奥巴马就职演说的衔接与连贯分析
作者：董晓明
来源：《现代交际》2013年第05期
[摘要]奥巴马的就职演说在美国历史上具有划时代意义。它被公认为是新保守主义的结束、新实用主义奥巴马时代的开始。本文从衔接与连贯的角度对奥巴马就职演说进行个案研究。研究发现了其主要的衔接手段以及全文是如何实现连贯的。本文对于篇章阅读与写作都有一定的指导意义。
[关键词]就职演说衔接连贯语篇
[中图分类号]H052 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349（2013）05-0025-01
引言
演说是在公众场合面对公众发表言论的一种形式。这一语类的交际目的非常明确，即公开地向听众传递信息，表述观点，阐明事理，抒发情感，以期达到感召听众的目的。语篇有结构特征和非结构特征。前者包括信息结构和主位结构，后者主要是通过词汇语法衔接形式体现的。
一、衔接与连贯
自从Hallida和Hasan于1976年合著发表了Cohesion in English之后，“衔接”一词才真正成为语篇分析中一个被广泛使用的术语。他们把衔接分为五类，分别是：指称、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接。其中，指称又可分为：人称指称、指示指称、地点指示词、时间指示词和比较指称。
衔接是实现连贯的手段。它们的最大区别在于：衔接与作者的表达有关，而连贯则与读者的认知有关。学者们普遍认为衔接是通过词汇语法手段实现的，属于语篇的表层结构问题，而连贯则是通过句际的语义和功能关系实现的，属于语篇的深层语义关系。
二、奥巴马就职演说中的衔接与连贯
本文将着重从人称指称、词汇衔接和排比结构三方面对所选文本进行分析。
（一）演说中的人称指称
演说是一种交际行为，故其时间、地点、人物和时间都很清晰。演讲者会使用第一人称代词“I，we”等来指代自己或者大家，用“you”来指代观众。当指称语境外特定的某个人或某些人时，则会用“he，she，they”或者不定代词“someone，anybody”等。如：I stand here today
humbled by the task before us， grateful for the trust you have bestowed， mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation， as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. 这一段中共用8个人称指示语，分别是内指“I，us，you，our”和外指“he，his”。通过“we，I”的使用可以看出，奥巴马并没有自称总统，而将自己视作普通的公民，从而拉近与听众的距离。“you”指称听众，“he和his”指称语境外的布什总统。通过人称指示语的使用，奥巴马在这一部分中充分表达了自己对每个人的感激之情。
（二）连接
Halliday和Hasan曾对衔接做过如此阐释：“通过语篇中的连接性词语，人们可以了解句子之间的语义关系，甚至可以经前句从逻辑上预见后句的语义。”Halliday和Hasan的在Cohesion in English中把连接分为四种类型，即添加、转折、因果和时间。在奥巴马此篇演说中“and，
al so”用来表达添加关系，“but”和“instead”等表示转折关系，“then”表示时间关系。
（三）排比
Michael Hoey在Pattern of Lexis in Text中提到排比也是一种衔接手段。排比可以发生在词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子、段落与段落之间。作为一种强调手法，排比句主要是通过反复使用相同的句法结构形成相对平衡的排列来达到其强调和增进气势的效果。排比结构这一突出的显性特征使其必然成为语篇衔接的一部分。在奥巴马演讲中这一技巧被广泛使用。例如：This is the price and the promise of citizenship. This is the source of our confidence-the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed.通过排比结构的使用，奥巴马气势磅礴地表达了重树历史的决心，同时也强有力地唤醒了国民的斗志。
（四）认知因素对连贯的影响
通过以上三种主要衔接手段，连贯还与听话人或读者的认知密切相关。这一点在本语料中尤为明显。演说的主线是历时排列的历史事件。对历史事件按照时间顺序进行回顾后得出结论：要重树美国信心。这一连贯的实现可以体现在下面的选段中：“…mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors”，“Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath”，“In the year of A merica’s birth…”
三、结语
本文从衔接与连贯的视角对奥巴马就职演说进行了分析。分析发现，其主要的衔接手段是人称指示语、词汇衔接和排比。这些衔接手段对于语篇连贯的实现尤为重要。与此同时，听众对于外部世界的认知也是实现连贯的主要因素。因此，本文对于篇章阅读与写作都有一定的指导意义。但就演说而言，衔接与连贯只是构成语篇的主要词汇语法手段之一。除此之外，演说者的语音语调、逻辑性、主位推进等因素同样有待研究。
奥巴马就职演讲稿原文 [ 2008-11-05 14:37 ] If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. It’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference. It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled – Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America. It’s the answer that led those who have been told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and
Hello, Chicago. If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is aplace where all things ar e possible, who still wonders if the dreamof our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is youranswer. 美国是一个一切皆有可能的地方，如果还有人对这一点心存怀疑，如果还有人怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们时代是否还有活力，还有人怀疑我们民主制度的力量，那么，你们今晚正是对那些疑问作出了回答。 It’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers thi s nation hasnever seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for th e first time in their lives,because they believed that this time must be different, that th eir voices could be that difference. 在学校和教堂周围所出现的前所未有的长队是答案，这个国家从未见过这么多的人前来投票，人们排三个、四个小时的队来进行有生以来的第一次投票，因为他们相信这一次将会不同，他们发出的声音可能就是那个差别。 It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, bl ack, white,Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled. Americans who sent amessage to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of redstates and blue states. 这是一个年轻人和年老人、富人和穷人、民主党人和共和党人、黑人、白人、西班牙裔人、亚裔、印第安人、同性恋和异性恋、残障人士和健全人士所作出的回答。美国人向世界发出一个信息：我们从不只是一些个人的累加或者“红色州”和“蓝色州”的累加。 We are, and always will be, the United States of America. 我们是，并且永远是美利坚合众国。 It’s the answer that led those who’ve been told for so long by so many to be cynical a nd fearful anddoubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of hist ory and bend it once moretoward the hope of a better day. 这是一个引导人们的答案，太多的人在很长的时间内给他们说这个答案，以至于他们对此持愤世疾俗的态度，对我们是否可以再一次把握历史的希望感到担心和怀疑。 It’s been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this date in this e lection at thisdefining moment change has come to America. 已经过去了很长时间，但是今晚，由于我们今天在这场选举所采取的行动，在这个决定性的时候，变革来到了美国。 A little bit earlier this evening, I received an extraordinarily gracious call from Sen. M cCain. 今晚早些时候，我接到来自参议员麦凯恩的一个极具风度的电话。
英文版 MR. OBAMA: Vice President Biden, Mr. Chief Justice, Members of the United States Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow citizens: Each time we gather to inaugurate a president, we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution. We affirm the promise of our democracy. We recall that what binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names. What makes us exceptional – what makes us American – is our allegiance to an idea, articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of H appiness.” Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time. For history tells us that while these truths may be self-evident, they have never been self-executing; that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth. The patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the tyranny of a king with the privileges of a few or the rule of a mob. They gave to us a Republic, a government of,
My fellow citizens: 各位同胞： I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. 今天我站在这里，为眼前的重责大任感到谦卑，对各位的信任心怀感激，对先贤的牺牲铭记在心。我要谢谢布什总统为这个国家的服务，也感谢他在政权转移期间的宽厚和配合。 Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. 四十四位美国人发表过总统就职誓言，这些誓词或是在繁荣富强及和平宁静之际发表，或是在乌云密布，时局动荡之时。在艰困的时候，美国能箕裘相继，不仅因为居高位者有能力或愿景，也因为人民持续对先人的抱负有信心，也忠于创建我国的法统。 So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. 因此，美国才能承继下来。因此，这一代美国人必须承继下去。 That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. 现在大家都知道我们正置身危机核心，我国正处于对抗深远暴力和憎恨的战争。我们的经济元气大伤，是某些人贪婪且不负责任的后果，也是大众未能做出艰难的选择，为国家进入新时代做淮备所致。许多人失去房子，丢了工作，生意垮了。我们的医疗照护太昂贵，学校教育辜负了许多人。每天都有更多证据显示，我们利用能源的方式壮大我们的对敌，威胁我们的星球。 These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. 这些都是得自资料和统计数据的危机指标。比较无法测量但同样深沉的，是举国信心尽失—持续担心美国将无可避免地衰退，也害怕下一代一定会眼界变低。 Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met. 今天我要告诉各位，我们面临的挑战是真的，挑战非常严重，且不在少数。它们不是可以轻易，或在短时间内解决。但是，美国要了解，这些挑战会被解决。 On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
2012年奥巴马就职演讲稿(中文版)https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d2088064.html, 撰稿：Figure Zhang（From S.C.V.C.W.C）www.mi https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d2088064.html, 时间：August 21th.2012 w https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d2088064.html, 翻译：摩登高材w ww.59k https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d2088064.html, 让我们迎接一个更美好的明天w https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d2088064.html, 尊敬的联邦大法官约翰·罗伯茨先生、我的同胞们：插画手绘 今天我们在这里隆重集会，庆祝一个重要的日子——经全美人民推选出来的总统的就职典礼！我很开心，因为美国人民再次选举了我来领导世界上一流的超级大国——美利坚合众国！这种荣誉和自豪是难以用语言形容的，也许只有你自己身处美国总统的位置才能体会我此时的心情！感谢伟大美国人民对我的信任与支持，感谢大家前来参加我的就职仪式，感谢我的太太米歇尔女士和女儿萨莎、玛利亚对我的爱和鼓励！文艺青年 四年前，同样是在这里，我第一次当选总统后在这里宣誓就职。那时，正是全球经济危机最为困难的时期。为了改善美国经济糟糕的状况，上任后，我与我的团队共同努力、扎实工作、在国内推行了一系列的经济改革法案和社会福利政策，竭力要提高民众的就业率和社会福利待遇。我们做了，虽然说成绩不够显著，但下届政府仍将沿着之前尚未完成的任务，一步一个脚印面对险阻继续前进。用富有标榜的成绩使大家看到一个拥有美好明天的美国！微电影排行榜 手工制作 上届政府工作的成效，我想大家都有目共睹的。尤其是在国际安全问题上，我们成功击毙了基地头号大亨本拉登，为我们在9-11恐怖袭击中遇难的兄弟姐妹们报了仇、血了恨！同时也极大的鼓舞了美国人民反恐的决心和信心，为我们创造了一个和平安宁的国际环境的目标又走近了成功的一步！此外，我们还结束了长达8年的伊拉克战争，顺利地撤军伊拉克，让他们自己来管理国家事务，把民主自由、和平安宁交给了他们。而军人的凯旋回归证明了我们国家的战斗力无坚不摧、军人素质和军事力量是一支强劲的王者之师。这还让我们的军人及其家人更加安心，因为他们可以团聚了，亲人们再以不用忐忑不安地惦记他们，军人则也免除了受战争带来牺牲的风险，这一切无论对我国还是伊拉克来说都是一件喜事、好事！百度影音 本届政府将在原来政策和方针下，进一步完善和改进未完成的任务。用灵活新颖工作模式，努力处理好国内事务和国际事件。经济、就业、安全、社会福利是国内事务必须做好的四个点，因为这些因素是制约美国发展进步的关键，只有把这些做好了，才能为大家交上一份满意的答卷，才能做到我作为一名总统的职责。在国际问题上，我们会继续加强巩固与原盟国关系，并协调好和一些国家、地区间的关系。在东欧导弹部署问题上，我们将会以美国及其盟国利益为第一的基础上和某些国家和平谈判。但是，要知道作为世界和平卫士的美国推行的全球
2017年奥巴马就职演讲稿英文原稿(附中文翻译) 篇一：奥巴马就职演讲稿中英文对照 奥巴马就职演讲稿中英文对照 (CNN) -- Barack Obama was sworn in as the 44th president of the United States and the nation's first African-American president Tuesday. This is a transcript of his prepared speech. In his speech Tuesday, President Obama said America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace. My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebearers, and true to our founding documents. So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land -- a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America: They will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics. We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside
美国东部时间1月20日中午12时左右，美国第44任总统贝拉克-奥巴马发表就职演说，全文如下：各位同胞： 今天我站在这里，为眼前的重责大任感到谦卑，对各位的信任心怀感激，对先贤的牺牲铭记在心。我要谢谢布什总统为这个国家的服务，也感谢他在政权转移期间的宽厚和配合。 四十四位美国人发表过总统就职誓言，这些誓词或是在繁荣富强及和平宁静之际发表，或是在乌云密布，时局动荡之时。在艰困的时候，美国能箕裘相继，不仅因为居高位者有能力或愿景，也因为人民持续对先人的抱负有信心，也忠於创建我国的法统。 因此，美国才能承继下来。因此，这一代美国人也必须承继下去。 现在大家都知道我们正置身危机核心，我国正在与四处蔓延的暴力和憎恨作战。我们的经济元气大伤——这既是某些人贪婪且不负责任的後果，也是大众未能做出艰难的选择，对国家进入新时代做准备不足所致。许多人失去房子，丢了工作，生意萧条。我们的医疗太昂贵，学校教育让人失望。每天都有更多证据显示，我们利用能源的方式壮大我们的对敌，威胁我们的星球。 这些都是得自资料和统计数据的危机指标。比较无法测量但同样深沉的，是举国信心尽失——持续担心美国将无可避免地衰退，也害怕下一代一定会眼界变低。 今天我要告诉各位，我们面临的挑战是真的，挑战非常严重，且不在少数。它们不是可以轻易，或在短时间内解决。但是，美国要了解，这些挑战会被解决。 在这一天，我们聚在一起，因为我们选择希望而非恐惧，有意义的团结而非纷争和不合。
在这一天，我们来此宣示，那些无用的抱怨和虚伪的承诺已终结，那些扭曲我们政治已久的相互指控和陈旧教条已终结。 我们仍是个年轻的国家，但借用圣经的话，摆脱幼稚事物的时刻到来了，重申我们坚忍精神的时刻到来了，选择我们更好的历史，实践那种代代传承的珍贵权利，那种高贵的理念：就是上帝的应许，我们每个人都是平等的，每个人都是自由的，每个人都应该有机会追求全然的幸福。 再次肯定我们国家的伟大，我们了解伟大绝非赐予而来，必须努力达成。我们的旅程从来就不是抄捷径或很容易就满足。这条路一直都不是给不勇敢的人走的，那些偏好逸乐胜过工作，或者只想追求名利就满足的人。恰恰相反，走这条路的始终是勇於冒险的人，做事的人，成事的人，其中有些人很出名，但更常见的是在各自岗位上的男男女女无名英雄，在这条漫长崎岖的道路上支撑我们，迈向繁荣与自由。 为了我们，他们携带很少的家当，远渡重洋，追寻新生活。 为了我们，他们胼手胝足，在西部安顿下来；忍受风吹雨打，筚路蓝缕。 为了我们，他们奋斗不懈，在康科特和盖茨堡，诺曼地和溪山等地葬身。 前人不断的奋斗与牺牲，直到双手皮开肉绽，我们才能享有比较好的生活。他们将美国视为大於所有个人企图心总和的整体，超越出身、财富或小圈圈的差异。 这是我们今天继续前进的旅程。我们仍旧是全球最繁荣强盛的国家。这场危机爆发时，我们的劳工生产力并未减弱。我们的心智一样创新，我们的产品和劳务和上周或上个月或去年相比，一样是必需品。我们的能力并未减损。但是我们墨守成规、维护狭小利益、推迟引人不悦的决定，这段时期肯定已经过去。从今天起，我们必须重新出发、再次展开再造美国的工程。
奥巴马获胜演讲全文 President-elect Barack Obama smiles as he gives his acceptance speech at Grant Park in Chicago Tuesday night, Nov. 4, 2008. 以下是奥巴马(Barack Obama)竞选总统成功后在芝加哥演讲准备的讲稿: If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference. It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled – Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America. It's the answer that led those who have been told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful of what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day. It's been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America. I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain. He fought long and hard in this campaign, and he's fought even longer and harder for the country he loves. He has endured sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, and we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader. I congratulate him and Governor Palin for all they have achieved, and I look forward to working with them to renew this nation's promise in the months ahead. I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of
奥巴马第一任就职演说 篇一：奥巴马第44任第57届总统就职演讲(中英文)完美版 当地时间美国东部20XX年1月21日中午，美国国会山，美国第44任第57届总统贝拉克·奥巴马发表就职演说，全文如下： mR.oBama: VicePresidentBiden,mr.chiefJustice,membersoftheUnitedStatescongress,d istinguishedguests,andfellowcitizens: Eachtimewegathertoinaugurateapresident,webearwitnesstotheenduringstr engthofourconstitution.weaffirmthepromiseofourdemocracy.werecallthat whatbindsthisnationtogetherisnotthecolorsofourskinorthetenetsofourfaitho rtheoriginsofournames.whatmakesusexceptional–whatmakesusamerican – isourallegiancetoanidea,articulatedinadeclarationmademorethantwocentur iesago: “weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheya reendowedbytheircreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thatamongtheseare Life,Liberty,andthepursuitofHappiness.”Todaywecontinueanever-endingjourney,tobridgethemeaningofthosewords withtherealitiesofourtime.Forhistorytellsusthatwhilethesetruthsmaybeself-evident,theyhaveneverbeenself-executing;thatwhilefreedomisagiftfromGo
My fellow citizens: 我的同胞们： I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. 今天我站在这里，看到眼前面临的重大任务，深感卑微。我感谢你们对我的信任，也知道先辈们为了这个国家所作的牺牲。我要感谢布什总统为国家做出的贡献，以及感谢他在两届政府过渡期间给与的慷慨协作。 Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. 迄今为止，已经有44个美国总统宣誓就职。总统的宣誓有时面对的是国家的和平繁荣，但通常面临的是乌云密布的紧张形势。在紧张的形势中，支持美国前进的不仅仅是领导人的能力和远见，也在于美国人民对国家先驱者理想的信仰，以及对美国立国文件的忠诚。 So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. 前辈们如此，我们这一代美国人也要如此。 That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our healthcare is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. 现在我们都深知，我们身处危机之中。我们的国家在战斗，对手是影响深远的暴力和憎恨；国家的经济也受到严重的削弱，原因虽有一些人的贪婪和不负责任，但更为重要的是我们作为一个整体在一些重大问题上决策失误，同时也未能做好应对新时代的准备。我们的人
奥巴马励志演讲稿(精选多篇) 奥巴马竞选演讲稿 2014年11月07日星期五下午10:42 请在此处输入标题 hello, chicago! 芝加哥，你好！ if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 假如还有人不相信美国是一个不存在不可能的地方，还有人怀疑开国之父们的
梦想依然在影响着我们这个时代，还有人质疑美利坚民主的力量，那么，他们的疑惑在今夜得到了解答。 it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference. 在学校和教堂外面，人们排起了长长的队伍，人数之多在美国历史上前所未有。为了投上自己的一票，他们可以等待三个小时、四个小时。许多人是一生中第一次参加投票，因为他们坚信这一次必须有所变革，而他们的声音将举足轻重。 it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican, black, white, latino,
奥巴马就职演说英文版（极好的口语材料，去背吧） My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics. We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sanh. Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual