the capacitance can vary greatly. The total or effective capacitance includes the oscilloscope circuitry (approx. 30 pF), cables (approx. 30 pF/m) and stray capacitance. The resistance will draw current from the circuit while the capacitance will add an RC time constant with its associated time delay, frequency response and distortion of some waveforms.The common connection (black lead or shield) at the input of the oscilloscope goes to the metal case as the symbol by the input connector shows. Because of this, the common input can only be connected to a 0V point in the circuit. Since the common inputs for both the A and B channels are connected to the case, they are effectively shorted together.Figure 3. DC-coupled Oscilloscope Input Circuitand Frequency ResponseFigure 4. AC-coupled Oscilloscope Input Circuit andFrequency ResponseFrequency response is calculated or measured by applying a pure sinusoidal waveform to a circuit. The circuit response is the output voltage divided by the input voltage. This is a complex number that can also be expressed as a magnitude (gain) and phase.Due to limitations in the amplifiers, the oscilloscope's frequency response is limited. Themanufacturer simply lists the half-power point for the oscilloscope without any external effects.Half power is also called the -3dB point. At this point, the voltage has decreased to 70.7% of its maximum. This means that only one-half of the maximum power would be dissipated in aresistive load. Keep in mind that an oscilloscope that is rated at 20 MHz is usually only accurate to 4 MHz for non-sinusoidal waveforms before distortion becomes a problem.With ac coupling (figure 4), an oscilloscope has another series RC circuit. It acts like a high pass filter (HPF). If you are viewing low frequency signals when ac coupled, not only will you not be able to measure any dc offset, but you will also be removing some low frequency information.Oscilloscope Operation (Voltage vs Time)The main function of an oscilloscope is to show voltage vs time. This is done by applying a ramp (or sawtooth) waveform into the X-axis amplifier as shown in figure 5. During the rising edge of the ramp, the electron beam scans across the screen. When the voltage drops back to 0V, the beam is turned off and quickly goes back to its starting point. This is signified by a thick line when the beam is on and a thin one when it is off (blanked).To obtain a stable picture on the CRT screen, the ramp waveform has to be in phase with the signal that you want to observe. This is done with a triggering circuit. The triggering circuit allows the oscilloscope to draw repeatedly the same waveform over and over by identifying the same point on a repetitive waveform.Figure 5.A Ramp-driven X-axis inputFigure 6. A Triggering ExampleFigure 7. Several Triggering CyclesThe triggering circuit allows you to select a voltage (an analog value) and an edge or slope (positive or negative) for the triggering circuit to compare to the input waveform. When the two are equal, the circuit puts out a pulse. This pulse triggers the ramp waveform generator to do one cycle of its rising and falling edges. Once the ramp has started a cycle of increasing voltage, it can not be retriggered until it has completed the full ramp and returned to 0V. This is illustrated in figure 6 for a single cycle and in figure 7 for multiple cycles.Not only do you have control over the starting point of the ramp, but the amount of time that the ramp takes to reach its maximum voltage (the right hand side of the CRT screen) can be adjusted with the timebase control. In essence, you have a “window”. You can move the window to any point on a waveform with the triggering circuit and you can change the size of the window with the timebase.The time-base control allows you to set the time / division that the beams takes to scan acrossthe screen. Just like the voltage selector, there is a calibration knob in the middle of the control. Unless the vernier (calibration knob) is 'clicked' in to its most clockwise position, the time per division is unknown.When set to AUTO (automatic) triggering, the oscilloscope will always show a trace. However, when you use a manual triggering mode (DC, AC), many strange things can happen. For example, if the triggering voltage or level is set to +10V and the waveform never exceeds +5V, the triggering circuit will never trigger and the screen will stay blank.You may think that in a condition of no triggering, you would still have a bright dot on the screen because the electron beam would go to its 'home' or undeflected position. Since the oscilloscope is designed to work with a moving electron beam, a stationary beam can very quickly 'burn' a hole in the phosphorous coating of the screen. To prevent this, there is a ' blanking' circuit which turns off the electron beam. Blanking occurs when there is no triggering or when the electron beam is sweeping from the right edge back to the left side of the screen. Time measurements are done the same way as voltage measurements. As long as the timebase is calibrated you multiply the number of divisions by the number of seconds per division to get the total time difference. Phase measurements are done by comparing the measured time to the period of the waveform.Oscilloscope Two Channel OperationYou can view two voltage waveforms at once by using two Y-axis (vertical) input channels. The individual channels are sometimes labelled as '1' and '2' or as 'A' and 'B'. Since there is only one electron beam, you have to share its drawing time between both waveforms. This may be accomplished using either the chop or alternate modes.When in the chop mode (figure 8), the oscilloscope displays a little bit of channel A, then a little bit of B, then A, then B ....during a single sweep of the electron beam. If you increase the timebase to about 1:s/division, you can start to see the individual pieces as it chops between one channel and the other channel.Figure 8. Chop ModeIn the alternate mode (figure 9), the oscilloscope will sweep the electron beam twice across the screen. The first time it will draw the signal from channel A and the next time from channel B. At very low timebase settings, you can see it draw one channel and then the other in successive passes.Note: When you use the alternate function, the two waveforms that you see are from different points in time and the triggering circuit has to trigger twice.Figure 9.Alternate ModeFigure 10. A Simple Oscilloscope Block DiagramThe reason that you can see a non-flickering image on the screen is because the phosphorous coating on the CRT has persistence. In essence, the phosphorous acts like a low pass filter and averages several images that are drawn on the screen.By viewing two signals at a time, you can measure relative time differences. By combining a voltage and phase measurement (relative to the appropriate reference), you can measure a phasor value.With a two channel oscilloscope, you have the ability to trigger on each waveform andelectronically switch (chop or alt) between them as well. A block diagram of a oscilloscope has now become as shown in figure 10.Some oscilloscopes offer a way to alternately trigger as depicted in figure 11. When combined with alternate displaying, you can stably display two waveforms of any frequency by alternately showing each channel and triggering on the channel that is being drawn. This way, the oscilloscope is acting like a two beam scope with both waveforms triggering at the same voltage and slope. However, there is no way to know what the relationship is between one waveform and the other when using alternate triggering.Figure 11. Stable Triggering of Two Different FrequenciesIf you have two waveforms that do not have the same frequency, it is still possible to show them as two stable waveforms on a normal oscilloscope. In figure 11, you will notice that if the triggering occurs at the 'X', both waveforms are in phase (ie. at the same phase each time the timebase triggers). The condition for a stable display is not that two waveforms have to be of exactly the same frequency, but that when they are triggered, they have to be in phase.Or n A f1 = m A f2 where n, m are integers. That is not necessary, but it is sufficient. There are many other ways to achieve a stable trace when you consider that the trigger circuit will wait for the next triggering point. There is also a control on some oscilloscopes, called 'hold off', which allows you to add a delay between the end of the trace being drawn and the time when the triggering circuit starts to look for the next triggering point. That can be used to stabilize the display under some circumstances.Remember that all of this applies only for repetitive waveforms that are properly triggered. If the triggering is not stable, or the waveform is not repetitive, you will see a constantly moving image or several images offset and superimposed.A slightly more complicated block diagram of an oscilloscope, with the typical functions found in the laboratory, is illustrated in figure 12.AccuracyThere are many factors affecting the accuracy of oscilloscope measurements.There are errors due to the input channel voltage divider, timebase control, the use of magnifiers, the accuracy to which the CRT deflection can be read, beam thickness, temperature etc. The voltage divider error will be the same for all readings that are done on the same timebase and voltage range, but may be different each time the range is changed. Measurements over only two divisions can incur two to three times the error of those made over the centre eight divisions.If the phase angle is used in a trigonometric function, this error can be multiplied by the slope of the function. Consider that the tangent of a 1% phase error entered at 85 degrees is much worse (20%) than the same 1% error on a sine function (0.2%) at the same angle. To get a feel for this look at the Taylor expansion of the trigonometric functions.It is wise to consult the user manual for a particular instrument’s accuracy specifications.Figure 12. Oscilloscope Block Diagram2.Iwatsu Model SS-5702 OscilloscopeAccuracyThe Iwatsu SS-5702 oscilloscope is used in this laboratory. All measurements on the graticule should be made over as many divisions as possible. For simplicity, assume the Iwatsu SS-5702 oscilloscope’s error is ±5% for a measurement on either the vertical or horizontal scales over eight divisions.Front Panel ControlsThe front panel controls, shown in figure 13, will be described in the remainder of this section.Figure 13. The Iwastu SS-5702 OscilloscopeFront Panel ControlsThe power, trace rotation, intensity, focus, and scale illumination controls are located at the bottom centre.The vertical controls and input selection are on the left side.The horizontal controls and horizontal input selection are on the right side.The triggering selection section is at the bottom right.The power on/off, trace rotation, intensity, focus and scale illuminationTrace rotation has to be checked with just a straight line across the screen of the oscilloscope. The intensity should be adjusted to a mid point (or more clockwise).The focus of the beam can be done while observing the straight line display.The scale illumination can be adjusted to the operator’s preference.Vertical InputsVertical channels are used for measuring voltage.The beam is deflected vertically as a result of the signal being applied to the vertical input of the channel (CH).CH-1 and CH-2 are the labels for the two vertical inputs.Each channel has a position control, a range selection switch, a pull “x5” knob, a coupling selector switch (AC/GND/DC), and an input connector.Each channel Range switch (VOLTS/DIV) has a smaller knob in the middle of the Range Selector Switch. And there is an arrow showing that the Range Selector Switch is in the “CAL” position when rotated fully clockwise.In the centre of the two channel sections is the channel selection switch. You can choose to have CH-1, CH-2, both (DUAL), or ADD.In addition, CH-2 has a “Polarity” switch. You push the polarity switch in to “INVERT” the polarity of the signal being displayed. The “NORM” or out position is the normal position of the polarity switch.Horizontal InputsThe “EXT” (HORIZONTAL IN) can be supplied a voltage directly via the connector at the bottom right of the panel, or the Horizontal can be driven by an internal timebase circuit which generates the voltage.TimebaseIn the timebase mode, the horizontal signal is from an internal source which changes linearly with respect to time. Hence, the beam is deflected to give us a calibration of time for the horizontal scale.The position control, the pull “x5” magnifier switch, the time range selection switch, and the range “CAL” knob all affect the X-axis of the display.Trigger SourcesThe TRIGGER SOURCE may be selected from one of three sources, CH-1, CH-2, or EXT. Look at the bottom right of the control panel.Calibration SourceThe Calibration Source is an internal source, available on the oscilloscope.Look at the bottom right side of the front panel. The output is labelled 0.3 V.This is a 1000 Hz, square-wave ( the 50 % duty cycle is not accurate ).Figure 14.Differential Measurement Example3.Oscilloscope ApplicationsVoltage and Time MeasurementsNote:The oscilloscope measures divisions of deflection not voltage or time. From the divisions of deflection you can calculate the time or voltage.Differential MeasurementsAn important application of the oscilloscope is differential measurements. Such measurements are necessary because both vertical channels have one terminal connected to the chassis common (ie single ended). To measure a floating (off ground) voltage you have to use the “invert and add” feature of the oscilloscope. For example, in figure 14, to measure V1:Channel A measures (V1 + V2) relative to ground while channel B measures V2 relative to ground. By pushing the invert button you negate the voltage displayed on channel B. Then you can add the channels together with the “ADD” display mode. The waveform now displayed is (V1 + V2) + (- V2) = V1.Bandwidth (-3 dB) MeasurementThis measurement is easily done by first finding the maximum gain (max. VOUT / VIN atfrequency To) and adjusting the oscilloscope so that the sinewave fills seven divisions peak to peak. A -3dB point can be found by increasing and/or decreasing the frequency until the gain is reduced to /2 . If the input voltage has remained constant this will occur when the output voltage is five divisions peak to peak.The frequency is then simply read with a frequency counter or the oscilloscope. Not by reading the dial of the signal generator.RisetimeThe risetime indicates how quickly a circuit responds. The risetime is the time it takes a waveform to go from 10% of the voltage range to 90% of the voltage range. This is in response to a square wave and the output voltage must settle to a steady-state voltage (0% and 100%). Most oscilloscopes have dotted lines on the graticule marking the 10% and 90% points to aid in this measurement. Usually these dotted lines assume that 0% is the lowest line of the graticule and 100% is the highest line. The measurement, as shown in figure 15, also includes the risetime of the oscilloscope and the squarewave source.Figure.15 A Risetime and Phase MeasurementPhasePhase is most accurately measured when the waveform is as large as possible and the difference is measured at the zero crossings. Typically the timebase is uncalibrated so that a 180 degree section of the waveform is expanded to the full 10 divisions of the graticule. Then the sign of the phase can be determined by observing more than one period of both waveforms. Both waveforms must be symmetrical about the centre line of the graticule. The angle is determined by: phase = # of divisions * 180 degrees / 10 divisions.。
PRODUCT OVERVIEWThis is probably the world’s shortest owner’s manual for a MIDI foot controller and should give you a good idea as to what the MIDI Mouse is all about: it’s compact and super easy to operate. The design simplicity provides the MIDI masterful and the MIDI-phobic access to 128 patches on any of the 16 selectable MIDI channels. Y ou simply scroll up or down to your desired program locations --without having to do the cha-cha to change banks. Housed in sturdy cast-aluminum in stompbox format, the MIDI Mouse features smooth, custom actuators. The large, non-glare LED display can be read from any angle, day or night.The MIDI Mouse is the first battery operable MIDI foot controller, which eliminates stage clutter.It can be turned on approx. 2,000 times per battery. It is also operable via most standard adaptors, as well as phantom via MIDI cable.The MIDI Mouse also offers freedom to improvise. For instance, given its size and affordability, you can control a pre-amp and an effects processor independently by using two MIDI Mouses. In the studio, you can make remote program changes without leaving the board. For stage shows, you can even control the patterns and arrangements of MIDI lighting systems.At T ech 21, it is our goal to offer useful, versatile, cost-effective products. It is our hope you find the MIDI Mouse a welcome addi-tion to your set-up.GUIDE TO FOOTSWITCHESACTIVE / SEARCH allows you to alternate between two modes:In ACTIVE mode, MIDI program change information is instantly sent through the MIDI OUT port.In SEARCH (flashing) mode, only the numerical display changes. No MIDI information is transmitted.UP increases the program number sequentially.DOWN decreases the program number sequentially.OPERATION WITH POWER SUPPL YIn Active Mode:The LED numerical display remains lit. Depressing the Up or Down footswitch allows you to step-scroll by increasing or decreasing the program number one at a time. In Active mode, the MIDI program change information is instantly sent through the MIDI OUT port.In Search Mode:The LED numerical display flashes. Depressing and holding the Up or Down footswitch allows you to speed-scroll to a desired location --without sending any program change information. Depressing the Active/Search footswitch a second time re-engages the Active mode and instantly sends the new MIDI program number through the MIDI Out port.OPERATION WITH 9V BATTERYIn Active or Search mode, the LED display will go out after 10 seconds of non-use. This effectively turns the MIDI Mouse off to conserve the life of the battery, and eliminates the need for an on/off switch. The MIDI Mouse needs to be on only when you want to change the pro-gram information. Y our program won’t change until you activate the MIDI Mouse and send new instructions.T o engage the MIDI Mouse, you can depress any of the three footswitches. The mode you were last in when the unit shut off and what new instructions you want to send will determine the best way for you to proceed.NOTE: When battery nears depletion, the LED display will dim.In Active Mode:When the unit shuts off in Active mode, let’s say, in Program 10, depressing the Active/Search footswitch brings you back to the same location (Program 10--in Active mode). However, depressing the Up or Down footswitch directly from the “screen saver” mode will engage and increase or decrease the program number by one (to Program 11 or Program 9). The program change information is then instantly sent through the MIDI OUT port.In Search Mode:When the unit shuts off in Search mode, let’s say, in Program 10, depressing the Active/Search footswitch brings you back to the same location: Program 10--in Search mode (no MIDI program change infor-mation is transmitted). The Search mode is especially useful in setting up a program change in advance. For example:Y ou’re playing in Program 10 and want to go to Program 20 foryour solo. Depress the Active/Search footswitch to Search mode(Program 10, flashing). Scroll to Program 20 and leave it there,flashing. After 10 seconds the unit will shut off. Y ou’ll still be playing in Program 10 because you haven’t sent any new information yet.At this point, you have two options. As you near the solo, depress-ing the Active/Search footswitch shows you the program number where you left it-- Program 20, flashing. This allows you to double-check you’re at the right program number. Depressing theActive/Search footswitch a second time will put you in Active mode and engage the program number that is flashing --Program 20. Or, you can depress either the Up or Down footswitch directly fromthe “screen saver” mode, and it will instantly transmit the program number that was last flashing (Program 20) without increasing or decreasing the program number.NOTE: With a power supply,you can set up for a program change in advance following basically the same procedure. After you scroll to the program number in Search mode (Program 20), the display remains lit and flashing. When you are ready to engage that program number, depress the Active/Search footswitch (only) to return to the Active mode and send the program change information (for Program 20) through the MIDI OUT port.MIDI CHANNELSA MIDI foot controller transmits information to remotely control any-thing that accepts MIDI program change information. In order to com-municate program change information, the MIDI Mouse and the receiv-ing MIDI unit(s) must be set on the same channel. (If your receiving unit is on OMNI, it will receive MIDI program change information on any and all of the 16 MIDI channels. Therefore, you need not change the channel of the MIDI Mouse.)The MIDI Mouse is factory set at Channel 1. To change the chan-nel setting to any of the standard 16 selectable MIDI channels:1. Depress Active/Search footswitch to Search mode (program number flashes).2. Depress Up and Down footswitches simultaneously. The current MIDI channel number will flash slowly (1c for Channel 1, 2c for Channel 2, etc.).3. Depress either the Up or Down footswitch accordingly to desired channel.4. Depress Active/Search footswitch to “save” the newly selected chan-nel number, and to return to the last program number (in Search mode).When you have two or more MIDI controlled processors linked together, be sure they and the MIDI Mouse are all on the same channel. If you do not want a particular processor in the chain to accept pro-gram change information from the MIDI Mouse, be sure to change that unit’s channel.NOTE:The MIDI Mouse will retain a channel setting as long as there is an internal battery. Otherwise, it will revert back to Channel 1 each time the power is disconnected.“PHANTOM” POWER OPERATION VIA MIDICABLEThe MIDI Mouse will accept power via a standard5-conductor/pin MIDI cable through Pins 1 and 3.specifications.NOTE:Power must be between8 and 15V DC,any polarity.POWER REQUIREMENTS •Phantom power operable via MIDI cable. Power must be between 8 and 15V DC, any polarity.•Utilizes standard 9V alkaline battery (not included). T o install, simplyremove the battery cover. Power consumption of LED display: approx. 15mA.•USE DC VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY ONLY!Failure to do so may damage the unit and void warranty. DC Power Supply Specifications: .9V DC regulated or unregulated, 100mA minimum;.2.1mm female plug, center negative (-).Optional factory power supply is available: Tech 21 Model #DC2.WARNINGS:•Attempting to repair unit is not recommended and may void warranty.•Missing or altered serial numbers automatically void warranty. For your own protection, be sure serial number labels on unit and exterior box are intact.ONE YEAR LIMITED WARRANTYPROOF OF PURCHASE REQUIRED.Manufacturer warrants unit to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for one (1) year from date of purchase to the original purchaser and is not transferable. This warranty does not include damage resulting from accident, misuse, abuse, alteration, or incorrect current or voltage. If unit becomes defective within warranty period, T ech 21 will elect to repair or replace it free of charge. After warranty expires, T ech 21 will repair defective unit for a fee. ALL REPAIRS U.S. and Canada: Call T ech 21 for Return Authorization Number. Manufacturer will not accept packages with-out prior authorization, pre-paid freight (UPS preferred) and proper insurance.Note:This equipment has been tested and found to comply with thelimits for a Class B digital device,pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules.These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harm-ful interference in a residential installation.This equipment generates,uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and,if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions,may cause harmful interference to radio communications.However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on,the user is encour-aged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.Hand-built in the ing high-quality components sourced domestically and around the globe.1Tel: 973-777-6996 / Fax: 973-777-9899******************/©1995 Tech 21 USA, Inc. (Rev 5.16)。
N.G. Wiman, J.W. Pscheidt and M. MorettiThis guide lists recommendations for insect, mite and disease control in apple orchards. The chemicals, formulations and application rates listed here are based on label directions, research and orchard experience.Pest management depends on producers and their knowledge of the orchard and its characteristics.Producers must weigh several factors: cultivar, tree size, tree density, canopy characteristics, pest complex and pest history. Consider all these factors when choosing which chemicals to apply and at what rates. Other variables include the amount of water used per acre, and the method of application.Trade name products are mentioned as examples only. Occasionally, manufacturers register different formulations of a product that contain a differentconcentration of active ingredient. This does not mean that OSU Extension either endorses these products or intends to discriminate against products not mentioned. Consult product labels to determine whether their use confers advantages over the products listed in this guide.Always refer to the pesticide label for use instructions. It is the legal document.Producers ask two common questions about the chemical control of insects and diseases: • “How much chemical do I use per acre?”• “What is the least amount of water I need per acre to apply in my concentrate sprayer?”The following schedule suggests an amount offormulated product to use per acre, and not the amount of active ingredient. This amount is based on a “typical” orchard of middle age and average tree density, with moderate pest pressure. Less product may be needed in 1- to 4-year-old orchards. Conversely, more chemical (within label limits) may be required for large, matureEM 8418Revised April 2023Nik Wiman, Extension specialist for orchard crops and associate professor; Jay W. Pscheidt, Extension plant pathology specialist and professor; Marcelo Moretti, assistant professor; all of Oregon State University.trees experiencing heavy pressure from multiple pests.Many insecticide labels list the minimum amount of water needed per acre in concentrate sprays of insecticides. Labels also tell users how to calculate the amount of chemical needed per acre in a concentrate sprayer. CHECK THE LABEL BEFORE SPRAYING! Also: • Make sure any tank-mixes of pesticides are compatible. For example, the elevated pH of some boron spray solutions weakens many insecticides. Water hardness above 250-300 ppm can also negatively affect pesticide efficacy, particularly for certain herbicides.• Use adjuvants and spreader stickers with caution.• Rotate pesticides by mode of action (group); do not become reliant on a single group for control.• In this guide, mode of action (MoA) for insecticides is based on the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) classification ( ). Fungicide mode of action is based on the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) classification ( ).• Herbicide site of action is based on the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) classification ( ).• Premix products may have reduced rates of active ingredients, and may contribute to development of resistance.• Important: Be aware of worker protection standards. All new pesticide labels provide orchard reentry intervals and personal protection equipment information. See Oregon standards online at https:///Pages/topics/worker-protection-standard.aspx .Photo: Lynn Ketchum, © Oregon State UniversityApple pest control recommendationsUse only one material except where a combination is indicated. Follow label precautions when tank-mixing oils, fungicides and insecticides. Materials arenot listed in order of preference.STAGES 1-2: Delayed dormantStagesDelayed dormant (Stages 1–2)Prepink or green bud (Stages 3–4)Pink or preblossom (Stages 5–6)Not shownCalyx; cover sprays; pre- or postharvest****************************************************************************************************************.© 2023 Oregon State University. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Oregon State University Extension Service offers educational programs, activities, and materials without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, familial/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, genetic information, veteran’s status, reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Published April 2023STAGES 5–6: Pink or preblossom Just before blossoms openSTAGES 5–6: Pink or preblossom Just before blossoms openCALYX When three-fourths of petals have fallen; apply before calyx closes on central fruit clusterCALYX When three-fourths of petals have fallen; apply before calyx closes on central fruit clusterCOVER SPRAYS 1–4 cover sprays may be neededCONTINUED ON PAGE 7COVER SPRAYS 1–4 cover sprays may be needed Continued from page 6CONTINUED ON PAGE 8COVER SPRAYS 1–4 cover sprays may be needed Continued from page 7PRE- OR POSTHARVEST Before fall rainsFollow the ‘RULES’ for fungicide stewardship• R otate or mix fungicides of different chemical groups.• U se labeled rates.• L imit total number of applications.• E ducate yourself about fungicide activity, mode of action and class — as well as resistance management practices.• S tart a fungicide program with multisite mode of action materials.FOOTNOTES1. Use oil emulsion, 3.2% actual oil, plus bordeaux 6-6-100. This spray will control all other pests listed exceptblister mite. Bordeaux is not compatible with lime sulfur or polysulfide.2. Lime sulfur may injure Delicious and Delicious strains during hot weather and causes yellow foliage on Braeburn.Lime sulfur will help control apple rust mite.3. Captan may cause minor leaf spotting to Delicious under certain conditions.4. Syllit is not compatible with lime and should not be combined with oils or oil emulsions.5. Apple scab forecasting is useful when spring rains become less frequent and drier weather prevails. Severalmaterials can be applied within a certain time limit after the start of an infection period. Keep to a protection schedule throughout the bloom period. All ascospores will have matured and be ready for dispersal once 865degree-days (base 32°F) have accumulated since bud break. Group 11 materials such as Flint and Sovran are best used prior to infection periods.6. To delay or prevent the development of resistant strains of apple scab or powdery mildew, alternate or tank-mixmaterials with different modes of activity (or from different fungicide groups).7. Codling moth: spray timing.CALENDAR APPROACH: First spray at 15 to 21 days after petal fall followed by another spray in about threeweeks. A third spray for second generation usually is made in early July followed by another in about threeweeks.PHEROMONE TRAPS TO TIME SPRAYS: In Mid-May, place one trap for every 3 acres in the upper one-third of the tree canopy. Inspect once weekly or more frequently. Make first spray when two or more moths are caught in one or more of the traps for two weeks in a row. Repeat spray when first application has weathered off and two or more moths are caught in one or more of the traps. Spot treatments may be sufficient in parts of blocks. Continue trapping through September.DEGREE-DAY ACCUMULATION (best): use the Brunner-Hoyt (1987) model available from to count degree day accumulation from a weather station near your orchard. Apply first spray targeting eggs at 225degree-days following first consistent catch of codling moths in pheromone traps, known as biofix. Biofix is used to set the model. Eggs can again be targeted by smothering horticultural oil at 375 DD. The first insecticidestargeting larvae should be applied at 525 DD, as eggs hatch. Management of the second generation will begin at 1400 DD when first egg hatch occurs. Note that other codling moth models, including the no-biofix model, have not been tested for the Willamette Valley and may not give good results.8. White apple leafhopper has become a serious problem for some growers in the Willamette Valley. It is bestcontrolled during the first generation after egg hatch is complete but before there are a large number of mature, winged adults. Larger nymphs and adults are difficult to control. Note that timing of the first cover spray forcodling moth may be too late to control leafhoppers. Also the commonly used codling moth insecticides arenot that effective on leafhoppers. An application of Sevin (carbaryl) directed at the second-generation nymphs, which should be present in August, usually provides sufficient control of leafhoppers to prevent picker annoyance problems. Do not use carbaryl (Sevin) during petal fall (first leafhopper spray), as fruit thinning will occur.9. Use Captan or Ziram preharvest for control of Bull’s eye rot. Focus on early- and mid-leaf fall for control ofNectria canker. Do not use Topsin as it is toxic to earthworms, which help decompose scab-infected leaves.10. Sovran drift may injure some sweet cherry cultivars such as Van. Please be extra careful when spraying nearcherry orchards.Table 1. Approximate hours of wetness at indicated temperatures required for leaf scab infection and days required for lesions to appear78131726—77111421—769.51219—63–75912189629121910619132010609.5132011591013211258101421125710142213561115221355111624145411.516241453121725155212182615511318271650141929164914.5203017481520301747152335—46162437—45172640—44192843—43213047—42233350—41263753—40294156—39334560—38375064—37415568—33–36487296—From W.D. Mills, Cornell University*Leaves remain wet for varying lengths of time after the rain stops, depending on conditions. Add together wetting periods from intermittent showers. Add together any wet periods with less than 8 hours dry time between them. Determine average temperature for the period from hourly readings. Lesions may not be apparent for 2–4 weeks.**Days required for conidia to appear once infection has been established. No further wetting is required. For this column, daily maximum and minimum temperatures are adequate for determining the average.Effectiveness of fungicides for control of apple diseasesThese ratings are relative rankings based on labeled application rates, good spray coverage and proper spray timing. Actual levels of disease control will be influenced by these factors in addition to cultivar susceptibility, disease pressure and weather conditions.Fungicide FungicidegroupProperties Apple scab Powdery mildew Bull’s eye rotAprovia7Broad spectrum of activity, fungicidal, protectant Fair-good Slight - Fair??Captan M4Broad spectrum of activity, fungicidal, protectant Good-excellentNone GoodCevya3Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, curative, fungicidal,locally systemic, protectantExcellent**Fair**??Excalia7Broad spectrum of activity, fungicidal, protectant Fair-moderate**Good**??Flint11Broad spectrum of activity, fungicidal, locally systemic,protectantGood*Good-excellent**Slight-fairFontelis7Broad spectrum of activity, fungicidal, protectant Fair-good**Good**?? Gatten U13Narrow spectrum of activity and fungicidal Poor Good??Horticultural mineral oil (HMO)NotclassifiedEradicant, fungicidal, insecticidal, protectant??Good??Indar3Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, curative, fungicidal,locally systemic, protectantGood**Good**??Kaligreen NotclassifiedEradicant, broad to narrow spectrum of activity None Slight-fair??Lime sulfur M2Fungicidal, insecticidal, protectant, vapor active Good-excellentGood??Mancozeb M3Broad spectrum of activity, fungicidal, protectant Good None?? Omega 500F29Fungicidal, protectant Good Slight?? Polyram M3Broad spectrum of activity, fungicidal, protectant Good None??Procure3Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, curative, fungicidal,locally systemic, protectantGood**Excellent**Slight-fairRally3Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, curative, fungicidal,locally systemic, protectantGood**Fair-good**??Rhyme3Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, curative, fungicidal,locally systemic, protectantGood**Excellent**??Sulfur M2Fungicidal, insecticidal, protectant, vapor active Fair Good?? Syllit U12Broad spectrum of activity, fungicidal, protectant Good**None??TopGuard3Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, curative, fungicidal,locally systemic, protectantGood**Excellent**??Topsin M1Broad spectrum of activity, curative, fungicidal, locally systemic Fair**Fair-good**Excellent** Torino U6Fungicidal, protectant None Good-excellent??Vangard9Curative, fungistatic, locally systemic, narrow spectrum ofactivity, protectantFair**None??Inspire Super 3 + 9Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, curative, fungicidal,locally systemic, protectantGood Excellent**??Luna Sensation7 + 11Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, fungicidal, locallysystemic, protectantGood-excellent**Excellent??LunaTranquility7 + 9Fungicidal, narrow spectrum of activity, protectant Good**Excellent??Merivon7 + 11Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, fungicidal, locallysystemic, protectantGood-excellent**Excellent??Pristine7 + 11Broad to narrow spectrum of activity, fungicidal, locallysystemic, protectantGood**Excellent**??= no information available.**Resistant pathogens will lower the effectiveness of these fungicides.Apple herbicidesQuick reference guide to herbicides labeled for use in fruit and nut crops• Shaded boxes indicate the herbicide is labeled for use in that crop.• Nonbearing (NB) indicates the herbicide is labeled only for crops that will not be harvested for 1 year (365-day preharvest interval).• Herbicides in bold, italic type are recommended for new plantings.For more complete information, please refer to the PNW Weed Management Handbook:https:///weedOSU resources for plant protection Information on plant protection is available from severalsources at Oregon State University:• OSU Integrated Plant Protection Center. Online weather data and degree day information for insect pests and diseases /wea/• Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook, /plantdisease• Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, /insect• Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook, /weedUsing pesticides safelyAlways read the labelThe single most important approach to pesticide safety is to read the pesticide label before each use and then follow the directions. If still in doubt after reading the label, contact a person qualified to help evaluatethe hazard of the chemical and its use. Qualified people include Extension specialists, county educators, pesticide product representatives, and retailers.Pesticides are toxic and should be handled with care — but they can be used safely if you follow recommended precautions. Follow all label requirements, and strongly consider any recommendations for additional personal protective clothing and equipment. In addition to reading and following the label, other major factors in the safe and effective use of pesticides are the pesticide applicator’s qualifications, common sense, and positive attitude. Always take all safety precautions when using pesticides. In case of accidents involving pesticides, seeyour doctor at once. It will help your doctor to know exactly which pesticide is involved. The label on the container gives this information. Take to the physician the pesticide label or information from the label, such as the product name, registration number of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, common nameand percentage of active ingredient, and first aid instructions. If the label cannot be removed, take along the pesticide container (if not contaminated), but do not take it into the hospital or doctor’s office.Pesticide safety checklist• Use pesticides only when necessary and as part of an Integrated Pest Management program.• Always read the label and follow the instructions.• Do not allow children to play around sprayers or mixing, storage and disposal areas.• Wear appropriate protective clothing and equipment.• Never eat, drink or smoke while handling pesticides.• Avoid drift into nontarget areas and pesticide runoff into streams, rivers, lakes, irrigation ponds and canals.• Avoid spilling materials on skin or clothing.• Have access to clean water, soap and first-aid supplies.• Keep pesticides in a dry and locked storage area away from food and feed.• Triple rinse or pressure rinse empty containers and dispose or recycle in accordance with state and local regulations.• Stay out of recently sprayed areas until the spray has dried, and observe the restricted entry intervals specified on the pesticide label.• Follow the pre-harvest interval on the pesticidelabel before harvesting crops or gardens and before allowing livestock to graze fields.Emergency response for exposure and spills• For any pesticide exposure emergency, dial 911.• First aid for exposure is indicated on the pesticide label.• For information on poison emergency treatmentcall the National Poison Center Poison Help Line at1-800-222-1222.• For emergency information related to pesticide spills contact the Oregon Emergency Response System at 1-800-452-0311.Non-emergency information• General pesticide information — The National Pesticide Information Center provides objective, science-based information about pesticides and pesticide-related topics. Visit /index.html or call 1-800-858-7378.• Pesticide licensing and regulation — The Oregon Department of Agriculture regulates most aspects of pes-ticide use in the State of Oregon. Visit / ODA/programs/Pesticides/Pages/AboutPesticides.aspx or call 503-986-4635.• Worker protection — The federal Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides protects agricultural workers from pesticide exposure at work. The Oregon Oc-cupational Safety and Health Administration is the state agency responsible for administering the WPS in Oregon. For information on WPS requirements for employers, visit /Pages/topics/worker-protection-stan-dard.aspx or call 1-800-922-2689.• Pesticide waste — The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality regulates the disposal of pesticide waste in the state of Oregon. Visit /deq/Hazards-and-Cleanup/hw/Pages/Miscellaneous-Industries.aspx or call 503-229-5263.Most chemical distributors offer plastic pesticide container recycling.。
十二种杀虫剂对美国白蛾幼虫的室内毒力测定李健;梁小松;钱路;陆苗;张呈伟【摘要】在实验室条件下,采用浸叶法测定了12种杀虫剂对美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)3龄幼虫的室内毒力.结果表明,供试杀虫剂甲维盐毒力最高,LC50值为0.11 mg/L;其它杀虫剂依次为高效氯氟氰菊酯、乙基多杀菌素、茚虫威、毒死蜱、氯虫苯甲酰胺、高效氯氰菊酯、氟苯虫酰胺、多杀霉素、甲氧虫酰肼、阿维菌素,LC50值在1.43 mg/L～96.07 mg/L之间;灭幼脲对美国白蛾3龄幼虫毒力最低,LC50值大于500 mg/L.【期刊名称】《中国森林病虫》【年(卷),期】2017(036)005【总页数】4页(P19-21,34)【关键词】美国白蛾;杀虫剂;毒力测定;浸叶法【作者】李健;梁小松;钱路;陆苗;张呈伟【作者单位】常州出入境检验检疫局,江苏常州213022;常州出入境检验检疫局,江苏常州213022;常州出入境检验检疫局,江苏常州213022;常州出入境检验检疫局,江苏常州213022;常州出入境检验检疫局,江苏常州213022【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S763.42美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)是一种入侵害虫，主要通过幼虫取食植物叶片造成危害，可为害林木、花卉、果树和农作物等[1]。
1979年，在我国丹东地区首次发现，后分布范围逐渐扩大，目前疫区包括吉林、辽宁、山东、河北、河南、天津、北京、江苏、安徽等省(市)[2-4]。
美国白蛾成虫具有趋光、趋臭、趋腥性，飞行扩散能力较强[5]。
美国白蛾繁殖力强，单雌产卵量600～800粒，最高可达2 000粒，卵孵化率可达95%。
幼虫4龄之后取食量明显增大，大暴发时可将林木、果树、农作物全部吃光[6]。
目前防治美国白蛾主要依赖单一化学农药，但长期使用易导致害虫产生抗药性，而轮换用药是延缓害虫产生抗药性的重要手段，所以有必要筛选出多种对美国白蛾高效的化学药剂，为科学合理地防治美国白蛾提供技术储备。
KEY FEATURESNew generation world-class Automation & Connectivity System (ACS)Automatically adapts the crusher to varying feed condi-tions ensuring maximum 24/7 performanceHydroset™ system Provides safety and settingadjustment functionsMainframe is built as a unibody without moving parts For optimal strength and less components requiring maintenanceTop serviceability Lifting from above minimizesrisks, and allows for quicker andsafer maintenanceAdjustable eccentric throw To exactly balance capacity tothe process thus harmonizingthe crushing stagesConstant liner profile Maintains the feed opening andperformance during the entireservice life of the linersWide range of crushing chambers suited for all types of applications Choose from extra coarse crushing chambers with the largest intake to extremely fine crushing chambersMechanical dump valve for tramp iron protection Reduces pressure peaks and mechanical stress on the crusher, greatly improving reliabilityFull lubrication monitoring and control Real-time monitoring of the crusher lubrication system for increased uptime and reliabilitySandvik CH840i is a technologically advanced, high capacity mid-range cone crusher for secondary and tertiary crushing, designed for crushing applications in mines or large sized quarries.Each crusher has a hydraulically supported main shaft which is supported at both ends. With a robust design, adjustable eccentric throw, a constant intake opening, high performance can be achieved by proper selection of a Sandvik OEM crushing chamber. The CH840i brings you a revolution in intelligent crushing. Connected via the My Sandvik portal,it offer 24/7 access to data generated by your connected Sandvik crusher fleet. Now you can make decisions based on facts, and clearly see areas where you can improve uptime and productivity. My Sandvik also gives you access to manuals and ane-commerce platform for easily and efficiently buying and reordering wear and spare parts. It lets you track and trace parts online to make maintenance planning simpler.The CH840i comes with the new generation Automation and Connectivity System (ACS) as standard. The system continuously monitors and optimizes crusher performance and controls the complete lubrication system, increasing uptimeand reliability. It can automatically adjust crusher settings to compensate for crushing chamber wear, ensuring consistent product size. Hydroset™ and the advanced dump valve automatically provide overload protection to let tramp iron or other uncrushable material pass through.Bolted rather than welded top and bottom shell liners reduce maintenance time and are much safer. It’s 90% faster to change liners compared to welding. The improved over-pressure system with dedicated air channel inlets keeps dust out to increase reliability. The standard off-line filter unit keeps lubrication oil cleaner with 24/7 fine filtration, reducing wear on your internal crusher components and extending oil life by up to 5 times.GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA Crusher type Cone crusher, hydraulically adjusted Application Minerals processingCrushing stage Secondary, tertiary, quaternary Max. feed size 250 mm CSS range 10-48 mm Nominal capacity*103-427 mtphAmbient temperature -20°C to +40°C(Contact Sandvik if outside range)Altitude of site≤ 2,000 m(Contact Sandvik if outside range)* Capacity and possible CSS is dependent on the crushing chamber, the eccentric throw, the crusher’s setting and the feed material’s bulk density, crushability, size analysis, moisture content, etc.GENERAL CRUSHER DATA Weight 20,278 kgMain frameTwo-part unibody structure without moving parts.Cast steel.Top shell Two-arm design Bottom shell Five-arm designTwo inspection hatches Feed hopper Rubber / steel lined steel hopper Two inspection doors Feed level sensor Vegapuls 67Main shaftSupported at both ends Top spider bearing and eccentric bearing Eccentric bushings (Throws – mm)• 28, 32, 36• 36, 40, 44• 44, 48, 52Eccentric speed327 rpm (50 Hz, SPC-belt)332 rpm (60 Hz, SPC-belt)331 rpm (60 Hz, 8V-belt)Max. motor power 330 kW DriveV-Belt or DirectSafety coupling Omega (for Direct drive option)Pinion shaft speed1,470 rpm (50 Hz, SPC-belt)1,494 rpm (60 Hz, SPC-belt) 1,491 rpm (60 Hz 8V-belt)SubframeWith rubber dampersMaintenance tool boxExtractor for eccentric bushing Extractor for bottom shell bushing Extractor for step bearingAdditional lifting and maintenance tools includedGENERAL INFORMATIONMOTOR CHARACTERISTICSManufacturer WEG Model W22/HGFType Three-phase, squirrel cage Weight 1,850–2,650 Kg Rated power330 kW Frequency 50/60 Hz Poles4Vibration resistanceMotor is supplied with special winding that is reinforced in order to support the vibration levels Insulation class F Protection classIP55MECHANICAL DUMP VALVE System descriptionMechanical spring loaded hydraulic valveSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS Type Dust seal air pressure Air input Blower Air quality Filtered Air flow <70 m³/h Air pressure<10 kPa Weight (blower, hoses)25 kg Motor power 0.75 kWMotor speed 2,800 rpm (50Hz) 3,350 rpm (60Hz)Phases 3Insulation class F Protection classIP55CRUSHER DRIVE SYSTEMCRUSHER DUST EXCLUSIONCRUSHER TRAMP IRON PROTECTIONUPPER FEED HOPPERNo. of rubber liners 16Max. weight 8 kgMaterialSandvik WT6000 rubber Fastening methodBoltedCONE LINER No. of rubber liners 20Max. weight 9-10 kg / 4-5 kgMaterialManganese steel or Sandvik WT6000 rubber (option)Fastening method BoltedTOP SHELL SPIDER CAP Max. weight 198 kg MaterialCarbon steelFastening methodBolted seal with O-ringTOP SHELL ARM SHIELDS No. of shields 2Max. weight 84 kgMaterialManganese steel Fastening methodBoltedBOTTOM SHELL BODY LINERS No. of liners 10Max. weight 16-24 kg / 5-7 kgMaterialWear-resistant hardened steel or Sandvik WT6000 rubber (option)Fastening methodBoltedBOTTOM SHELL ARM LINERS No. of liners 5Max. weight 80–83 kg MaterialManganese steel Fastening method Bolted (welding*)CRUSHER WEAR PROTECTIONCRUSHING CHAMBERS Mantle alternatives A, B, FlexiFeed B Concave alternatives EC, C, MC, M, F Alloys for mantles and concaves M1, M2, M7, M9Mantle and concave backing materialPlastic free, metallic contactLifting tools for mantles and concavesAvailable as option *No main frame weldingMONITORING FUNCTIONS Main/secondary lubrication circuit dataOil temperature Oil flowOil pressureOil tank temperature Oil levelDifferential pressure across filter Pinion shaft lubrication circuit dataOil pressureDifferential pressure across filterOver-pressure air system Filter monitoring functions Offline filter statusOPERATIONAL FUNCTIONSOil heatersMain lubrication oil pump Pinion lubrication oil pump Over-pressure fan Air/oil coolers Offline filter functionsELECTRICAL HARDWARE Lubrication controlConnection modules tank Cable kit CABINET DIMENSIONS Lubrication control cabinet (LxHxD)1200x800x250 mmHYDROSET SYSTEM System designSingle reversible pump Oil tank reservoir capacity 85 liters Pump design Gear pump Pump capacity10.4 l/min @50 Hz 12.6 l/min @60 HzOil filter Filter type Spin-on Filtration grade 10 µm Filter materialGlass fiber No. of filters 1Pump motor Type Three-phase, squirrel cage Power 3 kW @50 Hz 3.6 kW @60 Hz Speed 1,500 rpm @50 Hz 1,800 rpm @60 Hz Poles4Insulation class F Protection classIP55GENERAL DATAOil tank reservoir capacitySupplies oil to the main lubrica-tion system, Pinion lubrication systems and to the Hydroset system.No. of doors3No. of inspection hatches 2 located on top of unit Cabinet materialMetalTank unit dimensions (LxWxH)1,980x1,130x2,000 mm Dry weight865 kgMAIN CRUSHER LUBRICATION SYSTEM System designClosed circuit, single pump, gravity return Oil tank reservoir capacity 400 liters Pump design Gear pump Standby pump N/APump capacity112 l/min @50 Hz 135 l/min @60 HzOil filters Filter type Filter element insert Filtration grade 25 µm Filter material Glass fiber No. of filters1TANK UNITLUBRICATION CONTROL (ACS)SETTING REGULATIONSOFTWARE PACKAGE (OPTIONAL)PINIONSHAFT LUBRICATION SYSTEM System designClosed circuit, single pump, gravity return Oil tank reservoir capacity52 liters Pump design Gear pump Pump capacity0.9 l/min @50 Hz 1.1 l/min @60 HzOil filter Filter type Spin-on Filtration grade10 µm Filter material Glass fiber No. of filters 1Pump motor Type Three-phase, squirrel cage Power 0.12 kW @50 Hz / @60 Hz Speed1,500 rpm @50 Hz 1,800 rpm @60 Hz Insulation class F Protection classIP55OPERATOR’S PANEL Dimensions (LxHxD)316X251X72.5 mm Weight3.5 kgOperational temperature -25°C to +70°C Protection class IP65Power supply10–30 VDCMONITORING FUNCTIONS(AVAILABLE WITH METRIC AND IMPERIAL UNITS)Energy consumption Hydroset hydraulic pressure Main shaft positionCalculated CSS (based on main shaft position)Lubrication oil temperatureTemperature close to the spider bearing Liner wear Historical data logAutomatic liner wear compensation (Only available for CH-models)AUTOMATION & CONNECTIVITY SYSTEM (ACS) REGULATION FUNCTIONS (CRUSHING MODES)CSS (Auto CSS)Keep CSS constant Peak Pressure (Auto Load)Keep load constant Multi-CSS (Multi – CSS)Alternate between two CSS settings10 customized programs can be storedOTHER FUNCTIONS & CABINET DIMENSIONS Push button box for manual setting of CSS Setting regulation cabinet (LxHxD)1200x600x250 mm Connection box crusher (LxHxD)600x350x155 mm Network repeater box (LxHxD)(Recommended for distances over 100m)300x300x210 mmSAFETY FUNCTIONSProtects the crusher from overload by automatically regulating the crusher based on preset operational limits and the real-time input from the crusherAlarm severity levels: Direct Stop, Sequential Stop, Feeder stop, Notices and EventsSignal permitting operation of the crusher drive motor Alarm logELECTRICAL HARDWARE Setting regulation control Power measurement unit Customer interface gateway Connection box crusher Cable kitPump motor Type Three-phase, squirrel cage Power 4 kW @50 Hz 4.8 kW @60 Hz Speed1,500 rpm @50 Hz 1,800 rpm @60 Hz Insulation class F Protection class IP55Oil heaters No. of heaters 2 (Optional 3)Type Immersion heater Rating1.65 kWInstallation typeImmersion heater tube Phases3Communication gateway interfaceControlNet DeviceNet Ethernet/IP Modbus TCP Profibus ProfinetWINiOperating system compatibility:Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000Simultaneously control up to 9 different crushers with ACS from a PC via Ethernet networkControl the ACS remotely using the same graphical user interface ACS ReporterExport data from theAutomation & Connectivity System to a PC for analysis and storageOFFLINE FILTER UNIT FOR MAIN LUBRICATION MANUALSPurposeRemoves particles and water from the main lubrication system in a continuous slow offline filtration process Model 27/54Oil capacity20 litersDimensions (LxWxH)650x450x1,055mm Weight 100 kg Pump designGear wheelOil filter Filter type Filter Insert Filtration grade 3 µm Filter material Cellulose Filter housing material Cast iron No. of filters 2Pump motorType Three-phase, squirrel cage Capacity 200 @50 Hz 240 @60 Hz Speed915 rpm @50 Hz 1,120 rpm @60 Hz Protection classIP55Operator’s manual Any language Installation manualAny language Installation manual appendix Any language Maintenance manual Any language Spare parts catalogueEnglish onlyKg Lb Top shell assembly 6,35814,017Bottom shell assembly 5,77212,725Main shaft assembly4,2019,262Pinion shaft housing assembly 244538Hydroset cylinder assembly 1,0802,381Feed hopper assembly 1,4403,175Eccentric assembly 7951,753Dust collar assembly239527Hoses and protection assembly 51112Crusher weight 20,27844,706Subframe1,3843,051Electric motor (max.)2,6505,842Tolat weight(incl. subframe and drive)25,26855,707OIL COOLING SYSTEMS(FOR MAIN CRUSHER LUBRICATION)STANDARD AIR/OIL COOLERS No. of units1Dry weight (incl. stand)240 kg Material Aluminum Oil volume 12.8 liters Max. air flow2.8 kg/s @50 Hz3.3 kg/s @60 HzHOT CLIMATE AIR/OIL COOLERS No. of units1Dry weight (incl. stand)390 kg Material Aluminum Oil volume 19.0 liters Max. air flow7,8 kg/s @50 Hz 9,3 kg/s @60 HzAIR COOLER FAN MOTOR Type Three-phase, squirrel cage Power 2.2 kW @50 Hz 3.6 kW @60 Hz Speed1,500 rpm @50 Hz 1,800 rpm @60 HzAIR COOLER FAN MOTOR Type Three-phase, squirrel cage Power 5,5 kW @50 Hz 6,3 kW @60 Hz Speed1,500 rpm @50 Hz 1,800 rpm @60 HzCH840i CONNECTED – NOMINAL CAPACITY* (MTPH)ConcaveEC C MC M F Max. feed size (mm)F85**14111681--F901721411279773F10025020515912192Max. motor power (kW)330330*********Eccentric throw (mm)28-5228-5228-5228-5228-52CSS (mm)810131619222529323538414448---162-193174-272186-290198-309214-334226-352238-371250-366261-335273-324289---177-210190-297203-317216-337233-364246-384259-356272-349285-312298----187-254201-313214-334228-356246-384260-406274-427287-421301-385315-374333--155-213167-261180-280192-299204-299220-282233-254245----103-132109-170119-185128-200137-214147-215156-214169-200178-----MantleA/B/FFA/B/FFA/B/FFA/BA/B* based on material with bulk density of 1,600 kg/m 3** Additional feed size requirement applicable for FF mantle only (FlexiFeed)PERFORMANCEWEIGHT (KG)T S 5-1227:03/E N G /M E T R I C © S a n d v i k M i n i n g a n d R o c k T e c h n o l o g y 2019 S A N D V I K i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o w n e d b y S a n d v i k I n t e l l e c t u a l P r o p e r t y A B i n S w e d e n a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s.Sandvik Mining and Rock Technology reserves the right to make changes to the information on this data sheet without prior notification to users. Please contact a Sandvik representative for clarification on specifications and options.ROCKTECHNOLOGY.SANDVIK* Always refer to the installation manualsDIMENSIONS*4159 mm (Max)2160 mm3393 m m。
UNIT 3 THE INTERNETⅠ.阅读理解AWhen the designer and typographer(排印工) Marcin Wichary chanced upon a tiny museum just outside Barcelona five years ago,the experience tipped his interest in the history of technology into an obsession(痴迷) with a very particular part ofit:the keyboard.“I have never seen so many typewriters under one roof.Not even close,” he shared on the Internet at the time.“At this point,I literally have tears in my eyes.I’m not kidding.This feels like a miracle.”He’d had a discovery while wandering through the exhibit:Each key on a keyboard has its own stories.And these stories are not just about computing technology,but also about the people who designed,used,or otherwise interacted with the keyboards.Take the backspace key for example,he explains,“I like that the concept of backspace was originally just that—a space going backward.We are used to it erasing now,but for a hundred years,erasing was its own incredibly complex effort.You needed to master a Comet eraser,or Wite-Out,or strange correction tapes,and possibly all of the above...or give up and start from scratch whenever you made a small mistake in typing.”The deeper he researched,the more obsessive he became.Amazed that no comprehensive books existed on the history of keyboards,he decided to create his own.When not working at his day job as the design leader for the design software company Figma,he began producing ShiftHappens,a two-volume,1,216-page hardcover book—and raised over $750,000 for the project on Kickstarter in March of2024.Wichary was only a bit surprised by the support and the keyboard’s wide appeal.As he points out,“It’s such a crucial device that occupies a lot of our waking life.”1.After the museum experience,Wichary’s interest in technology .A.took offB.died outC.grew strongerD.became more concrete2.What did Wichary discover while admiring the keyboards?A.The stories behind them.B.The wisdom of humans.C.The secret of the keyboards.D.The history of technology.3.What does Wichary want to tell us about the backspace key in paragraph 4?A.It is a simple but powerful key.B.It can be used to move back one space.C.It is the result of long-term improvement.D.It allows people to make mistakes when typing.4.Why did Wichary write his own book?A.To fill a gap.B.To get famous.C.To make money.D.To record history.BMany studies have shown that when people read on-screen,they don’t understand what they’ve read as well as when they read in print.For example,researchers in Spain and Israel took a close look at 54 studies comparing digital and print reading.Their 2024 study involved more than 171,000 prehension,they found,was better overall when people read print rather than digital texts.Maryanne Wolf,who works at the University of California,Los Angeles explained that reading is not natural.We learn to talk by listening to those around us.It’s pretty automatic.But learning to read takes real work because the brain has no special network of cells just for reading.To understand text,the brain borrows networks that evolved(进化) to do other things.For example,the part that evolved to recognize faces is called into action to recognize letters.This is similar to how you might adapt a tool for some new use.For example,a coat hanger is great for putting your clothes in the closet(衣柜).But if a blueberry rolls under the refrigerator,you might straighten out the coat hanger and use it to reach under the refrigerator and pull out the fruit.As a result,the brainmight slip into skim(阅读) mode when you’re reading on a screen.It may switch to deep-reading mode when you turn to print.Your reading doesn’t just depend on the device,however.It also depends on what you assume about the text.Baron,who is a scientist studying language andreading,calls this mindset.She says one way mindset works is in anticipating how easy or hard we expect the reading to be.If we think it will be easy,we might not put in much effort.Much of what we read on-screen tends to be text messages and social media posts.They’re usually easy to understand.So,when people read on-screen,they read faster.When reading fast,we may not absorb all the ideas as well.So if you really need to learn something,you’re probably better off with print.5.What is Maryanne Wolf’s point of view?A.Reading is unnatural for the brain.B.Digital texts are easier to understand.C.Old tools should be adapted for new use.D.There are two different modes of reading.6.How was Maryanne Wolf’s point of view explained?A.By referring to the results of previous studies.B.By sorting data collected through experiments.C.By analyzing examples of people’s reading experiences.D.By comparing reading to doing things with borrowed tools.7.What will Baron probably agree with?A.An effective reader absorbs all the ideas.B.Digital reading devices can be put into better use.C.Reading strategies should be applied to improve reading speed.D.We have different mindsets in screen reading and print reading.8.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A.What’s behind how you read,device or psychology?B.Are social media posts fueling up a fast reading craze?C.Will you learn better from reading on-screen or on paper?D.Which employs more parts of your brain,reading or listening?Ⅱ.七选五In this day and age,it is difficult to imagine our lives without emails.But how often do we consider the environmental impact of these messages? 1 It’s easy to ignore the invisible energy involved in running the network—particularly when it comes to sending and storing data.Every single email is stored on a server(服务器). 2 These computers consume massive amounts of energy,24 hours a day,and require countless water or air conditioning systems for cooling.The more messages we send,receive and store,the more servers are needed. 3According to carbon footprint specialists,every spam email(垃圾邮件) releases an estimated 0.3 grams of CO2 into the atmosphere.A standard email,one without an attachment has a carbon footprint of 4 grams of CO2. 4 These carbon emissions come from the energy used to operate the computers and access the Internet.Recent calculations indicate if every email user sent one less unnecessary email each day,it would reduce CO2 emissions by 16,433 tonnes each year.That is the same as 81,152 flights between London and Madrid!5 Avoid sending unnecessary mails,reduce the amount of spam you receive and regularly clean out your inbox.A.The real impact may actually be even higher.B.The server is designed to store huge amounts of data.C.That means more energy consumed,and more carbon emissions.D.An email with a lot text and attachment can be responsible for up to 50 grams.E.It’s definitely worthwhile taking a few minutes to do an eco-friendly digital clean-up.F.We assume that using emails requires only the electricity used to power our computers.G.Quantities of emails require huge server farms—millions of computers storing information.Ⅲ.语法填空(2024九省适应性测试)Whenever you have to write a paper,a letter,or any other document for work or school,you probably head toward the computer.Now,most people reach for 1. (keyboard) faster than they pick up pens.In a Scottish primaryschool,however,Mr.Norman Lewis is taking a different approach.He feels that neat handwriting 2. (be) still an important skill,so he has his students write not only by hand but also 3. old fashioned fountain pens.Fountain pens 4. (use) in schools long ago and have been regaining popularity lately because they are refillable.Today,a writer 5. (simple) throws an empty pen away and gets 6. new one.So far,Mr.Lewis is pleased with the results of his experiment.He reports that his students are taking more care with their work,and their self-confidence has improved as well.He is happy with the 7.(improve) he sees in his students’ writing 8. in his own writing.He knows that computers are here 9.(stay) and that they will not disappear.However,he believes that the practice with fountain pens helps students to focus,to write faster,and they can feel proud of10. (they).Ⅳ.应用文写作学校英语报就近三年暑假学生运用手机消遣的平均时长状况进行问卷调查,作为校报记者,请就图表中的调查结果写一篇分析报告,内容包括:1.问卷结果描述;2.简洁评论;3.你的建议。
Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of ActionFarmers, advisors and researchers should know which herbicides are best suited to combat specific resistant weeds. To support the use of herbicides suitable for resistance management the enclosed classification of herbicides is proposed.The herbicides are classified alphabetically according to their target sites, modes of action, similarity of induced symptoms or chemical classes.If different herbicide groups share the same mode or site of action only one letter is used. In the case of photosynthesis inhibitors subclasses C1, C2 and C3 indicate different binding behaviour at the binding protein D1 or different classes. Bleaching can be caused by different ways. Accordingly subgroups F1, F2 and F3 are introduced. Growth inhibition can be induced by herbicides from subgroups K1, K2 and K3. Herbicides with unknown modes or sites of action are classified in group Z as "unknown" until they can be grouped exactly.Classification of HerbicidesIn order to avoid confusion with I and O categories J and Q are omitted. New herbicides will be classified in the respective groups or in new groups (R, S, T...).Since the system was in part developed in co-operation with the "Weed Science Society of America (WSSA)" new herbicides should be categorised jointly by HRAC and WSSA.For reference the numerical system of the WSSA is listed, too.The aim of HRAC is to create a uniform classification of herbicide modes of action in as many countries as possible.Such a classification system can be useful for many instances but there are cases where weeds exhibit multiple resistance across many of the groups listed and in these cases the key may be of limited value.The system itself is not based on resistance risk assessment but can be used by the farmer or advisor as a tool to choose herbicides in different mode of action groups, so that mixtures or rotations of active ingredients can be planned.For a figure of the chemical groups involved each HRAC Group, click on the letter in the table below. A synoptic graphic of the HRAC groups is also available.The WSSA and HRAC systems differ in minor ways. Herbicides in italics are listed on the HRAC classification system but are not listed on the WSSA classification.January 2005 HRAC: Herbicide classificationRemarks:According to information and comments following herbicides are classified in the January 2005 version in HRAC (WSSA) groups:B (2): cancelled: #9; #9; procarbazone Approved ISO name: propoxycarbazone E (14): cancelled: pyrazogyl Approved name: pyraclonil。
