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《大学英语跨文化交际》教案第三章Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on PerceptionI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. understand culture’s influence on perception.2. understand the definitions of sensation and perception.3. analyze cross-cultural differences in sensation and perception.4.summarize the various barriers to accurate perception in interculturalcommunication.II. Contents1. Keywords(1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment. （感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
)(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。
第4章文化价值观比较Chapter 4 Comparing Cultural Values•Contents of Chapter Three Comparing Cultural Values• 1. Cultural Values• 1.1 Comparison Between Chinese Values and Western Values• 1.1.1 Differences in expressing gratitude• 1.1.2 Differences in symbolization• 1.1.3 Differences in attitudes toward women• 1.2 Comparison Between Chinese Values and American Values• 1.2.1 Differences in friendship• 1.2.2 Differences in time consciousness• 1.2.3 Differences in conception of the self• 1.2.4 Differences in approaches to tasks• 1.2.5 Differences in social relationships• 2. Cultural Dimensions• 2.1 A Brief Introduction of Influential Cultural Patterns• 2.2 Geert Hofstede and His Value Dimensions• 2.2.1 A Brief Introduction of Geert Hofstede• 2.2.2 Geert Hofstede’s Values Dimensions• 2.2.2.1 Power Distance• 2.2.2.2 Individualism Versus Collectivism• 2.2.2.3 Masculinity Versus Femininity• 2.2.2.4 Uncertainty Avoidance• 2.3 Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Cultures• 2.3.1 High-Context Cultures• 2.3.2 Low-Context Cultures• 2.4 Other Dimensions• 2.4.1 Formality Versus Informality• 2.4.2 Time: Polychronic Versus MonochronicWarm-up:Read the following sayings aloud, and think it over: what do they mean to you?Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.性相近，习相远--论语---- Confucian sayingGod gave to every people a cup, cup of clay, and from this cup they drank life… They all dipped in the water, but their cups were different.---- Ruth Benedict上帝给了每个人一个杯子、一杯粘土，并且人们从这个杯子里面啜饮人生...他们都是浸在水里面的，只是他们的杯子不一样而已----本尼迪克特1.Cultural Values文化价值观●Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members.The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individualism orreligiosity(笃信宗教, 虔诚) . The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes at the top levels in some sports are honored (in the form of monetary payment) more than college professors. Surveys show that voters in the United States would be reluctant to elect an atheist as a president, suggesting that belief in God is a value.●Values are related to the norms of a culture, but they are more global and abstractthan norms. Norms are rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or evil. Flying the national flag on a holiday is a norm, but it reflects the value of patriotism. Wearing dark clothing and appearing solemn are normative behaviors at a funeral. In certain cultures they reflect the values of respect and support of friends and family. Different cultures reflect different values.1.1 Comparison Between Chinese Values and Western Values中西价值观比较● 1.1.1 Differences in expressing gratitude.● 1.1.2 Differences in symbolization(象征，符号表现)● 1.1.3 Differences in attitudes toward women“Elders First” Notion China“Ladies First” Notion Western Countries● 1.2.1 Differences in friendship● 1.2.2 Differences in time consciousness1.2.3 Differences in conception of the self● 1.2.4 Differences in approaches to tasks2. Cultural Dimensions文化维度● 2.2 Geert Hofstede and His Value Dimensions● 2.2.1 A Brief Introductionof Geert Hofstede2.2.1 A Brief Introduction of Geert Hofstede●Gerard Hendrik Hofstede(born 3 October 1928,) is an influential Dutchorganizational sociologist, who studied the interactions between national cultures and organizational cultures. He is also an author of several books including Culture's Consequences and Cultures and Organizations, Software of the Mind, co-authored with his son Gert Jan Hofstede. Hofstede's study demonstrated that there are national and regional cultural groupings that affect the behavior of societies and organizations, and that these are persistent across time.Model by G. Hofstede (1984)●Hofs tede’s work was one of the earliest attempts to use extensivestatistical data to examine cultural values.●During the 1980s, he surveyed over a hundred thousand workers inmultinational organizations in forty countries.●Each country was assigned a rank of one through forty in each category,depending on how it compared to the other country.Hofstede’s Four Cultural Value System●Individualism-Collectivism●Uncertainty Avoidance●Power Distance●Masculinity-Femininity2. Cultural Dimensions文化维度● 2.2.2 Geert Hofstede’s Value Dimensions● 2.2.2.1 Power Distance●权力距离Definition: Power distance is the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.2.2.2.1 Power Distance 权力距离The Boss and Work2.2.2.1 Power Distance●①Low Power Distance Culture●低权力距离文化●Low power distance culture values horizontal relationships where everyone ison a level playing field.The Characteristics of Low Power Distance Culture●The characteristics of low power distance culture are basically reflected in thefollowing facets:●Ⅰ.Decision-Making●Ⅱ.Readiness to Complainabout Violation of PersonalFreedom●Ⅲ.Sense of Equality●Ⅳ.Informality●Ⅴ.Authority Figures’Proneness●to Admit Mistakes2.2.2.1 Power Distance●②High Power Distance Culture●高权力距离文化●High power distance culture emphasizes the unequal distribution ofpower in institutions and organizations in a hierarchy of privilege.● A few people have a lot of power; the vast majority has little.●The characteristics of high power distance culture are basically reflected in thefollowing facets:●Ⅰ. The Maintenance of High-Status and Prestige●Ⅱ.Formality●Ⅲ.Deference●Ⅳ. Authority Figures’Reluctance to Admit Mistakes●Case Analysis: High and Low Power Distance Cultures●Different power distance orientations manifest themselves in interaction. Inthe dialogue below, Jim Neuman is a U.S. high school exchange student in Guatemala(危地马拉). Coming from a lower power distance culture, Jim is accustomed to interacting with his teachers. Raising one’s hand in a U.S. classroom is not only acceptable, but encouraged. In Guatemala, a higher power distance culture, the classroom is teacher-centered. In Mr. Gutierrez’s classroom, there is to be strict order. Teachers are to be treated with deference.●Mr. Gutierrez: This morning I will be discussing some points aboutGuatemala’s geography. Guatemala is the northernmost country of Central America (JimNeuman raises his hand). To the north it borders the countries of El Salvador and Honduras. To the west, its natural border is the Pacific Ocean. In the east is another natural border, the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the country of Belize.●Jim Neuman: (Raising his hand and waving it slightly). Mr. Gutierrez?●Mr. Gutierrez: Guatemala is called the “Land of the Eternal Spring.”Thereare all of the same kinds of natural land forms as in Mexico, but are…(Jim Neuman interrupts)●Jim Neuman: Mr. Gutierrez, I have a question.●Mr. Gutierrez: Jim, stop interrupting, please.●Jim Neuman: May I ask a question?＊A low score means the country can be classified as one that prefers a high power distance; a high score is associated with cultures that prefer a low power distance.Source: Adapted from Geert Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related V alues●①Individualistic Culture个人主义文化God helps those who help themselves.(Benjamin Franklin) (self-reliance)Pull yourself up by your own bootstraps(长统靴的拔靴带). 靠自己的努力出人头地Do your own thing. (Independence)The squeaky wheel gets the grease. (Individual Expression)A man’s home is his castle. (Privacy)➢In cultures that tend toward individualism, an “I” consciousness prevails:➢⑴competition rather than cooperation is encouraged;➢⑵personal goals take precedence over group goals;➢⑶people tend not to be emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions;➢⑷every individual has the right to his or her private property, thoughts, and opinions.➢Case study:At the negotiating table, differences in this dimension can clearly cause serious conflict. Americans too often expect their Japanese counterparts to make decisions right at the negotiating table, and the Japanese are constantly surprised to find individual members of the American team promoting their own positions, decisions, and ideas, sometimes openly contradicting one another.America—individualism Japan—collectivism●②Collectivistic Culture集体主义文化●Collectivistic culture places greater emphasis on●⑴the views, needs, and goals of the in-group(内部集团) rather thanoneself;●⑵social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather behavior to getpleasure;●⑶beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish selffrom in-group;●⑷great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.The Nail that sticks up will be pounded down. (Japanese Proverb)突出来的钉子会被敲下去。
文化、跨文化交际、文化价值观的定义Definitions of CultureCulture is learned and shared within social groups and istransmitted from one generation to another for purposes of promoting individual and social survival, adaption, and growth and development. Generally speaking, culture means both human and society that have developed to a certain level in history. It consists of all forms of human lives and activities, and all the man-made material and spiritual wealth. Specifically speaking, it solely means “areas of man’ssp iritual life”. Cultureis created by man; it also continually creates human beings, countries, nations, personal characters, psychologies, behaviors, ways of thinking and various values.According to Samovar and Porter (2010), culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Definitions of Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural communication occurs when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a number of another culture. More precisely, intercultural communication involves interaction betweenpeople whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Intercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research. It seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. The definition of intercultural communication must also include strands of the field that contribute to it such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication.According to the definition from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.Karlfried Knapp (1987) defines it as the interpersonal interaction between members of different groups, which differ from each other in respect of the knowledge shared by their members and in respect of their linguistic forms of symbolic behavior.”Definitions of Cultural ValueCultural values are values that tend to permeate a culture. They are the goodness or desirability of certain actions or attitudes among members of the culture. They are transmitted by a variety of sources (family, media, school, church, state, and so on) and therefore tend to be broad-based, enduring, and relatively stable. They guide bothperception and communication. That is, values get translated into action. An understanding of cultural values helps us appreciate the behavior of other people, knowing, for instance, that the American value of directness and the exchange of eye-contact, might cause us to apply one trick of focusing in the space between the eyebrows, and “faking it” until we can make eye contact ourselves. What is more, an awareness of cultural values also helps us understand our own behavior. For example, we can associate patience with the value of time, moderation with the value of harmony and consensus, and obligation with the twin value of friendship and sociability.Hu Wenzhong (1999), a famous cultural scholar in China, has pointed out that of all the problems discussed or studied in intercultural communication research, value is one of the most important problems and deserves great attention. Values come from social life and provide criteria for behavior. “They prescribe which actions and ways of being are better than others;they are not descriptions of fact，but possess contentand emotion and contribute to social reality.” Scholars haveoffered many versions ofdefinitions for values.。
