isotonic dehydration occurs when the fluid lost is isotonic with serum, as in sweating, simple enteritis, nephrosis. There are therefore no errors of electrolyte balance likely to result. The concentration of sodium is in the normal range. hypotonic dehydration occurs when there is loss of both sodium and fluid .The serum sodium level falls below 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal. hypertonic dehydration A condition caused by the excessive loss of water from the body，which there is less electrolyte loss than water.The serum sodium level is over 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal. water intoxication/dilutional hyponatremia an increase in the volume of free water in the body. Common causes are excessive ingestion of water, increased infusions of hypotonic IV solutions, or excess secretions of antidiuretic hormone(ADH). Clinical manifestations are abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and dizziness. It can potentially lead to convulsions and coma. hypokalemia an abnormally low serum potassium level(<3.5mmol/L). Hypokalemia may occur in metabolic alkalosis, chronic diarrhea, Cushing syndrome, primary aldosteronism, and excessive use of cortisone, or ACTH. hyperkalemia abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood(above 5.5mmol/L), most often due to defective renal excretion, as in kidney disease, severe and extensive burns, intestinal obstruction, diabetes mellitus, acute renal failure and hypoadrenocorticism. metabolic acidosis Decreased pH(below 7.35) and bicarbonate concentration of the body fluids caused either by the accumulation of excess acids stronger than carbonic acid or by abnormal losses of bicarbonate from the body. metabolic alkalosis An increase in the alkalinity of body fluids due to an increase in alkali intake or a decrease in acid concentration, as from vomiting. pH is over 7.45. respiratory acidosis Acidosis that is caused by retention of carbon dioxide, due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation or hypoventilation, and that results in a decrease in blood pH unless compensated for by renal retention of bicarbonate. respiratory alkalosis an abnormal condition characterized by a high plasma pH(over 7.45) resulting from increased alveolar ventilation. The consequent acceleration of carbon dioxide excretion lowers the plasma level of carbonic acid, thus raising plasma pH. The hyperventilation may be caused by pulmonary and nonpulmonary problems. Some pulmonary causes are acute asthma, pulmonary vascular disease, and pneumonia. Some nonpulmonary causes are aspirin toxicity, anxiety, fever etc. acepsis the exclusion of all microorganisms before they can enter an open surgical wound or contaminate a sterile field during surgery sterilization the process of destroying all microorganisms and their pathogenic products. It is accomplished by heat (wet steam or dry heat ) or by bactericidal chemical compounds. disinfection The process or act of destroying pathogenic microorganisms. However, certain bacterial spores may survive and germinate which could lead to contamination. blood transfusion the administration of whole blood or a component, such as packed red cells, to replace blood lost through trauma, surgery, or disease,in order to supplement blood volume, improve circulatory function and oxygen-carrying ability, increase the plasma protein and enhance immunity and coagulation function. hematocrit HCT a measure of the packed cell volume of red cells, expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume. The normal range is between 43% and 49% in men and between 37% and 43% in women. tansfusion reaction a group of clinical signs due to antibody in the recipient's blood reacting with the transfused red blood cells when blood for transfusion is incorrectly matched, or when the recipient has an adverse reaction to some element of the donor blood. SIRS an inflammatory state affecting the whole body, frequently a response of the immune system to infection, but not necessarily so. It is related to sepsis, a condition in which individuals both meet criteria for SIRS and have a known or highly suspected infection. Temperature < 36oC or > 38oC Heart rate > 90 beats/min Respiratory rate pCO2 < 32 mm Hg or > 20 breaths/min WBC count < 4 x 109 or > 12 x 109 or , or the presence of > 0.10 immature neutrophils transfusion-related acute lung injury TRALI a syndrome seen in persons receiving transfusions, characterized by pulmonary edema, dyspnea, hypoxemia, hypotension, and fever; it is thought to be a reaction to antibodies or other components of the donor blood product. Patients need oxygen support, and in some cases the syndrome can be fatal. transfusion associated graft versus host disease is a rare complication of blood transfusion, in which the donor T lymphocytes mount an immune response against the recipient's lymphoid tissue. Donor lymphocytes are usually identified as foreign and destroyed by the recipient's immune system. However, in situations where the recipient is immunocompromised, or when the donor is homozygous and the recipient is heterozygous for an HLA haplotype , the recipient's immune system is not able to destroy the donor lymphocytes. This can result in graft versus host disease. autologous blood transfusion/autotransfusion Infusion of blood or blood products into the individual from whom they were originally withdrawn. fresh frozen plasma FFP an unconcentrated form of blood plasma containing all of the clotting factors except platelets. It can be used to supplement red blood cells when whole blood is not available for exchange transfusion or to correct a
