专业英语命名法
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Lesson 6N omenclature of Inorganic Chemistry(无机命名法则)The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every inorganic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous formula can be determined.译文:无机化学国际纯粹与应用化学联合会命名法是国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)推荐的系统命名无机化合物。
理想上,每一个无机化合物都应该有一个从中可确定的名称的明确的法则。
The names "caffeine" and "3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione" both signify the same chemical. The systematic name encodes the structure and composition of the caffeine molecule in some detail, and provides an unambiguous reference to this compound, whereas the name "caffeine" just names it. These advantages make the systematic name far superior to the common name when absolute clarity and precision are required. However, for the sake of brevity, even professional chemists will use the non-systematic name almost all of the time, because caffeine is a well-known common chemical with a unique structure. Similarly, H2O is most often simply called water in English, though other chemical names do exist.译文:名称“咖啡因”和“3,7 -二氢- 1 ,3,7 -三甲基氢嘌呤- 2 ,6 -二酮”描述着同样的化学物质。
常见分子式及化学反应式的读法字母部分均按字母名称读出;化学反应式中的符号→,读作yields 或forms ,意即生成: A) H 2O, [eit ʃ] [tu:] [əu] B) C 6H 12O 6 → 2C 2H 5OH + 2CO 2C six H twelve O six yields two C two H five O H plus two C O two. C) NaOH → Na ++ OH -N sub a O H yields N sub a positive plus O H negative.D)1、Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.2、1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.3、 Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.4、Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia.5、At high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place. E)Zinc treated with hydrochloric acid forms hydrogen and zinc chloride. F)Calcium carbonate when heated produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium carbonate is heated to yield calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when it is heated.N 2+3 H 22 NH 3高温,高压催化剂Zn+2 HClZnCl 2+H 2CaCO 3CaO+CO 2Δ化合物命名1、无机物命名无机化合物英文名称的基本构词规律:◆在化合物命名时常用的英文数目词头:•mono-(1), ['mɒnəʊ]•di-(2), [dai]•tri-(3), [trai]•Tetra-(4), ['tetrə]•penta-(5), ['pentə]•hexa-(6),•hepta-(7),•Octa-(8),•nona-(9), ['nəunə]•deca-(10),•undeca-(11),•dodeca-(12)。
-acetal 醛缩醇acetal- 乙酰acid 酸-al 醛alcohol 醇-aldehyde 醛alkali- 碱allyl 丙烯基alkoxy- 烷氧基-amide 酰胺amino- 氨基的-amidine 脒-amine 胺-ane 烷anhydride 酐anilino- 苯胺基aquo- 含水的-ase 酶-ate 含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne 三炔azo- 偶氮benzene 苯bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐bis- 双-borane 硼烷bromo- 溴butyl 丁基-carbinol 甲醇carbonyl 羰基-caboxylic acid 羧酸centi- 10-2chloro- 氯代cis- 顺式condensed 缩合的、冷凝的cyclo- 环deca- 十deci 10-1二-dine 啶dodeca- 十二-ene 烯epi- 表epoxy- 环氧-ester 酯-ether 醚ethoxy- 乙氧基ethyl 乙基fluoro- 氟代-form 仿-glycol 二醇hemi- 半hendeca- 十一hepta- 七heptadeca- 十七hexa- 六hexadeca- 十六-hydrin 醇hydro- 氢或水hydroxyl 羟基hypo- 低级的,次-ic 酸的,高价金属-ide 无氧酸的盐,酰替…胺,酐-il 偶酰-imine 亚胺iodo- 碘代iso- 异,等,同-ite 亚酸盐keto- 酮ketone 酮-lactone 内酯mega- 106meta- 间,偏methoxy- 甲氧基methyl 甲基micro- 10-6milli- 10-3mono- ( mon-) 一,单nano- 10-9nitro- 硝基nitroso- 亚硝基nona- 九nonadeca- 十九octa- 八octadeca- 十八-oic 酸的-ol 醇-one 酮ortho- 邻,正,原-ous 亚酸的,低价金属oxa- 氧杂-oxide 氧化合物-oxime 肟oxo- 酮oxy- 氧化-oyl 酰para- 对位,仲penta- 五pentadeca- 十五per- 高,过petro- 石油phenol 苯酚phenyl 苯基pico- 10-12poly- 聚,多quadri- 四quinque- 五semi- 半septi- 七sesqui 一个半sexi- 六sulfa- 磺胺sym- 对称syn- 顺式,同,共ter- 三tetra- 四tetradeca- 十四tetrakis- 四个thio- 硫代trans- 反式,超,跨tri- 三trideca- 十三tris- 三个undeca- 十一uni- 单,一unsym- 不对称的,偏位-yl 基-ylene 撑(二价基,价在不同原子上)-yne 炔AndrewSiyer:(by monopoly)简单有机物的命名就是主链词头比如propa-/buta-/penta-/hexa--ane/-ene/-yne,然后比如烯炔,1,3-dien-5-yne然后再加-ol/-amine/-al/-one/-oic acid通俗命名法里这些也是可以叠加的,比如phenyl propanol amine系统命名法里,除了主官能团以外的基团就得用取代基词头hydroxy-/amino-/formyl-/oxo- or keto-/carboxyl-。
(7)hepata- (8)octa- (9)nona- (10)deca-无机物英语命名法一单原子离子 1 正离子Cu + copper( I )Cu 2+copper( n )2 负离子 -ideSulfide S 2-Nitride N 3-OxideO 2-氟 fluorine F- fluoride 氯 chlorine Cl-chloride溴 bromine Br- bromide二多原子离子1-ate-iteNO3- nitrate2-CO 3 carbonateNO2- nitriteOH- hydroxideSO42-sulfateSO 32- sulfiteHCO 3-hydrogen carbonatehydrogen sulfate3-H 2PO 4 dihydrogen phosphatelead(IV) oxide金属氢化物一般命名规则:金属名+ hydrideCaH 2 calcium hydrideNaH sodium hydride 非金属氢化物一般命名规则: hydrogen+ 非金属 +ideHCl hydrogen chloride H 2Shydrogensulfide (sulphide)HF hydrogen fluoride SiC 非金属氧化物命名: silicon carbide 非金属名+ n-oxide (l)mono- (2)di- (3)tri- (4)tetra- (5)penta- (6) hexa-HSO 4 Fewest Oxygen Atoms hypo —iteFewer Oxygen Atoms More Oxygen Atoms—ite — ateMost Oxygen Atoms per — ateClO hypochlorite ClO 2 chlorite ClO 3 chlorate ClO 4perchlorate两种元素组成的化合物FeO iron( II ) oxide (ferrous oxide) Fe 2O 3 iron( III ) oxide (ferric oxide)SnCl 4 tin(IV) chloride PbO 2CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxideNO2 nitrogen dioxide N2O4 nitrogen tetraoxideCl2O7 dichlorine heptaoxideClO2 chlorine dioxideSF4 sulfur tetrafluoride SF6 sulfur hexafluorideCrO2 chromium dioxide CrO3 chromium trioxide 四、三种以上元素组成的化合物碱的一般命名规则:金属名(化合价)+hydroxide Sn(0H)2 tin( n ) hydroxideSn(OH)4 tin(IV) hydroxide盐的一般命名规则:金属名(化合价)+酸根名Hg2SO4 mercury( I ) sulfateHgSO4 mercury (n ) sulfateFeSO4 iron(n ) sulfateFe2(SO4)3 iron(山)sulfateNaClO sodium hypochloriteNaClO4 sodium perchlorateKClO 3NaHCO 3含结晶水的hydrate 水合物,unhydrous 无水的,不含水的CuSO4 5H2O copper (II) sulfate pentahydrateCuSO4 unhydrous copper (II) sulfateNaCO31OH2O五无机酸1 不含氧酸hydro- —-ic acideHCl hydrochloric acidHF hydrofluoric acidHBr hydrobromic acidH2S hydrosulfuric acid2 含氧酸-ic正酸把负离子的-ate变为-ic,后边加acidHNO 3 nitric acidH2SO4 sulfuric acidH3PO4-ous亚酸把负离子的-ite变为-ous,后边加acidH2SO3 sulfurous acid3 per- 高某酸hypo- 次某酸HClO 4 perchloric acidHClO hypochlorous acid有机物英语命名法 烷烃的命名普通命名法(中英文)含1〜10个碳的烷烃,称为“某烷”,“某”为词首,采用甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸表示,从 11个碳开始起用中文数字,词尾为“烷”。