文体分类练(三) 说明文之科普知识类(限时:25分钟)Passage1(2023浙江湖州、衢州、丽水二模)In countries around the world,women do more unpaid labor—housework,child and elder care,and the mental load of managing a family than men.New research suggests it takes a health toll(代价)on many of them.An analysis of 19 studies covering 70,310 people globally,which is published this month in TheLancet(柳叶刀)PublicHealth,found that the more of this labor women do,the worse their mental health.The findings point out women are more often diagnosed with anxiety and depression than men.Housework and child care,the research found,have much less of an impact on men’s mental health.That’s probably because they do so much less of it.In the United States,women do an average 4.5 hours of such work a day,pared with 2.8 hours for men,according to data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.In Greece,women do 4.3 hours while men do an hour and a half.Even in the most genderequal countries,like Sweden,women do 50 minutes more a day than men.It’s also because the type of such work men do is generally lesstimesensitive.For example,men are more often responsible for outdoor tasks,like mowing the lawn,that are done less often and on their own schedule.Women are more likely to take on daily tasks that need to be done at certain times,like preparing meals or cleaning up.Social expectations probably also play a role.Studies have shown that women feel pressure to keep their homes clean,for instance,and feel judged if they don’t.Men,on the other hand,are often praised for doing daily tasks like taking a child to an appointment.The Lancet researchers said that drawing clear conclusions from the 19 studies was difficult and that more research would be wele.1.Howdoestheauthorshowtheresearchfindingsinparagraphs2and3?A.By giving examples.B.By listing figures.C.By making analysis.D.By telling stories.2.What does the underlined word “timesensitive” mean in paragraph 4?A.Flexible.B.Valuable.C.Demanding in timing.D.Challenging in skills.3.What can we learn from paragraph 5?A.Women are generally expected to do more household labor.B.Women will be punished by judges if they don’t keep their homes clean.C.Men feel stressed more often when they can’t take their children to the dentist.D.Men are supposed to take a child to an appointment instead of doing other housework.4.What is the text mainly about?A.Facts that men and women are unequal.B.Bad effects that housework has on women.C.Responsibilities that women share in families.D.Reasons why unpaid labor hurts women more mentally.Passage2(2023浙江宁波二模)Humans are not the animal kingdom’s only fashionistas.Tits(山雀) can be fashion followers,too,apparently.A latest study shows that,given the chance,they decoratetheir nests with this season’s musthave colour.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin were following up on a study published in 1934 by HenrySmith Williams,an American naturalist.He noticed that when he put various colouredballs of yarn (纱) out in his garden,almost always one and only one became popularthat s eason for being included into local birds’ nests.But which particular colour was favoured varied from season to season.This suggested that the colour chosen byone of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.Williams’s work was,however,forgotten u ntil they came across it while followingup on a different study,published by a team at the University of Toulouse,suggesting fashionfollowing,too.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin therefore set out to rerun Williams’s experiment,but this time to collect some actual numbers.The birds they followed were part of a wellmonitored population of blue tits in a wood near the institute.Most birds in this wood carried tracking devices fitted to them after their capture in mist nets.That allowed the institute’s researchers to keep track of a vast number of individuals by recording their arrival at foodcontainers throughout the wood.Instead of food,these containers were loaded with wool of different colours.Interestingly,researchers soon found that most nests of bluetits included only the colour of the wool first chosen by a nestbuilder.Tits,then,do seem to be “on trend”,when it es to nestbuilding materials.Whythat should happen remains obscure.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older birds,and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit.Williams’s original work,though,suggests such initial choices are at random—a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions.5.What can we learn from paragraph 2?A.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin contributed to William’s work.B.Early birds’ colour preference was copied by their fellows.C.The yarn was the most popular material to decorate local birds’ nests.D.The colour of the yarn favoured by local birds was fixed throughout the year.6.How did Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin improve Williams’s experiment?A.They observed the blue tits.B.They studied the habits of blue tits.C.They adopted the datacollecting method.D.They fitted tracking devices to food containers.7.What does the underlined word “obscure” in paragraph 5 mean?A.Hidden.B.Evident.C.plicated.D.Shallow.8.What is the main idea of the text?A.Birds favour certain colours in decoration.B.Young birds follow their elders in fashion.C.Young birds are just as intelligent as people.D.Birds are just as fashionconscious as people.Passage3(2023福建厦门二模)In a new study,Iowa Psychologist Ed Wasserman gave the pigeons plex categorization tests that highlevel thinking would not aid in solving.Instead,the pigeons,by trial and error,eventually were able to memorize enough situations in thetest.This basic process of making associations—considered a lowerlevel thinking technique—is the same between the testtaking pigeons and the latest AI advances.The researchers sought to figure out two types of learning:one declarative learning,is based on exercising reason according to a set of rules or strategies—a socalled higher level of learning owned mostly by people.The other,associative learning,centers on recognizing and making connections between objects orpatterns,such as “skyblue” and “waterwet”.Wasserman’s team designed a difficult test to find out whether the pigeons use declarative or associative learning.Each test pigeon was shown a stimulus (刺激)and had to decide,by pecking(啄) a button on the right or on the left,to which category that stimulus belonged.What made the test so demanding was that no rules or logic would help finish the task.They have to memorize the individual stimuli or regions from where the stimuli occur.Over hundreds of tests,the four test pigeons eventually upped their score from 50% to an average of 68% right.“The pigeons are like AI masters,” Wasserman says.“Both of them employ associative learning,and yet that baselevel thinking is what allowed the pigeons to ultimately score successfully.”If people were to take the same test,they’d score poorly and would probably give up because they rely so heavily on rules or strategies.Those rules would get in the way of learning.The pigeon doe sn’t have that highlevel thinking process.But it doesn’t get in the way of their learning.Infact,in some ways it facilitates it.“People are stunned by AI doing amazing things using a learning algorithm (算法) much like the pigeon,” Wasserman says,“yet when people talk about associative learning in humans and animals,it is discounted as inflexible and unplicated.”9.Which of the following is a typical example of associative learning?A.Tom refuses to put hands on hot stoves after burns.B.Dolphins detect obstacles using sound waves.C.Chimpanzees use physical gesture strategies.D.Emily figures out math problems with logic.10.How did the pigeons improve their performance in the test?A.By pecking the stimuli.B.By finding rules or logic.C.By peting with each other.D.By making numerous attempts.11.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.AI and man use the same learning pattern.B.Associative learning is underestimated.C.People think highly of declarative learning.D.Pigeons finish tasks with AI algorithms.12.Which can be a suitable title of the text?A.Pigeon’s Peck Can Mirror High TechB.AI Contributes to a New Learning PatternC.AI Can Enrich Human Learning ExperienceD.Pigeon’s Learning Largely Extends High Tech答案：文体分类练(三) 说明文之科普知识类Passage1[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。
