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常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）模拟试题及详解（二）I.Fill in the blanks1._____’s poems have the musical quality and romantic beauty.The Raven is his best-known poem.【答案】Edgar Allan Poe【解析】爱伦·坡的诗歌富有音乐感和浪漫主义色彩，《乌鸦》是最知名的一首。
2.Harriet Beecher Stowe’s masterpiece is_____.【答案】Uncle Tom’s Cabin【解析】比彻·斯托夫人(Harriet Beecher Stowe1811-1896)的名作长篇小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》（Uncle Tom’s Cabin）是19世纪最畅销的小说（以及第二畅销的书，仅次于最畅销的书《圣经》）并被认为是刺激1850年代废奴主义兴起的一大原因。
3._____is the novel into which Jack London put most of himself.【答案】Martin Eden【解析】杰克·伦敦名作《马丁·伊登》（Martin Eden）是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说。
4.The Age of Realism is also what Mark Twain referred to as“_____”.【答案】The Gilded Age【解析】现实主义时期被马克吐温看作“镀金时代”。
5.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____”movement.【答案】imagism【解析】庞德是意象主义运动的领军人物。
6.Benjamin Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece_____.【答案】The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin【解析】本杰明·富兰克林文学上最大的成就体现在他的作品《本杰明·富兰克林自传》上。
陶洁《美国⽂学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】第10单元斯蒂芬?克莱恩10.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）1. Life（⽣平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国⼩说家、短篇⼩说家、诗⼈、记者。
他在短暂的⼀⽣中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国⾃然主义和印象主义的早期范例。
他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。
2. Major Works（主要作品）Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头⼥郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红⾊英勇勋章》“The Open Boat” (1897) 《海上扁⾈》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky (1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel (1898) 《蓝⾊旅店》Ⅱ. Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁⾈》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences. While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida. Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore. This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.Th e most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个⼈经历。
第二部分模拟试题第1章常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）模拟试题及详解（一）I.Fill in the blanks1.Thomas Paine’s second most important work_____was an impassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.【答案】The Rights of Man【解析】1791年3月，托马斯·潘恩在伦敦出版《人权论》，激烈抨击埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke，1729—1797）的《法国革命感言录》（Reflections on the Revolution in France）（1790）。
《人权论》的可贵之处还在于，它冲破了当时笼罩于整个西方思想界对英国君主立宪政体的迷信，深入骨髓地批判了这一政体，给当时还处于摸索状态的法国革命指明了共和主义的崭新方向。
2._____was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism.【答案】Washington Irving【解析】华盛顿·欧文是美国著名作家，他被誉为美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家。
3.In_____,Whitman’s own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young growing America.【答案】Song of Myself【解析】在惠特曼的《自我之歌》中他将自己早期的经历同一个正在成长中的美国等同起来。
4.The great work_____not only demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau’s own transcendental philosophy.【答案】Self-Reliance【解析】富兰克林的《论自立》不仅表现了爱默生关于自立的思想，同时也表达了他的超验主义思想。
吴定柏《美国⽂学⼤纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】第8章现代诗歌8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Modernism3. Imagism(1) Emergence(2) Major features(3) CommentⅡ. Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅢ. Thomas Stearns Elliot (1888-1968)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Views of Poetry4. Major FeaturesⅤ. E. A. Robinson (1869-1935)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CharacteristicsⅥ. Robert Lee Frost (1874-1963)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CommentⅦ. Contemporary American PoetryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundIn the 20th century, two characteristic strains in American poetry are introspection and social criticism. But they were often combined together.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景20世纪，美国诗歌有两⼤类型，即内省和社会批判。
但是两种类型经常结合在⼀起。
2. Modernism(1) Modernism dramatized severance from the past while using the past, its valuesand artistic forms in new literary production.(2) Modernists had a sense of fragmentation in social communities and the individual himself.(3) The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong break withtraditional forms and techniques of expression.2. 现代主义(1) 现代主义与过去相隔离，但同时也在新的⽂学作品中使⽤过去的观点和艺术形式。
第5章霍桑·麦尔维尔Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Pearl is a character in_____written by_____.[大连外国语学院2007研]【答案】The Scarlet Letter,Nathaniel Hawthorne【解析】Pearl是美国作家Nathaniel Hawthorne小说《红字》中的人物。
2.As a reflection of Hester Prynne’s moral development,the_____symbolically undergoes a gradual and imperceptible change from“_____”to“able”and last to“angel”.[天津外国语学院2008研]【答案】scarlet letter A,adultery【解析】霍桑的小说《红字》中海斯特·白兰经历了道德的洗礼，红字A的含义也逐渐由“通奸”转变为“能干”以至后来的“天使”3.Tashtego,Daggoo and Queequeg are the three main harpooners in the novel _____.[首师大2008研]【答案】Moby Dick【解析】这三个人是《莫比·狄克》里的捕鲸手。
4.The way in which_____wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American puritan moralism.【答案】Nathaniel Hawthorne【解析】纳撒尼尔·霍桑的小说《红字》暗示了美国浪漫主义遵循美国清教伦理道德。
5.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne’s novel_____.【答案】The Scarlet Letter【解析】海斯特·白兰是霍桑小说《红字》中的女主人公。
常耀信《美国⽂学简史》（第3版）章节题库-第⼗六章⾄第⼗七章【圣才出品】第16章安德森·斯坦·刘易斯·凯瑟·沃尔夫Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Winesburg,Ohio was written by_____.[⼤连外国语学院2007研]【答案】Sherwood Anderson【解析】《俄亥俄州的温斯堡》（或译《⼩城畸⼈》）是美国⼆⼗世纪早期⼩说家舍伍德·安德森（Sherwood Anderson）的⼀部著名⼩说。
2.Two writers played important roles in making Faulkner what he later became. _____helped him to write and publish his first novel Soldier’s Pay and_____was his idol and inspired him to write creatively.【答案】Sherwood Anderson;James Joyce【解析】安德森和乔伊斯对福克纳的⽂学创作产⽣了很⼤影响。
3.The author of Main Street is_____.【答案】Sinclair Lewis【解析】《⼤街》的作者是⾟克莱·刘易斯，他是第⼀个获得诺贝尔⽂学奖的美国⼈。
4.An American woman writer named_____who had lived in Paris since1903, welcomed the young expatriates to her literary salon,and gave them a name “the Lost Generation”.【答案】Gertrude Stein【解析】美国作家格特鲁德·斯坦因于1903年移居法国巴黎并开始组织⼀个著名的沙龙，海明威、菲茨杰拉尔德等⼈都来过这⾥。
常耀信《美国⽂学简史》（第3版）章节题库-第⼗三章⾄第⼗四章【圣才出品】第13章弗罗斯特·桑德堡·卡明斯·哈特·克兰·穆尔Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.In Robert Frost’s______,the speaker tells us how the course of his life was determined when he came upon two roads that diverted in a wood.【答案】The Road not Taken【解析】《未选择的路》是美国著名诗⼈罗伯特·弗罗斯特的著名诗篇。
这⾸深邃的哲理诗展现了现实⽣话中⼈们处在⼗字路⼝时难以抉择的⼼情。
2.Robert Frost poetry focused on the landscape and people in_______.【答案】New England【解析】弗罗斯特的抒情诗主要描写了⼤⾃然和农民，尤其是新英格兰的景⾊和北⽅的农民。
3._____combined traditional verse forms with a clear American local speech rhythm，forming his own characteristic.【答案】Robert Frost【解析】弗罗斯特将传统诗歌形式与美国本⼟⼝语体结合起来，形成了独特的诗歌特点。
4.At one time,Sandburg’s reputation mainly rested on a multi-volume biography of_____including The Prairie Years and The War Years.【答案】Abraham Lincoln【解析】卡尔·桑德堡（Carl Sandburg）美国现代诗⼈及传记作家。
第7章埃德加·爱伦·坡Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.In consideration of the beauty of poems,_____concludes that“the death of a beautiful woman is unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world.”[天津外国语学院2007研]【答案】Edgar Allan Poe【解析】爱伦·坡认为，美的效应在于使灵魂激动而变得高尚；无论哪种美，其最高形式必然使敏感的灵魂悲泣。
因此，诗的基调应该是“忧郁”。
人最感到忧郁的事莫过于死，而最富于诗意的死莫过于心爱的年轻美女离世。
2._____is regarded as the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the detective story. [首师大2008研]【答案】Edgar Allan Poe【解析】爱伦·坡被认为是精神分析批评之父和侦探小说的鼻祖。
3._____is generally thought of as the true beginner of the short stories because he was the first writer who formulated poetics of the short stories.【答案】Edgar Allan Poe【解析】爱伦·坡被视作短篇小说的真正始祖因为他是第一个在小说中赋予了诗意的作家。
4._____is usually acknowledged as the originator of detective stories.He is also credited with developing many of the standard features of detective fiction.His detective M August Dupin of Murders in the Rue Morgue and The Purloined letter is the forerunner of a long line of fictional detectives who are eccentric and brilliant.【答案】Edgar Allan Poe【解析】爱伦·坡被视作侦探小说的鼻祖。
美国文学作者作品Edwards: 爱德华兹The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言）The PoetHenry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗Walden 《瓦尔登湖》Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》Herman Melville:赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick《白鲸》Omoo《欧穆》Mardi《玛地》Typee 《泰比》Redburn 《雷德本》White Jacket 《白外衣》Pierre《皮埃尔》Billy Budd《比利伯德》Benito Gereno《班纳托西兰尼》Walt Whitman:沃尔特·惠特曼Leaves of Grass《草叶集》Songs of Myself《自我之歌》There was a Child Went Forth《有个小孩走过来》I Sing the Body Electric《我歌唱带电的肉体》Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking《走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮》Emily Dickenson:艾米莉·狄金森My Life Closed Twice before Its Close《我的生命已结束过两次》Because I Can’t Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死亡》I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I died《我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声》Mine—by the Right of the White Election《我的丈夫—选择如意情人的权利》Wild Nights—Wild Nights《暴风雨夜》William Dean Howells:豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》Henry James:亨利·詹姆斯The American《美国人》Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇的画像》The Ambassadors《专使》The Wings of Dove《鸽翼》The Golden Bowl《金碗》Harriet Beecher Stowe:哈丽叶特·比切·斯托Oldtown Folks《老城的人们》Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Bret Harte:布勒特·哈特The Luck of Roaring Camp《咆哮营的幸运儿》Hamlin Garland:哈姆林·加兰Main-Traveled Roads《大路条条》Sarah Orne Jewett:萨拉·奥恩·朱亚特Deephaven《深深拥有》Kate Chopin:凯特·肖邦Bayou Folk《路易斯安娜移民》A Night in Acadie《爱克迪之夜》The Awakening《觉醒》Mark Twain:马克吐温The Gilded Age《镀金时代》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·芬历险记》Mysterious Stranger《神秘的陌生人》The Innocents Abroad《傻子出国记》Mark Twain Autobiography《马克吐温自传》Stephen Crane:斯蒂芬·克莱恩A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》The Open Boat《海上扁舟》The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》The Black Riders《黑骑手》Frank Norris:弗兰克·诺里斯McTeague《麦克提格》The Octopus《章鱼》The Pit《深渊》The Responsibilities of the Novelist《小说家的责任》Theodore Dreiser:西奥多·德莱塞Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》The Financier《金融家》The Titan《巨人》The Stoic《斯多葛》The Genius《天才》An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》Jack London:杰克·伦敦The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》White Fang《白牙》The Sea Wolf《海狼》Martin Eden《马丁·伊登》The People of the Abyss《深渊中的人们》The Iron Heel《铁蹄》O·Henry:欧·亨利The Gift of the Magi《麦琪的礼物》After Twenty Years《二十年后》The Furnished Room《带家具出租的房间》Cope and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》The Last Piece of Ivy Leaves《最后一片常春藤叶》Upton Sinclair: 厄普顿·辛克莱The Jungle《丛林》Ezra Pound:埃兹拉·庞德Cathay《华夏集》The Cantos《诗章》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·塞尔温·毛伯利》T·S·Eliot:艾略特The Waste Land《荒原》Four Quartets《四个四重奏》Ash Wednesday《圣灰星期三》Hollow Man《空心人》The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock 《杰·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Harmoniun《风琴》Collected Poems《诗集》Best-known poems: The Emperor of Ice-Cream《冰激凌皇帝》Anecdote of the Jar《坛子的故事》Sunday Morning《星期天早晨》The Idea of Order at Key West《基维斯特的秩序观念》William Carlos William威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯Paterson《帕特森》Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特Poetry Anthology:A Boy’s Will《少年意志》North of Boston《波士顿以北》Mountain Interval《山间》New Hampshire《新罕普什尔》West-Running Brook《西流的溪涧》A Further Range《又一片牧场》A Witness Tree《一株作证的树》Well-known poem: The Road Not Taken《未选择的路》Carl Sandburg卡尔桑德堡Chicago Poems《芝加哥诗抄》Cornhuskers《剥玉米的人》The American Songbag《美国民歌集成》The Prairie Years《草原年代》The War Years《战争年代》The People, Yes《人民，是的》Complete Poems《诗歌全集》E·E·Cummings肯明斯The Enormous Room《巨大的房子》Hart Crane哈特·克兰The Bridge《桥》Marianne Moore玛丽安·穆尔Collected Poems《诗集》F·Scott Fitzgerald费茨杰拉德This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》Tender is the Night《夜色温柔》Tales of the Jazz《爵士乐时代的故事》The Beautiful and the Damned《漂亮冤家》The Last Tycoon《最后的大亨》Flappers and Philosophers《轻佻女郎与哲学家》Ernest Hemingway海明威The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》Death in the Afternoon《午后之死》The Old Man and the sea《老人与海》Green Hills of Africa《非洲青山》A Farewell to Arms《永别了武器》For Whom the Bell tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》。
第10章美国自然主义·克兰·诺里斯·德莱赛·罗宾森Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Dreiser’s novel_____,a commercial and critical failure when first published in 1900,was reissued in1907and won high praise for its grim,naturalistic portrayal of American society.[人大2006研]【答案】Sister Carrie【解析】德莱赛的《嘉莉妹妹》在1900年首次出版时在商业上和文学批评界是失败的，在1907年重新被发现，因其对美国社会的自然描写赢得了很高的评价。
2.Naturalism stresses the determinism of_____and_____.[国际关系学院2009研]【答案】heredity;social environment【解析】自然主义强调遗传和社会环境决定论。
3._____is the novel into which Jack London put most of himself.[人大2006研]【答案】Martin Eden【解析】杰克·伦敦名作《马丁·伊登》（Martin Eden）是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说。
4.The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism:American_____.【答案】naturalism【解析】达尔文的进化论对美国思想和19世纪法国文学产生深远影响，从而产生了美国自然主义这一新的学派。
第6章惠特曼·狄金森Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Dickinson differs from Whitman in a variety of ways.For one thing,Whitman seems to keep his eye on the society at large;Dickens explores the inner life of the individual,in formal terms,the two poets are also vastly different:Whitman’s endless all-inclusive catalogs contrast with the_________which characterize Dickinson’s poetry.【答案】concise,direct and simple diction and syntax.【解析】惠特曼更细致地关注社会生活，而狄金森更倾向于探索人的内心世界。
惠特曼的视野放眼“全国”，而狄金森关注“地方”。
狄金森诗歌的风格简明，直接，善用最平易的词，而惠特曼并非如此。
2.Open,fluid and long lines sweeping boldly across the pages,familiar,informallanguage,all-including subject matter are the features of Whitman’s poetry.He is interested in all kinds of things,the ants,blades of grass,and even our hearing, breathing.All his love of life and philosophy about life are expressed through the image of______.【答案】grass【解析】惠特曼认为最伟大的诗人给世界注入了宇宙的壮观和生机。
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第22章纽约派诗人•沉思型诗歌•黑山派诗人22.1 复习笔记I. The New York School（纽约派诗人）1. Features of the New York School（纽约派诗歌的特点）The so-called New York School became well known with the publication of Donald Allen’s 1960 anthology. The poets of the New York School were different in their separate pursuits, but their poetry reveals something they shared in common.(1) For one thing, they were all vehemently up against the dominant New Critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice.(2) They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs, comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies.(3) Thirdly, they exhibited a huge sense of humor, offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental.(4) Finally, they experimented with Surrealism, for a while.所谓的纽约派是随着唐纳德·艾伦1960年发表的文集而出名的。
纽约派诗人的追求各异，但他们的诗歌都有相同的特点。
(1) 首先，他们都强烈反对占主导的新批评价值观如客观意象的展现，都力图表达个人的诗歌特点。
(2) 他们也把大众化的，比较低俗的生活特色，如通俗歌曲，卡通连环画和好莱坞电影等引入诗歌中。
(3) 第三，他们都展现了浓郁的幽默感，他们的作品中也不乏粗俗和伤感成分。
(4) 最后，他们都在一段时期内尝试过超现实主义。
2. Representatives of the New York School（纽约派代表诗人）Frank O’Hara弗兰克·奥哈拉Kenneth Koch 肯尼斯·科克John Ashbery 约翰·阿什贝里James Schuyler 詹姆斯·舒伊勒II. Frank O’Hara (1926-1966)（弗兰克·奥哈拉）1. Features of O’Hara’s poetry（奥哈拉诗作的特点）(1) O’Hara’s works were a lot of them “occasional” poems written for a birthday, a thank-you etc. His poems are full of names of people, place, and literary works without proper introduction.(2) O’Hara’s early poems were mostly surreali stic, and as such were often painfully obscure though there is a good deal of wit there.(3) In his poems, O’Hara expresses a tragic vision.(4) His poems is also noted for his language. His language is colloquial,anecdotal, bare of ornaments, so he was very definitely well in step with the contemporary anti-literary, anti-artistic tradition.(1) 奥哈拉的很大一部分作品都是“即景生情”类，例如致生日、致谢等。
他的诗满是人名、地名、作品名，没有特别的注释。
(2) 奥哈拉早期的诗歌大部分都是超现实主义的。
因此虽颇有禅机，却通常晦涩难懂。
(3) 在其诗歌中，奥哈拉有种悲剧思想。
(4) 他的诗歌因其语言而著名。
他的语言通俗、闲适、随意、不经雕琢，因此他与反文学反艺术的传统绝对搭调。
2. Major works（主要作品）The Lunch Poems《午餐诗》“Second Avenue”《第二大街》“Why I Am Not a Painter”《我为何不是一个画家》“The Day Lady Died”《黛女士死的那天》“Joe’s Jacket”《乔的夹克》III. John Ashbery (1927-)（约翰·阿什贝里）John Ashbery was for quite some time regarded as one member of the New York School. But as he moved into the more mature phase of his career, his poetry reveals, more and more, the salient features of a meditative mind. Now Ashbery has become one of the most meditative poets in contemporary America.很长一段时间以来，约翰·阿什贝里被看作是纽约派的成员。
但当他在事业上走向成熟阶段，他的诗歌越来越显示了沉思型思想的突出特征。
如今阿什贝里已成为当代美国最有沉思型特色的诗人。
1. Features of his poems（诗歌特点）(1) Ashbery is probably the most obscure of contemporary American poets. Reading his poetry, the readers frequently toil not so much to discover its surface meaning—his language very often offers little difficulty, it is the undercurrent of meaning that his verbal structure embodies.(2) Ashbery’s poetry, meditative to a fault, serves as a record of these extravagant “mental acts”. His mind operates in its own way and on its own terms, often defying obvious canons of well-received logic.(3) His poetry, long or short, is normally a record of a consciousness flowing, observing whatever attracts its momentary notice, and commenting profusely along the way, using its own images and language so that it appears discursive, disjunctive, indeterminate, mysterious, an amalgam of the rational with the irrational.(1) 阿什贝里可能是当代最隐晦不明的诗人。
读他的诗歌，读者并不需费大力去理解它的字面意思，困难的是文字结构所代表的潜在意义。
(2) 阿什贝里的诗歌对错误进行反思，做这些放纵的“精神行为”记录。
他的思想运作方式独特，别具一格，通常会打破广为接受的逻辑原则。
(3) 他的诗歌，无论长短，一般都是意识流式的记录，观察任何暂时吸引人的东西，同时进行大量的评论，运用自身意象和语言，因此显得东拉西扯，毫不相干，寓意不明，神秘莫测，是理性和谬误的结合。
2. Major works（主要作品）Some Trees《一些树》The Tennis Court Oath《网球场誓言》Rivers and Mountains《河与山》The Double Dream of Spring《双重春梦》Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror《凸镜中的自画像》The Vermont Notebook《佛蒙特笔记本》Houseboat Days《船家日子》As You Know《如你所知》Shadow Train《影子列车》A Wave《波浪》Selected Poems《诗选》April Galleons《四月的古帆船》Flow Chart《流程图》Hotel L’Autreamont《洛特雷阿蒙酒店》Can You Hear, Bird《鸟儿，你能否听见》IV. A. R. Ammons (1926-)（A. R.阿蒙斯）Ammons is another major contemporary meditative poet. He writes often in the Romantic tradition.阿蒙斯是当代另一位主要的沉思型诗人。
他常以浪漫主义的传统方式写作。
◆Major works（主要作品）“Corson Inlet”《科尔森水湾》“Mountain T alk”《山地语言》“So I Said I am Ezra”《我说我是艾兹拉》V. The Black Mountain Poets（黑山派诗人）It refers to a group of poets active on the contemporary scene included, among others, Charles Olson, Denise Levertov, Robert Duncan, and Robert Creeley. As these people were either associated with Black Mountain College, or with Black Mountain Review, they have become known as the “Black Mountain Poets.” The Black Mountain poets made their significant addition to contemporary American literature.黑山派指的是活跃在当代的一群诗人，包括查尔斯·奥尔森、丹尼斯·莱弗托夫、罗伯特·邓肯和罗伯特·克瑞里。
