【ChinaTest 2013-Alon Linetzki】The Multidisciplinary Test Engineer - Is that a future necessity

2013年度全国职称英语等级考试综合类（A级）试题及参考答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error.A. inflexibleB. generalC. complexD. direct2. This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.A. turned deadB. passed byC. carried awayD. become extinct3. The contract between the two companies will expire soon.A. shortenB. endC. startD. resume4. Three world-class tennis players came to content for this title.A. argueB. claimC. wishD. compete5. The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.A. simpleB. reliableC. effectiveD. alternative6. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.A. moralB. regularC. fundamentalD. hard7. The drinking water has became contaminated with lead.A. pollutedB. treatedC. testedD. corrupted8. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down.A. shutB. setC. breakD. beat9. She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.A. wipedB. injectedC. producedD. removed10. They didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.A. existenceB. importanceC. causeD. situation11. The tower remains intact ever after two hundred years.A. unknownB. unusualC. undamagedD. unstable12. Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.A. doubtfulB. untouchedC. certainD. silent13. The proposal was endorsed the majority of members.A. rejectedB. submittedC. consideredD. approved14. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.A. sendB. spreadC. hearD. confirm15. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.A. nakedB. cautiousC. blindD. private参考答案：1.A 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.B第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

J-IntegralTrans.TianjinUniv.2009,15:032—036DOI10.1007/s12209—009—0007—4J-IntegralofInterfacialCrackBetweenMetal-BaseCeramicCoatingandSteelxuLianyong(徐连勇)一,JINGHongyang(荆洪阳)一,HEYing(何颖).(1.SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,TianjinUniversity,Tianjin300072,China;2.TianjinKeyLaboratoryofAdvancedJoiningTechnology,Tianjin300072,China;3.TianjinInternalCombustionEngineResearchInstitute,Tianjin300072,China) Abstract:ThedefinitionofJ-integralofinterfacia1crackwasintroduced.Thethree—pointbendingtestswerecarriedout toobtainthecriticalloadingvalueswhentheinterfacialcrackinitiationoccurredbetweencoat ingsandsubstrates.Thefiniteelementanalysis(FEA)wasadoptedtoanalyzethestressdistributioninthespecimensa ndcomputetheJ-integraloftheinterfacialcrackbetweenLX88AcoatingandChineseQ345stee1.Theresultsshowedtha ttheaveragevalueofcritica1J-integralis0.70N/m.whichcanbetakenasthefractureparametertoevaluatetheinterfacia1fr acturebehaviorforthethree—pointbendingspecimensofLX88Acoating/Q345stee1system.Keywords:interfacialcrack;J-integral;coating;three—pointbendingtest;FEA Debondingofthecoatinglayerfromthesubstrate canleadtofailureoftheentirethermalsprayedcoating systemforthermallysprayedcoatings.Sothebond strengthbetweencoatingandsubstrateisanimportant designparameterusedintheestimationofthecoatinglifetime.Generally,thedebondingofcoatingisresultedfromtheextendingofcracksordefectsintheinterface betweencoatingandsubstrate.Therefore,itisnecessary tomeasurebondstrengthusingtheinterfacialfracture mechanicsapproachandfindthefracturecontrolledpa—rameter.Obviously,itisatypicalbi—materialinterface problem.Atpresent,thebendingtests[-]areusedtomeasure thefracturetoughnessofinterfacebetweencoatingsand substratesbymanyresearchers.Whenthecriticalinterfa—cialstressintensityfactor(Kc)orcriticalinterfacia1en—ergyreleaserate(Gc)areusedasthefractureparameters, thecoatings/substratessystemsareexpectedtobehard elasticcoatings/hardelasticsubstrates.Ifthesubstrates areveryflexiblethelargescaleyielding(LSY)would occurinthesubstratesneartheinterfacialcracktipwhen theinterfacialcrackpropagationinitiates.Soitisre—quiredthatthespecimensbetestedwithintheelastic limitofthesubstrates.Forthehardelasticcoat.ings/flexibleelastic-plasticsubstrates,theJ-integralof interfacialcracktipisstudiedasthefractureparameter fortheevaluationofinterfacialtoughnessintherangeof theelastic-plasticfracturemechanics【12-14]. Inthisstudy,thefracturemechanicsexperiments andtheFEAwereadoptedtocomputetheJ-integralof theinterfacialcrackbetweenLX88AcoatingandChinese Q345steel,andthevalidityoftheJ-integralasinterfacial fractureparametersforthree—pointbendingspecimens wasdiscussed.1J-integraloftheinterfacialcrackTheJ-integraliswidelyusedasafracturemechan—icsparameterforbothlinearandnonlinearmaterialre—sponse,anditisdefinedthroughtheenergyreleaserate associatedwithcrackgrowth【,们.Foravirtualcrackadvance2(s)intheplaneofathree—dimensionalcrackinabody,theenergyreleaserateisgivenby=()nHqdA(1)wheredAisasurfaceelementonavanishinglysmall tubularsurfaceenclosingthecracktip;isoutwardlynormaltodA;gisaunitvectorinthelocalvirtualcrackextentiondirection;Hisgivenby:WI一(2)Accepteddate:2007—11—29. SupportedbyTianjinNaturalScienceFoundation(No08JCYBJC09100),NewTeacherRes earchFundfortheDoctoralProgramofHigherEducationofChinafNo200700560961andNewCenturyOutstandingTalentedPers onPlanofChina.XULianyong,bornin1975,male,DrcorrespondencetoJINGHongyang,E—mail:***************XULianyongetahJ-IntegralofInte咖cialCrackBetweenMetal—BaseCeramicCoatingandSteelForelasticmaterialbehavior,Wistheelasticstrainenergy;forelastic—plasticmaterialbehavior,Wisdefined astheelasticstrainenergyplustheplasticdissipation, thusrepresentsthestrainenergyinanequivalentelasticmateria1.ThisimpliesthattheJ-integralcalculationis suitableonlyformonotonicloadingofelastic—plasticma.ingtheFEAresults,theJ-integralvalueoftheinterfacia1crackcanbeachievedthroughtheintegralof Eq.(1)alongthepathABDBAorEFGFE)inFig.1￡Fig.1J-integralpathofinterracialcracktipbetween coatingandsubstrateInaddition.theJ-integralcanbeusedtoanalyzethe fracturebehaviorasthefractureparameterwhentheJ- integralvaluekeepsconservationaccordingtothefrac—turemechanicstheory.WangPtl[171discussedthecon. servationofJ-integralneartheinterfacialcracktip,and confirmedtheconservationusingthenumericalmethod. 2Fracturemechanicsexperiment2.1SpecimenspreparationADZ—-ARC?-400high@tarc??spraysystemwasused toproducethecommercialmetal—baseceramiccoating (LX88A)onthebasemetal(ChineseQ345stee1).The chemica1constitutionsofChineseO345steelandLX88A coatingarepresentedinTab.1andTab.2,respectively. Inthetest,thethree—pointbendingspecimenswere used.Thespecimenconsistsofabi.materialbeam(coat—ingandsubstrate)anditsconfigurationisshowninFig.2.Thecoatingthicknessisabout1.20mm.Thedi—mensionofthesubstrateforthethree—pointbendingtest is100minx9.7mmX9.11Tlnlinlength,widthandthick—ness.respectively.Acentralnotchwhosewidthis0.5 mmwasintroducedacrossthecentralportionofthe specimenusingwireEDM(electricaldischargemachin—ing)technologythroughthethicknessofthecoating.A fatiguecrackalongtheinterfacewasthencreatedfrom thebaseofthenotchonafatigueloadingtestingma-chine.Forthepurposeofanalysis,subscript1indicates thecoating,whereassubscript2denotesthesubstrate. Tab.1ConstitutionofChineseQ345stee1%Tab.2ConstitutionofLX88Acoating%Fig.2Bi—material,notchedthree—pointbendingspecimen withsymmetricalinterfacialcrack2.2Testprocess Threespecimenswerepreparedforthebendingtest. ThespecimenNo.1withthepre—interfacialcrackwas loadedonauniversal—testingmachine(CSS.44100).In theload.onprocess.thevicinityofinterfacialcracktip wasobservedthroughamicro—telescope(Fig.3)inorder toobtainthecriticalloadwhentheinterfacialcrackini—tiationoccurred.Themicro—telescopewasabletotravel inthree—dimensionalorientations.soitcantracethecrack tippositionofthespecimenintheload—onprocess.The imageofcracktipvicinitycanbedisplayedinthecorn—puterscreenthroughaCCDandanimagecollector. Whentheobviouscrackgrowingoccurred,thetestwas ceased.Theloadneededtoberecorded.anditwastaken asthecriticalloadresultingincrackinitiation.Inorderto Fig.3Micro?-telescopeobservingthecracktipofspeci-- menintheload—onprocess一33—TransactionsofTianjinUniversityV o1.15No.2009 observethecrackinitiation.amarking1inehadbeen scratchedaheadofthepre.cracktip.Fig.4isthemicrophotographsofthespecimenNo.1 beforeandaftercrackinitiation.Beforecrackinitiationthedistancebetweencracktipandthemarkinglinewas 0.541mm;aftercrackinitiation,thedistancebecame 0.237mm.ThecracktipmovedtotheleftfromFig.4(a) toFig.4(b).Sotheinterfacialcrackgrewnoticeably.(a)Beforecrackinitiation(b)AtiercrackinitiationFig.4Micr0ph0t0graphsofspecimenNo.1beforeand aftercrackinitiation2.3Testresults Thecriticalloadvaluesofthethreespecimenswhen theinterfacialfractureoccurredarelistedinTab.3. Tab.3Criticalloadofspecimens3Resultsanddiscussion3.1Numericalanalysis Symmetriesaboutthemidsectionsofthebeamde- pictedinFig.2allowtherequisitesolutionstobeOb—tainedbyconsideringaquarterofthecompositebeam (Fig.5(a)).Thefiniteelementsare20一nodequadratic brick,reducedintegrationelements;oneelementhas8 integrationpoints.Themeshofthewholemodelforthis specimenispresentedinFig.5(a).Themeshbecomes denserintheareasurroundingthecracktipandnearthe 一34一interface.Asmallrectangulararea(1mm×1mm) aroundthecracktipwasspeciallyrefined.Thereare threerefinedtipmeshes.Thefinestmeshhas10layers, eachlayerhas32elements;thefinermeshhas8layers, eachlayerhas24elements(aspresentedinFig.5(b)): thecoarsestmeshhas6layers.eachlayerhasl6ele-ments.Thesmallestelementdimensionofthethreere—finedmeshesis0.006mmx0.01mm×0.12mm.0.0lmm×0.016mm×0.12mmand0.015mm×0.02mm×0.12mrn.respectively.TheFEMresultsshowsthestress fieldsnearthecracktipbyusingthethreerefinedmeshesarealmostidentica1.soonlythefinermeshisexhibitedinFig.5.AsshowninFig.5(b),arefinedfocusedmeshis usedintheimmediatevicinityofthecrack.tiDsur—roundedbyarosetteofsingularquarterpointelementsin ordertocapturetheexpectedsquarerootsingularstresses.Arollersupportfixedtheverticaldisplacementatthesupportpoint,whereassymmetrieswereenforcedby inhibitinghorizontaldisplacementsalongthemidsectionofthesubstratelayerinX-directionandbyinhibitingZ- directionaldisplacementalongthemidsectionofthespecimeninZ-direction.Thecracksurfacesweretrac—tion—free.Thethree.dimensionalfiniteelementsolutionswere obtainedwiththegeneralpurposefiniteelementsoftwareABAQUSV ersion6.5一1.1nteInfa1Totalmodelandcracktiptingftrate~(b)ThecracktipregionFig.5Meshusedinthree—dimensionalfiniteelementanalysisXULianyongeta1.J-IntegralofInterfacialCrackBetweenMetal-BaseCeramicCoatingandSteelIntheFEA,theappliedloadvaluewasthecriticaling/Q345steelsystem. Ioadvalueobtainedfrompreviousexperiment.The analysiswaselastic-plastic.Thematerial—propertiesareReferencessh0wninTab.4andFig?6?[1]chara1ambidesPG,LundJ,EvansAG,.Atest Tab.4Materialpropertiesinfracturetest/.1Note:Thecoatingisthelinear-elasticmateria1.IntheFEA,the assumptionthattheyieldstrengthofthecoatingisequaltoavery largevalueismadetoensHrethelinear-elasticdeformbehavior.Fig.6Truestress—straincurveofQ345steel3.2jr-integralofinterfacialcrackAfterthethree.dimensionalfiniteelementanalysis.theJ-integralvaluesofallthespecimenswerecalculated usingthesubroutineintheABAQUSprogram,andthe resultsarelistedinTab.6.Theaveragevalueofis0.70N/m.andtheJ-integralcanbetakenasthefracturepa—rametertoevaluatetheinterfacialfracturebehaviorforthethree-pointbendingspecimensofLX88Acoat.ing/Q345steeIsystem.Tab.6J-integralofinterfacialcracktip4Conclusions Thethree—pointbendingspecimenscontainingthe pre—interfacialcracksintheinterfacebetweentheLX88A coatingandQ345steelwereusedinthefracturemechan. iesexperiments.Thefiniteelementmethodwasadopted toanalyzethestressdistributionofthespecimens.TheJ- integraloftheinterfacecrackwascalculatedbasedonthe FEAresults.Theresultsshowedthattheaveragevalueofis0.70N/mandtheJ-integralcanbetakenasthefrac.tureparametertoevaluatethejnterfacia1fracturebehav—iorforthethree.pointbendingspecimensofLX88Acoat—specimenfordeterminingthefractureresistanceofbimate—rialinterfaces[J].JournalofAppliedMechanics.Transac—tionsoftheASME,1989,56(1):77—82.2JChungHGP,SwainMV,MoriT.Evaluationofthestrain energyreleaserateforthefractureoftitanium..porcelainin.. terfacialbondingEJ].Biomaterials,1997,18(23):1553一l557.13JLiH,KhorKA.CheangP.Y oung'smodulusandfracture toughnessdeterminationofhighvelocityoxy--fuel-?sprayed bioceramiccoatings[J].Su咖ceandCoatingsTechnology, 2002.155(1):21.32.【4jO'DowdNP,ShihCF,StoutMG.Testgeometriesfor measuringinterfacialfracturetoughness[J].International JournalofSolidsandStructures,1992,29(5):571.589.15JBeckerJrTL,McNaneyJM,CannonRMela1. Limitationsontheuseofthemixed.modedelaminating beamtestspecimen:EffectsofthesizeoftheregionofK—dominance[J].MechanicsofMaterials,1997,25(4):291—308.16J0hTaeSung,CannonRMRitchieRO.Subcriticalcrack growthalongceramic—metalinterfaces[J].Journalofthe AmericanCeramicSociety,1987,70(12):C352一C355. 17JCannonRM,DalgleishBJ,DauskardtRHela1.Cyclic fatigue—crackpropagationalongceramic/metalinter. faces.ActaMetallurgicaetMaterialia,1991,39(8): 2145.2156.18JThunG,SchneiderGABahrHAeta1.Toughnessanisot—ropyanddamagebehaviorofplasmasprayedZrO2thermalbarriercoatings[J].SurfaceandCoatingsTechnology. 2000123(2/3):147—158,[9]CaoHC,EvansAG.Anexperimentalstudyoftheffac—tureresistanceofbi—materialinterfaces[J].Mechanicsof Materials,1989,7(4):295—304.【10JHowardSJ,PhillippsAJ,ClyneTW.Theinterpretation ofdatafromthefour—pointbenddelaminationtestto measureinterfacialfracturetoughness[J].Composites, 1993.24(2):103—112.111JMullerD,ChoYR,BergSeta1.Fracturemechanicstests formeasuringtheadhesionofmagnetronsputteredTiN coatingslJj.InternationalJournalofRefractoryMetals andHardMaterials,1996,14:207—211.[12]MoranB,ShihCF.Cracktipandassociateddomaininte—gralsfrommomentumandenergybalance[J].Engineering 一35—TransactionsoJndnJinUniversityV o1.15No.2009 FractureMechanics198727(6):6l5-642.ShihCF,AsaroRJ.Elastic—plasticanalysisofcrackson bi—materialinterfaces(PartI):Smallscaleyielding[J]. JournalofAppliedMechanics,TransactionsoftheASME, 198855(2):299—316.NakamuraT,ParksDM.DeterminationofelasticT—stress alongthree-?dimensionalcrackfrontusinginteractioninte-- grallJj.InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures, 1992,29(13):1597—1611.ParksDM.Thevirtualcrackextensionmethodfornonlin—earmaterialbehaviour[puterMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineeling,1977,12(3):353—364.一36一ShihCF,MoranB,NakamuraT.Energyreleaseratealong athree—dimensionalcrackfrontinathermallystressed body[J].InternationalJournalofFracture,1986,30(2): 79—1O2.WangLimin,ChenHaoran,XuShilang.Conservationlaw andapplicationofJ-integralinmulti—materials[J].Applied MaematicsandMechanics',2001.22(10):1097一l104. XuLianyong,JingHongyang,HuoLixing.Y oung'S modulusandstressintensityfactordeterminationofhigh velocityelectricarcsprayedmetal-basedceramiccoat?- ing[J].SurfaceandCoatingsTechnology2006,201(6): 2399—2406]J]J]jr.1rlr1]J]J]j345r.1rlrl。

自动化外文参考文献（精选120个最新）自动化外文参考文献（精选120个最新）本文关键词：外文，参考文献，自动化，精选，最新自动化外文参考文献（精选120个最新）本文简介：自动化（Automation）是指机器设备、系统或过程（生产、管理过程）在没有人或较少人的直接参与下，按照人的要求，经过自动检测、信息处理、分析判断、操纵控制，实现业绩预期的目标的过程。

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自动化外文释义一：[1]NazriNasir,Sha自动化外文参考文献（精选120个最新）本文内容：自动化（Automation）是指机器设备、系统或过程（生产、管理过程）在没有人或较少人的直接参与下，按照人的要求，经过自动检测、信息处理、分析判断、操纵控制，实现预期的目标的过程。

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自动化外文引文一：[1]Nazri Nasir,Shabudin Mat. An automated visual tracking measurement for quantifying wing and body motion of free-flying houseflies[J]. Measurement,2021,143.[2]Rishikesh Kulkarni,Earu Banoth,Parama Pal. Automated surface feature detection using fringe projection: An autoregressive modeling-based approach[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering,2021,121.[3]Tengyue Fang,Peicong Li,Kunning Lin,NengwangChen,Yiyong Jiang,Jixin Chen,Dongxing Yuan,Jian Ma. Simultaneous underway analysis of nitrate and nitrite inestuarine and coastal waters using an automated integrated syringe-pump-based environmental-water analyzer[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2021,1076.[4]Shengfeng Chen,Jian Liu,Xiaosong Zhang,XinyuSuo,Enhui Lu,Jilong Guo,Jianxun Xi. Development ofpositioning system for Nuclear-fuel rod automated assembly[J]. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing,2021,61.[5]Cheng-Ta Lee,Yu-Ching Lee,Albert Y. Chen. 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