电磁兼容讲义-1

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EMC-1 Dept. of E.E. SJTUChp.1Introduction of EMC1.1 The concept of EMC(ElectromagneticCompatibility)•IEC definition:EMC is a kind fo equipment feature, which means it can work properly in an EM environment, whilst it does not emit un-permitted interference to other devices operating in the same EM environment.•通俗定义:EMC是和谐共存的电磁能量的发射和接收。

•3 essential factors in EMC:EMI source-transfer or coupling way-casualty1.2 Brief History of EMC •1920s,RFI became realistic problem;RFI & Power equipment relationship。

TCs are proposed in US, aimed to develop measurement tech.,carrying out property standards.•1930s,some important technical report is provided. Measurement tech. and instrument is improved. Progress:Power transmission line and radio station produced electric field is measured,limitation of radio noise is founded.•1934in England,>1000 RFI complaint is investigated and analyzed.Power sources, Electric traction, motors, switches are founded as RFI sources.•IEC,IRA International Radio Alliance faced to the problem.CISPR is founded in1933. The first meeting is in 1934. Researches are aimed at RFI measurement method and acceptable upper limit.After 2~3 years, 160~1605kHz meas. devices are basically accepted. 20%amplitude turning depth & 1mV/m field referenced & 40dB signal /noise ratio interference limit is agreed.•Progress:US RFI meas. method report 1940;CISPR test receiver, LISN, field conference proceedings;0.15~18MHz band RFI and field measurement. Regulation;Measurement. of RFI near PTL;160~1605Hz band RFI measurement. & LISN operating regulation;RFI receiver is developed.During World War II and later 25ys •CISPR stopped operating•Military purpose pushed communication and radar development. 1940s,20MHz,1950s, 30MHz,1960s, 1GHz。

Military STD is implements in force. But secret keeping obstruct technical intercourse.•After World War II, CISPR is very active,Canada、Australia & then Asian countries joined,CCIR(国际无线电咨询委员会)joined also,goes to higher freq. and in more detail. Radio TV, PTL ,residential devices, ISM devices are investigated.•FCC, British inst. of Industrial standardization published interference control limits.Progress•1945, U.S. navy and air-force common technical regulation JAN-I-255, covered military RF interference measurement method (20MHz). In 1946, C63.1, 1963, C63.2 (30MHz), and 1964, C63.3 (1GHz).•1967年MIL-STD-462电磁干扰特性的测量,1968年MIL-STD-461发射和敏感度要求。

•CISPR测量方法和仪器标准1958年覆盖30MHz,1961年300MHz,1968年1GHz。

•发明30~300M家电电磁发射的铁氧体钳位测量方法。

•1967年CISPR-4和-5测量方法和仪器规范。

•编制了各种干扰源的测量方法论资料。

•管理部门推出对电磁干扰测量进行国家管理的规章条例。

二战后25-50年•计算机、信息技术、电子测量技术、电信和半导体技术推动EMC发展。

•CISPR16成为完备出版物•CISPR22涵盖IT设备•美国军标继续引领行业•1980年代数字技术全球性增长,使电磁噪声及其容限的问题得到空前关注。

•欧共体1973年成立CENELEC,关于协调EMI和性能限值的共识逐步达成。

•欧共体89/336 EEC EMC指令出台。

产业形成。

发展中技术、军事和经济的交错•技术的发展,带来新的技术问题•军事推动技术发展•技术的进一步发展解决原来技术发展带来的问题•经济推动技术的普及。

•技术成为产业,支撑技术本身的发展,形成新的产业。

1.3 电磁兼容研究的内容关键:数学的表达和定量•干扰源的分析(“干扰”的产生、性质、特征);•干扰(信号)的传播方式和传播途径;•干扰效应(干扰信号对设备会起什么样的坏作用,或者说设备对干扰信号的响应特征);•限制干扰的方法和措施(对干扰源的限制方法和措施;设备防止干扰的方法和措施);•干扰的测量和计算;•干扰模拟(包括干扰条件再现、干扰机理模拟研究等);•抗干扰试验(包括试验方法和试验标准等);•干扰限值及有关法规。

举例•例一:电容器局部放电测试的屏蔽室设计•例二:高压直流换流站中干扰的模拟研究•例三:高压测量系统•例四:雷电电磁脉冲(LEMP)的影响•例五:输电线路和变电所的电磁干扰•例六:电磁兼容标准的研究和制订举例:干扰的再现困难雷电的过程1.4与EMC有关的国际组织•IEC是由国际制造商(团体)组成的关于电气标准规范的国际组织。

它是最有权威性的国际组织之一。

IEC下设78个技术委员会(TC)和4个特别委员会(包括国际无线电特别委员会CISPR)。

其中TC77和CISPR 与EMC密切相关,其他的还有TC41、TC65、TC45、TC57等IEC相关组织•CISPR成立于1934年,是为了研究防止广播接收、通信等受电气设备的干扰而设立的。

主要研究统一的测量方法,并对各种电气设备提出电磁干扰限值的建议。

CISPR 下设7个分委员会(SC):•SC-A 无线电干扰测量及统计方法;•SC-B 来自工科医(ISM)用高频设备的干扰;•SC-C 来自架空线、高压设备及电力牵引系统的干扰;•SC-D 来自汽车和内燃机等方面的干扰;•SC-E 接收机的干扰特性及抗干扰性能;•SC-F 来自电动机、家用电气以及照明器具等的干扰;•SC-G 来自信息技术设备(包括二进制脉冲波形、具有电子计算、情报交换记录或图形再现功能的电气或电子设备等)的电磁干扰及抗干扰性能。

其他组织•在欧洲还有地区性的委员会,例如欧洲联合委员会(EG),制定EG准则。

在EMC方面有CENELEC(电工标准欧洲委员会,布鲁塞尔),制订欧洲标准(EN)。

EN在内容上分成三个等级,一般标准、基本标准和制造标准。

许多欧洲国家的标准都等效采用EN标准,而EN标准中很多采用IEC标准。

•其他的还有IEEE EMC Society,跨国电气电子工程师学会电磁兼容专业委员会。

CIGRE国际大电网会议也成立了专门研究高压线路对通信线路的无线电干扰问题工作组。

Conversion between levels•Absolute level. Without subscription meansthe reference is 1 .V μ12060+=+=dBV dBmV V dB U U U μ6030+=+=dBW dBmW W dB P P P μ•Interference level and signal/noise ratio•Absolute level and relative level are often used for the expression of EMC level.•Absolute level includes:•Useful (signal effective ) level:Absolute level (100%)of signal.•Interference level:Absolute level of interference(some standards provides permitted upper limit of interference level,i.e., maximum permitted interference level.•Interference threshold level:minimum interference level that can cause malfunction or unstable performance of thereceiver at installation location.•Relative level includes:•Signal/noise ratio:useful level -Interference threshold level;•Safety Signal/noise ratio:Interference threshold level -Interference level. The safety of our equipment depends on it.1.8 Electrical dimension and units of length often used in western world1.9 Grounding, neutral andequi-potential bonding •function:ensure the safety of equipment and person;provide signal return path and measurement reference point.•The current flow:signal current;fault current.•identification:•(Neutral, OV-Bus, Signal ground, Control common, Circuit common, Signal reference etc.)•Earth, PE-protection earth, Fault protection, Ground,etc.Grounding resistance(idea semi-sphere electrode)perpendicular electrodesNotice on grounding •Lower resistance:wet,add salt(M g SO4),deep grounding,electric cement•Electric erosive and cathode protection •Material, electrode connection and size, layout and bonding. Reference GB 50074/Ed.2000•Measurement of grounding resistance.•Separation between electrodes S d≥0.3 R d1Problems•Electric length•Single grounding point •Multi-point grounding •Floating ground•Mixed grounding •Grounding of cable shielding.Equi-potential bonding。