Space-Time-Frequency Coded OFDM Over

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IEEETRANSACTIONSONSIGNALPROCESSING,VOL.50,NO.10,OCTOBER20022465Space-Time-FrequencyCodedOFDMOverFrequency-SelectiveFadingChannels

ZhiqiangLiu,YanXin,StudentMember,IEEE,andGeorgiosB.Giannakis,Fellow,IEEE

Abstract—Thispaperproposesnovelspace-time-frequency(STF)codingformultiantennaorthogonalfrequency-divisionmultiplexing(OFDM)transmissionsoverfrequency-selectiveRayleighfadingchannels.Incorporatingsubchannelgroupingandchoosingappropriatesystemparameters,wefirstconvertoursystemintoasetofgroupSTF(GSTF)systems.ThisenablessimplificationofSTFcodingwithineachGSTFsystem.WederivedesigncriteriaforSTFcodingandexploitexistingSTcodingtech-niquestoconstructbothSTFblockandtrelliscodes.Theresultingcodesareshowntobecapableofachievingmaximumdiversityandcodinggains,whileaffordinglow-complexitydecoding.Theperformancemeritsofourdesignisconfirmedbycorroboratingsimulationsandcomparedwithexistingalternatives.

IndexTerms—Diversitymethods,fadingchannels,space-time-frequencycodes,space-timecodes,space-frequencycodes,transmitantennadiversity.

I.INTRODUCTION

THEmajordriverforbroadbandwirelesscommunications

hasbeenreliablehigh-data-rateservices(e.g.,real-timemultimediaservices).This,togetherwiththescarcityofband-widthresources,motivateresearchtowarddevelopingefficientcodingandmodulationschemesthatimprovethequalityandbandwidthefficiencyofwirelesssystems.Inwirelesslinks,multipathfadingcausesperformancedegradationandconsti-tutesthebottleneckforincreasingdatarates.Traditionally,themostpopulartechniquetocombatfadinghasbeentheexploitationofdiversity.Space-time(ST)codinghasbeenprovedeffectiveincom-batingfading,andenhancingdatarates;seee.g.,[16],[19],andreferencestherein.Exploitingthepresenceofspatialdiver-sityofferedbymultipletransmitand/orreceiveantennas,STcodingreliesonsimultaneouscodingacrossspaceandtimetoachievediversitygainwithoutnecessarilysacrificingpreciousbandwidth.TwotypicalexamplesofSTcodesareSTtrelliscodes[22]andSTblockcodes[2],[21].InSTcoding,themax-imumachievablediversityadvantageisequaltotheproductof

ManuscriptreceivedMay14,2001;revisedMay13,2002.ThisworkwassupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationunderWirelessInitiativegrant9979442,AROgrantDAAG55-98-1-0336,andagrantfromtheARL/CTA.PartofthisworkappearsintheProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonAcoustics,Speech,andSignalProcessing,Orlando,FL,May13–17,2002andintheProceedingsofVehicularTechnologyConference,Birmingham,AL,May4–9,2002.TheassociateeditorcoordinatingthereviewofthispaperandapprovingitforpublicationwasDr.ThomasL.Marzetta.Z.LiuiswiththeDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,Uni-versityofIowa,IowaCity,IA52244USA(e-mail:zhiqiang-liu@uiowa.edu).Y.XinandG.B.GiannakisarewiththeDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis,MN55455USA(e-mail:yxin@ece.umn.edu;georgios@ece.umn.edu).PublisherItemIdentifier10.1109/TSP.2002.803332.

thenumberoftransmitandreceiveantennas;therefore,itiscon-strainedbythesizeandcostasystemcanafford.Thelattermo-tivesexploitationofextradiversitydimensions,suchasmulti-pathdiversity.Multipathdiversitybecomesavailablewhenfrequencyselec-tivityispresent,whichisthetypicalsituationforbroadbandwirelesschannels[16].Asprovedin[4],[18],and[27],multi-antennatransmissionsoverfrequency-selectivefadingchannelscanpotentiallyprovideamaximumdiversitygainthatismulti-plicativeinthenumberoftransmitantennas,receiveantennas,andthechannellength.Inspiredbythisresult,anumberofcodingschemeshavebeenproposedrecentlytoexploitmulti-pathdiversity.Becausetheyofferlow-complexityequalizationdecodingandfacilitatethesupportofmultirateservices,mul-ticarriertransmissions1aretypicallyadoptedbythoseschemes

[1],[4],[14],[18],[27].Amongthem,[14]and[27]relyoncombiningSTcodeswithredundantornonredundantlinearpre-coders.Maximumdiversitygainisachievedin[14]and[27]attheexpenseofbandwidthefficiency[14]orincreaseddecodingcomplexity[14],[27].Ontheotherhand,[1],[4],[5],[12],and[18]arebasedonspace-frequency(SF)coding,whichamountstosimultaneouslycodingoverspaceandfrequency.However,duetotheprohibitivecomplexityinconstructingthecodes,noSFcodeshavebeendesignedin[1],[4],[12],or[18].Instead,[1],[4],[12],and[18]simplyadoptexistingcodes[STblockcodesin[4]andtrellis-codedmodulation(TCM)codesin[1],[4],[12],[18]],withoutmaximumdiversitygainguarantees.In[5],anSFcodeisproposedtoachievemaximumdiversitygainattheexpenseofbandwidthefficiency.Moreover,issuespertainingtomaximizingthecodinggainofST-codedtrans-missionsoverfrequency-selectivechannelshaveyettobead-dressed.Focusingonmultiantennaorthogonalfrequency-divisionmultiplexing(OFDM)transmissionsthroughfrequency-selec-tiveRayleighfadingchannels,thispaperpursuesanovelpath:jointspace-time-frequency(STF)codingoverspace,time,andfrequency.Resortingtosubchannelgrouping[10],[17],[24]andbychoosingpropersystemparameters,wefirstdividethesetofgenerallycorrelatedOFDMsubchannelsintogroupsofsubchannels.WethusconvertoursystemintoasetofwhatwetermgroupSTF(GSTF)subsystems,withinwhichSTFcodingisconsidered.ByderivingdesigncriteriaforSTFcodes,weprovidealinkbetweenSTFcodesandexistingSTcodes.Weprovethatsubchannelgroupingdoespreservemaximumdiversitygainswhilesimplifyingnotonlythecodeconstructionbutthedecodingalgorithmsignificantlyaswell.Aimingat