小升初金钥匙修订版96页

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-------专项语法讲义Unit1名词一.名词的定义表示人或物,地点,行为,感情以及抽象概念的词。

它既可以是具体的,也可以是抽象的。

二.名词的分类名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。

1. 专有名词表示具体的特定的人,地名,月份,星期,节日,报刊杂志等的名称。

特征:(1)书写时第一个字母通常要大写。

(2)一般情况不需要冠词(a/an/the)修饰,个别需要定冠词the 修饰。

人名Mr hang 张先生 Liu Dehua 刘德华地名Italy 意大利 Beijing 北京 the Summer Palace 颐和园其他July 七月 Saturday 星期六 New Year’s Day 元旦 Christmas Day圣诞节Children’s Day 儿童节 English Weekly 英语周报 Olympic Games 奥运会2. 普通名词表示一类人,事物或者抽象概念的名词。

特征:前面可以加上不定冠词a/an或者定冠词the,也可以不加冠词。

普通名词可分为四类:三.名词的数名词又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

1. 可数名词(1)定义和特征可数名词表示可以计算数目的人或事物。

特征:(1)有单数和复数两种形式。

(2)单数名词和冠词a/an连用,表示数量为一。

(3)复数名词表示数量大于一。

可以用数词修饰复数名词,表示名词具体的数量。

如果要表示可数名词的不确切的数量,可以用some,many,a lot of 等修饰。

(2)名词复数构成的规则变化(3)名词复数构成的不规则变化A. 男人女人,a变e.m a n-m e n(男人), wom a n-wom e n(女人), policem a n-policem e n(男警察), policewom a n-policewom e n(女警察) ,milkm a n-milkm e n(牛奶的人)B. 鹅脚牙,oo变ee.g oo se-g ee se(鹅) f oo t-f ee t(脚) t oo th-t ee th(牙)C. 鼠孩儿牛便士mouse-mice(鼠)child-children(孩儿)ox-oxen(公牛) penny-pence (便士)D. 鱼鹿羊,单复同形.fish(鱼) deer(鹿) sheep(绵羊)E. 表示“国家人”的复数形式(中日不变,英法变,其他s 跟后面)单复数同形Chinese(中国人), Japanese(日本人),Swiss(瑞士人)变man为men:Frenchman-Frenchmen(法国人), Englishman-Englishmen(英国人), Dutchman-Dutchmen(荷兰人)直接加-s:German-Germans(德国人), American-Americans(美国人),Russian-Russians(俄国人), Roman-Romans(罗马人),Australian-Australians(澳大利亚人), Indian-Indians(印度人)(4)复合名词的复数构成A. 把复合名词中的主体变复数:son-in-law sons-in-law(女婿),passer-by passers-by(过路人), looker-on lookers-on(旁观者)B. 如没有主体名词,则在词尾加-s:grown-up grown-up s(成年人),go-between go-between s(中间人)C. 分开写者,通常在第二部分加复数词尾:boy student –boy student s(男学生),girl friend – girl friend s(女朋友)若第一部分为man/woman,两部分都变复数:man teacher –m e n teacher s(男老师), woman doctor – wom e n doctor s(女医生)2. 不可数名词(1)定义和特征不可数名词表示不可以计算数目的人或事物。

特征:(1)没有复数形式,在句子中一般被视为单数。

(2)不与a/an连用,可以和the连用。

(3)不可数名词的确切数量可以在不可数名词前加上单位词。

如果要表示不可数名词的不确切的数量,可以用some,mnuch,a lot of等修饰。

(2)不可数名词的分类A肉类牛肉beef 猪肉pork 羊肉mutton 羔羊肉lamb 鸡肉chicken 鱼肉fish 肉(食品)meat 肉馅mince 牛排steakB液体类:water水milk牛奶tea 茶 juice果汁 coca-cola可口可乐coffee 咖啡 orange 橘子汁 beer 啤酒 wine 白酒C自然现象类:wind 风 snow 雪 rain 雨 fog 雾 weather 天气 air 空气D食物类:bread 面包 rice 大米 chocolate 巧克力 jam 果酱 soup汤butter 黄油 cheese 奶酪 sugar 糖 food 食物 cake 蛋糕E其他类:soap 香皂 tobacco 烟草news 消息 work 工作 information 信息hair 头发 money 钱 paper 纸 sand 沙子(3)不可数名词的用法A. 一些物质名词或抽象名词变为复数后意义放生变化:wood-woods树林,sand-sands沙滩, time-times时代, good-goods商品, work-works著作/工厂,cloth布-clothes衣服, snow-snows积雪,water-waters 水域,green-greens蔬菜B. 不可数名词可借助单位词表示数量:a cup of tea(一杯茶), a glass of water(一杯水), two pieces of paper/news/cheese(两张纸/两条新闻/两块奶酪), five bags of rice(五袋大米), a pair of trousers(一条裤子), a pound of sugar(一磅糖), a quarter of cake (1/4蛋糕)C. 经常以复数形式出现的词:scissors(剪刀), glasses(眼镜), trousers (裤子), gloves(手套), shoes(鞋子), shorts(短裤), stockings(长筒袜)四.名词的所有格1. 可数名词(1)定义和两种形式名词所有格是名词中表示所有关系的形式,意为“......的”。

所有格的构成有两种形式:一是由名词加’s构成,通常用表示有生命的东西;二是of 加名词构成,通常表示没有生命的东西。

(2)'s所有格形式特别注意的共有/所有:表示几个主语共有一样东西,所有格的构成方法是:在最后一个主语后加’s;表示几个主语各自拥有一样东西,所有格的构成方法是:在每个主语后都加’s. Eg Andy and Susan’s mother 安迪和苏珊的妈妈Eg Andy’s and Susan’s mothers 安迪的妈妈和苏珊的妈妈特别要注意的节日:the Teachers’Day(教师节), the Children’s Day(儿童节),the Mother’s/ Father’s Day(母亲节/父亲节)特别要注意的表达方式:men’s shoes(男鞋), women’s suits(女套装)(3)of所有格形式:名词+ of + 名词the colour of the wall(墙的颜色), the window of the room(房间的窗户), the cover of the book(书的封皮), the top of the mountain(山顶),a picture of my mother(我妈妈的一张照片), the title of the text(课文的标题)(4)双重所有格形式“of +’s”结构或“of +名词性物主代词”结构,表示许多中的一个(或一部分)a teacher of my brother’s(我弟弟的一位老师), a friend of hers(她的一位朋友), a photo of Tom’s(Tom的一张照片), some students of Sarah’s(Sarah的一些学生)小升初专项练习—名词一.写出下列名词的复数形式1. computer_______2. animal _______3.sandwich_______4. mouth _______5.country _______6.knife_______7 story _______ 8.sheep _______ 9 .zero _______ 10. foot _______ 11.piano _______ 12.German _______13.man doctor ________ 14.child _______ 15.Chinese_______16.tomato _______二.将下列短语译成英语1.今天的报纸____________2.四年级(4)班 ____________3.吉姆的一张相片 ____________4.中国的首都 ____________5.三箱苹果 ____________6.两杯牛奶 ____________7.她姐姐的朋友____________ 8.Tom 和Jack 的房间____________三.单项选择题1._______ are going to England for a holiday.A. The WangB. Wang’sC. The Wang’sD. The Wangs2. There are many ______ in this school.A. women teachersB. woman teachersC. women teacherD. womanteacher3. ______ turn yellow in autumnA. leafB. leavesC. leaveD. leafs4. Will you please show me the way to the ______ shop?A. shoeB. shoes’C. shoesD. shoe’s5. Help yourselves to some _______, dear children!A. fishsB. fishesC. fishD. the fish6. ______ hard work it is!A. What aB. HowC. WhatD. How a7. Do you believe that there are two _______ in my class?A. MariesB. MarysC. Mary’sD. Marys’8. His family _______ a happy one.A. beB. areC. isD. was9. I met two _______ in the street yesterday morning.A. GermanB. AustralianC. AmericanD. Japanese10. My grandparents like _______ very much, so they grow some in their ______ garden every year.A. vegetable, vegetableB. vegetable, vegetabesC. vegetables, vegetablesD. vegetables, vegetable11. The friend of ____ lives in the town.A. my brotherB. my brothers’C. my brother’sD. my brothers12. My mother went to the supermarket and bought _____ for me yesterday.A. a couple of shoesB. a pair of shoesC. a set of shoesD. two shoes13. There are five _______ on the table.A. tomatosB. pinaoesC. radioesD. photos14. Tom has two _____.A. brother in lawB. brothers-in-lawC. brothers in lawD. brother-in-laws15. The chair over there is ______.A. Mary’s and Joy’sB. Mary’s and JoyC. Mary and JoyD. Mary and Joy’s16. There are a lot of ______ down there but hardly any______A. sheeps, peopleB. sheep, peopleC. sheeps, peoplesD. sheep, peoples17. –How far is it form here?--About _____ walk.A. ten minute’sB. ten minutesC. ten minutes’D. ten minutes’s18.There is only a little _____ in the fridge. That’s not enough for breakfast.A. cakesB. breadC. eggsD. sandwiches19. His full name is Jim Auan Green. So his family name is ______.A. JimB. AuanC. Jim AuanD. Green20. Whose ruler is it? It’s _____.A. he’sB. She’sC. Wang Li’sD. me21. She is from ______. She is ______.A. Germany; a GermanyB. the Germany; GermanC. German; a GermanyD. Germany; a German22. _______came to our school last week.A. The William’sB. WilliamsC. The WilliamsD. The William23. We are going to ______ to buy some rulers.A. the stationers’sB. the stationer’sC. the stationers’D. the stationer24. These ______ sell well in this bookstore.A. child’sB. book of children’sC. children’s booksD. books of children25. _______ room is very nice.A. Tom’s and John’sB. Tom’s and JohnC. Tom and John’sD. Tom and John26. ---What can I do for you?---I’d like some _______.A.bottle of orangeB. bottle of orangesC. bottles of orangeD. bottles of oranges27. This is James Allan Green. We can call him _______.A. Mr GreenB. Mr AllanC. Mr JamesD. James Green28. Mr Black has a ________.A. ten year old boyB. ten-years old boyC. boy of ten year oldD. boy of ten29. Many western festivals are very popular in China, but _____ is still the most important for the Chinese.A. April Fool’s DayB. Christmas DayC. HalloweenD. Sp ring Festival30. In England, the last name is the ______.A. family nameB. middle nameC. given nameD. full name 编者的话亲爱的同学们学完了名词你的收获是什么呢?你最迷惑的是什么呢?你认为最重要的考点是什么呢?赶快写下你自己的收获与老师一起分享一下吧!记住:不懂的一Unit2冠词一.冠词的定义和分类:冠词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。