新GRE阅读练习题(1)

gre阅读练习题GRE阅读是考生备考中非常重要的一部分，通过练习题的训练，可以提高阅读理解能力和解题技巧。

本文将为大家提供一些GRE阅读练习题，帮助大家更好地备考。

练习题一：Passage 1:Hummingbirds are fascinating creatures that have captured the attention of many nature enthusiasts. Their ability to hover in mid-air and move with incredible speed has long been a subject of study and admiration. But how do they accomplish these incredible feats?Question 1: What is the main topic of the passage?A) The study of hummingbirdsB) The ability of hummingbirds to hover in mid-airC) The incredible speed of hummingbirdsD) The admiration of hummingbirds by nature enthusiastsQuestion 2: What is the author's overall tone in the passage?A) CuriousB) InformativeC) CriticalD) HumorousPassage 2:Climate change is a pressing global issue that requires immediate attention and action. The increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have led to rising temperatures and extreme weather events. It is crucial for governments and individuals to take responsibility and adopt sustainable practices to mitigate the impacts of climate change.Question 3: What is the main topic of the passage?A) Greenhouse gases and rising temperaturesB) Sustainable practices to mitigate climate changeC) Impacts of climate change on extreme weather eventsD) Governments and individuals taking responsibility for climate changeQuestion 4: What is the author's stance on climate change?A) NeutralB) SupportiveC) CriticalD) Indifferent练习题二：Passage 1:The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It brought aboutsignificant changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport, which had a profound effect on socioeconomic and cultural conditions.Question 1: When did the Industrial Revolution occur?A) Late 19th and early 20th centuriesB) Late 18th and early 19th centuriesC) Early 16th and late 17th centuriesD) Late 17th and early 18th centuriesQuestion 2: What did the Industrial Revolution bring about?A) Changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transportB) Changes in art and literatureC) Changes in political systemsD) Changes in religious beliefsPassage 2:The concept of sustainability has gained increasing importance in recent years. Sustainable development refers to a pattern of economic growth that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing economic, social, and environmental factors to ensure long-term well-being.Question 3: What does sustainable development refer to?A) Balancing economic, social, and environmental factorsB) Meeting the needs of future generationsC) Compromising the ability to meet future needsD) The concept of economic growthQuestion 4: Why is sustainability important?A) It ensures long-term well-beingB) It promotes economic growthC) It meets the needs of the present generationD) It compromises the ability to meet future needs以上是两个例子，您可以根据这些例子来练习GRE阅读练习题，希望能帮助您在备考中取得好成绩。

新GRE逻辑阅读练习题汇总新GRE逻辑阅读练习题Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and Line in the atmosphere. The term “geohydrology" is 5 sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for "hydrogeology". Geohydrology is concerned with underground water. There are many formations that contain water but are not part of the hydrologic cycle because of geologic changes that have isolated them 10 underground. These systems are properly termed geohydrologic but not hydrogeologic. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. (107 words)1. It can be inferred that which of the following is most likely to be the subject of study by a geohydrologist?(A) Soft, porous rock being worn away by a waterfall(B) Water depositing minerals on the banks of a gorge through which the water runs(C) The trapping of water in a sealed underground rockcavern through the actionof an earthquake(D) Water becoming unfit to drink through the release of pollutants into it from a manufacturing plant(E) The changing course of a river channel as the action of the water wears away the rocks past which the river flows2. The author refers to "many formations" primarily in order to(A) clarify a distinction(B) introduce a subject(C) draw an analogy(D) emphasize a similarity(E) resolve a conflict答案：C/A新GRE逻辑阅读练习题Initially the Vinaver theory that Malory‘s eight romances, once thought to be fundamentally unified. were in fact eight independent works produced both a Line sense of relief and an unpleasant shock. Vinaver‘s 5 th eory comfortably explained away the apparent contradictions of chronology and made each romance independently satisfying. It was, however, disagreeableto find that what had been thought of as one book was now eight books. Part of this response was the natural 10 reaction to the disturbance of set ideas. Nevertheless, even now, after lengthy consideration of the theory‘s refined but legitimate observations, one cannot avoid the conclusion that the eight romances are only one work. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the 15 theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist. (154 words)For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Malory‘sworks?□A There are meaningful links be tween and among the romances.□B The subtleties of the romances are obscured when they are taken as one work.□C Any contradictions in chronology among the romances are less important than their over-all unity.6. The author of the passage concedes which of the following about the Vinaver theory?(A) It gives a clearer understanding of the unity of Malory‘s romances.(B) It demonstrates the irrationality of considering Malory‘s romances to be unified.(C) It establishes acceptab le links between Malory‘s romances and modern novels.(D) It unifies earlier and later theories concerning the chronology of Malory‘s romances.(E) It makes valid and subtle comments about Malory‘s romances.7. Select the sentence in the passage that suggests that, in evaluating the Vinaver theory, some critics were initially biased by previous interpretations of Malory‘s work.答案及解析：第一题选AC做这个题首先要对文章进行剖析。

GRE考试阅读练习试题及答案练习一：阅读理解阅读材料在20世纪，科学家们对量子力学的研究揭示了一个令人惊讶的事实：微观世界的物理规律与我们在宏观世界中经验到的完全不同。

在量子世界里，粒子的行为不仅受到它们所在位置的影响，还受到观察者的影响。

这种现象最著名的例子就是“双缝实验”。

在双缝实验中，当粒子如电子通过两个并排的缝隙时，如果你不去观察它们，粒子就会表现出波动性，就像波一样穿过其中一个缝隙。

然而，如果你在实验过程中观察粒子，它们就会表现出粒子性，好像在两个缝隙之间做出了选择。

这个实验不仅挑战了我们对现实的传统理解，也揭示了观察者在量子力学中的重要地位。

这一发现对现代物理学、尤其是量子计算和量子通信等领域的研究产生了深远的影响。

练习题目1. 根据文章，量子力学研究的对象是什么？2. 双缝实验显示了量子粒子的哪种性质？3. 文章中提到的“观察者效应”对量子力学意味着什么？答案1. 量子力学研究的对象是微观世界的物理规律。

2. 双缝实验显示了量子粒子的波动性和粒子性。

3. 观察者效应意味着观察者在量子力学中扮演着重要角色，粒子的行为会受到观察者的影响。

---练习二：逻辑推理阅读材料在过去的几十年里，全球变暖已经成为一个不可忽视的问题。

科学研究表明，人类活动产生的温室气体是导致全球变暖的主要原因。

为了应对这一挑战，许多国家已经开始采取行动，比如提高能源效率，发展可再生能源，以及减少排放。

然而，全球变暖的问题并非仅靠个别国家的努力就能解决。

国际合作是解决这一全球性问题的关键。

只有通过全球合作，我们才能实现足够的减排，以防止全球温度进一步上升。

练习题目1. 全球变暖的主要原因是什么？2. 解决全球变暖问题的关键是什么？答案1. 全球变暖的主要原因是人类活动产生的温室气体。

2. 解决全球变暖问题的关键是国际合作。

---练习三：词汇理解阅读材料在现代社会，信息传播的速度和范围达到了前所未有的高度。

互联网和社交媒体的兴起使得人们可以即时地分享和获取信息。

新GRE逻辑阅读练习题整理新GRE阅读特殊强调规律关系，所以在我给大家整理了一下新GRE规律阅读练习题，快来学习一下吧，下面我就和大家共享，来欣赏一下吧。

新GRE规律阅读Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor 5 driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts 10 a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the 15 temperature of this second body of air. (126 words)1. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerant(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed答案：C新GRE规律阅读Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them. The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of alumi- 5 nous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides. Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum. Alumina also occurs natu- 10 rally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum. Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are 15 refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process. The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them.(153 words)4. The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?(A) An aggregate(B) Bauxite(C) Alumina(D) Corundum(E) An aluminum silicateFor the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply5. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals□A Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?□B Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?□C Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?6. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if(A) corundum could be found that is not contami-nated by silicates(B) the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing alu-minum(C) many large deposits of very high quality corun-dum were to be discovered(D) new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate(E) manufacturers were to realize that the world‘s supply of bauxite is not unlimited答案：C/ABC/C新GRE规律阅读Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that which we wish to perceive. If our eyes could receive and measure infinitely delicate sense-data, we could perceive the 5 world with infinite precision. The natural limits of our eyes have, of course, been extended by mechanical instruments; telescopes and microscopes, for example, expand our capabilities greatly. There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us; 10 this limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense- data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy. (97 words)9. Which of the following describes a situation most analogous to the situation discussed inthe last sentence?(A) A mathematician can only solve problems the solution of which can be deduced from known axioms.(B) An animal can respond to no command that is more complicated syntactically than any it has previously received.(C) A viewer who has not learned, at least intuitively, the conventions of painting,cannot understand perspective in a drawing.(D) A sensitized film will record no detail on a scale that is smaller than the grain of the film.(E) A shadow cast on a screen by an opaque object will have a sharp edge only if the light source is small or very distant.答案：D新GRE规律阅读Of Homer‘s two epic poems, the Odyssey has always been more popular than the Iliad, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that are accessible to readers. Its subject (to use Maynard Mack‘s 5 categories) is life-as-spectacle, for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents life-as- experience: readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a 10 not particularlylikable hero. In addition, the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of the gods‘ involvement in human actions, and to the extent that modern readers find this complexity a needless complication, the Iliad is less satisfying than the 15 Odyssey, with its simpler ‗scheme‘ of divine justice. Finally, since the Iliad presents a historically verifiable action, Troy‘s siege, the poem raises historical questions that are absent from the Odyssey’s blithely imaginative world. (148 words)10. The author uses Mack‘s ―categories‖ (lines 4-5)most probably in order to(A) argue that the Iliad should replace the Odyssey as the more popular poem(B) indicate Mack‘s importance as a commentator on the Iliad and the Odyssey(C) suggest one way in which the Iliad and the Odyssey can be distinguished(D) point out some of the difficulties faced by readers of the Iliad and the Odyssey(E) demonstrate that the Iliad and the Odyssey can best be distinguished by comparing their respective heroes11. The passage is primarily concerned with(A) distinguishing arguments(B) applying classifications(C) initiating a debate(D) resolving a dispute(E) developing a contrast12. It can be inferred from the passage that a reader of the Iliad is likely to have trouble identifying with the poem‘s hero for which of the following reasons?(A) The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic.(B) The hero can be observed by the reader only from without.(C) The hero‘s psychology is not historically verifiable.(D) The hero‘s emotions often do not seem appealing to the reader.(E) The hero‘s emotions are not sufficiently various to engage the reader‘s attention.答案：C/E/D。

2023年GRE英语真题及答案一、阅读理解阅读理解一题目：The importance of biodiversity答案：Biodiversity is crucial for maintaining ecosystem stability and providing various ecosystem services. It helps regulate climate, support pollination, and purify water.题目：Causes of biodiversity loss答案：Biodiversity loss is primarily caused by habitat destruction, pollution, overexploitation of resources, and climate change.题目：Conservation strategies答案：To mitigate biodiversity loss, conservation strategies include protecting natural habitats, implementing sustainable resource management practices, and reducing pollution.阅读理解二题目：Impacts of global warming答案：Global warming contributes to rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and negative effects on human health.题目：Causes of global warming答案：Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, are the main causes of global warming.题目：Mitigation measures答案：To mitigate global warming, measures include transitioning to renewable energy sources, promoting energy efficiency, and implementing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.二、文字推理文字推理一题目：Logical argument答案：A logical argument is a series of statements or facts that lead to a valid conclusion.题目：Elements of a logical argument答案：The elements of a logical argument include premises (supporting statements), evidence (facts or data), and a conclusion (the final statement based on the premises and evidence).文字推理二题目：Cause and effect答案：Cause and effect is a relationship in which one event (the cause) brings about another event (the effect).题目：Identifying cause and effect答案：To identify cause and effect, one must analyze the sequence of events and determine the relationship between them.题目：Example of cause and effect答案：An example of cause and effect is smoking causing lung cancer.三、逻辑推理逻辑推理一题目：Deductive reasoning答案：Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which specific conclusions are drawn from general principles or premises.题目：Syllogism答案：A syllogism is a deductive argument consisting of two premises and a conclusion.逻辑推理二题目：Inductive reasoning答案：Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which general conclusions are drawn from specific observations or evidence.题目：Analogical reasoning答案：Analogical reasoning is a type of inductive reasoning that involves drawing conclusions based on similarities between two or more cases.四、写作写作一题目：The benefits of reading答案：Reading provides numerous benefits, such as expanding knowledge, improving cognitive abilities, enhancing vocabulary, and fostering empathy.题目：Ways to promote reading写作二题目：The impact of social media题目：Concerns about social media答案：Some concerns about social media include privacy issues, cyberbullying, and the influence of fake news.题目：Managing social media use答案：To manage social media use, individuals can set boundaries, critically evaluate information, and engage in responsible online behavior.。

新GRE逻辑阅读练习题我和大家共享一下新GRE规律阅读练习题，快来学习一下吧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

新GRE规律阅读练习题The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator 5 of a new aesthetic. Croce was, in fact, expressing a very old idea. Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the 10 intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order. This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of 15 Chartres. When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists‘ outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art. Such were linear perspective and anatomy.(156 words)6. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come toinfluence artistic endeavor?(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists‘ outlooks.(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.7. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers.8. The author mentions “linear perspective and anatomy” in the last sentence in order to do which of the following ?(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croce‘s theory of the origins of art(C) Support his point that rational order of some kind has often seemed to discipline artistic inspiration(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic period答案：6.B 7.Long before the Romantics stressed 。

GRE考试《阅读理解》练习题及答案(1)GRE阅读题目解析:治疗胃酸的药Columnist: Until very recently, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block excess stomach acid, were both available only with a prescription wri tten by a doctor. In an advertisement for Presorbin, its makers argue that Pres orbin is superior on the grounds that doctors have written 200 million prescrip tions for Presorbin, as compared to 100 million for Veltrex. It can be argued t hat the number of prescriptions written is never a worthwhile criterion for com paring the merits of medicines, but that the advertisement’s argument is absur d is quite adequately revealed by observing that Presorbin was available as a p rescription medicine years before Veltrex was.1. In the columnist’s argument, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?A. The first is a claim that the columnist’s argument seeks to clarify; th e second states a conclusion drawn about one possible interpretation of that cl aim.B. The first identifies the conclusion of an argument that the columnist’s argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the col umnist’s argument.C. The first states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument; the s econd states a conclusion that the columnist draws in defending that conclusion against an objection.D. The first identifies an assumption made in an argument that the columnis t's argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.E. The first is a claim that has been offered as evidence to support a posi tion that the columnist opposes; the second states the main conclusion of the c olumnist’s argument.1Columnist: Until very recently, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block excess stomach acid, were both available only with a prescription wri tten by a doctor.专栏作者：直到最近，P 和 V，两种治疗胃酸过多的药，都是处方药。

新GRE逻辑阅读练习题精选整理逻辑要点在解GRE阅读是是关键，所以大家要多写一些新GRE逻辑阅读练习题，快来一起学习吧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

新GRE逻辑阅读练习题Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille like structure, designed to be played exactly as written on the piano. A strong analogy exists between 5 European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edward Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk tunes and their own original materials in larger compositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the United States. Composers like Scott Joplin and James 10 Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists,collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags.(100 words)9. Which of the following is most nearly analogous in source and artistic character toa ragtime composition as described in the passage?(A) Symphonic music derived from complex jazz motifs(B) An experimental novel based on well-known cartoon characters(C) A dramatic production in which actors invent scenes and improvise lines(D) A ballet whose disciplined choreography is based on folk-dance steps(E) A painting whose abstract shapes evoke familiar objects in a natural landscape 答案：D新GRE逻辑阅读练习题Ge ologists have long known that the Earth‘s mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregu-larly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle. Some geologists, however, on the basis of obser-vations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transformingportions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of thefluids‘ pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the under explored midocean ridge system is the key.(157 words)10. According to the passage, it is believed that oceanic islands are formed from(A) the same material as mantle xenoliths(B) the same material as the midocean ridge system(C) volcanic rocks from the upper mantle(D) incompatible elements percolating up from the lower mantle(E) mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply11. It can be inferred from the passage that the sup-porters of the ―layered-mantle‖ theory believe which of the following?□A The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands are composed of material derived from the lower part of the mantle.□B The materials of which volcanic rocks o n oceanic islands and midocean ridges are composed are typical of the layers from which they are thought to originate.□C The differences in composition between volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and the midocean ridges are a result of different concentrations of incompatible elements.12. In the context of the passage, “unimaginatively” is closest in meaning to(A) pedestrian(B) controversial(C) unrealistic(D) novel(E) paradoxical答案：10. E 11. AB 12. A新GRE逻辑阅读练习题Scientists have sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however,failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle's past existence.(45 words)13. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions?(A) The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew.(B) The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather pat terns.(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to species.(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflect changes in terrestrial climate.(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness.答案：D新GRE逻辑阅读练习题Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from 5 a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people—a charter minority on our own land. When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they inter-married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous 10 Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early1800‘s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820‘s, United States citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton. 15 As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed repeatedly,culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States. Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent 20 culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-Americanmodes of thought and action in order to survive.(168 words)1. The author‘s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to(A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas(B) document certain early objectives of Mexican-American society(C) provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of Mexican-American culture(D) appeal to both Mexican and United States scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history(E) bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans2. The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the idea that Mexican Americans(A) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States(B) played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States(C) recognized very early in the nineteenth century the need for official confirmation of their rights of citizenship(D) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture(E) identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage3. Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?(A) In the early 1800‘s, the Spanish committed more resources to settling California than to developing Texas.(B) While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.(C) By the time Mexico acquired Texas, many Indians had already married people of Spanish heritage.(D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by the United States.(E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.正确答案：1. C 2. A 3. E。

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新GRE规律阅读练习题Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of sacred law. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law notwithstanding, of course,a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences 5 with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and 10 geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly different. Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign 15 state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the 20 other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that precededit; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and 25 numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. All this was unifiedby being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel 30 institutions. This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law. In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law. Jewish law was 35 buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside; its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. Canon and Islamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and40 state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion. But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized 45 ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supportedby an organized institution; consequently, there never developed an overt trial of strength. There merely existed discordance between application of the 50 sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time. For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply3. The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?□A Does Islamic law depend on sources other than Arab legal principles?□B What secular practices of Islamic states conflicted with Islamic law?□C Is Jewish law more uniform than canon law?4. It can be inferred from the passage that the application of Islamic law in Islamic states has(A) systematically been opposed by groups who believe it is contrary to their interests(B) suffered irreparably from the lack of firm institutional backing(C) frequently been at odds with the legal activity of government institutions(D) remained unaffected by the political forces operating alongside it(E) benefited from the fact that it never experienced a direct confrontation with the state5. Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?(A) A universal principle is advanced and then discussed in relation to a particular historical phenomenon.(B) A methodological innovation is suggested and then examples of its efficacy are provided.(C) A traditional interpretation is questioned and then modified to include new data.(D) A general opinion is expressed and then supportive illustrations are advanced.(E) A controversial viewpoint is presented and then both supportive evidence and contradictory evidence are cited.6. The passage suggests that canon law differs from Islamic law in that only canon law(A) contains prescriptions that nonsacred legal systems might regard as properly legal(B) concerns itself with the duties of a person in regard to the community as a whole(C) was affected by the tension of the conflict between religion and state(D) developed in a political environment that did not challenge its fundamental existence(E) played a role in the direct confrontation between institutions vying for power答案：3. BC 4. C 5. D 6. E新GRE规律阅读练习题If a supernova (the explosion of a massive star) trig-gered star formation from dense clouds of gas and dust, and if the most massive star to be formed from the cloud evolved into a supernova and triggered a new round of star formation, and so on, then a chain of star-forming regions would result. If many such chains were created in a differentially rotating galaxy, the distribution of stars would resemble the observed distribute in a spiral galaxy.This line of reasoning underlies an exciting new theory of spiral-galaxy structure. A computer simulation based on this theory has reproduced the appearance of many spiral galaxies without assuming an underlying density wave, the hallmark of the most widely accepted theory of the large-scale structure of spiral galaxies.That theory maintains that a density wave of spiral form sweeps through the central plane of a galaxy, compressing clouds of gas and dust, which collapse into stars that form a spiral pattern.(160 words)7. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) describe what results when a supernova triggers the creation of chains of star-forming regions(B) propose a modification in the most widely accepted theory of spiral-galaxy structure(C) compare and contrast the roles of clouds of gas and dust in two theories of spiral-galaxy structure(D) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and contrast it with the most widely accepted theory(E) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and discuss a reason why it is inferior to the most widely accepted theory8. The passage implies that, according to the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure, a spiral galaxy can be created by supernovas when the supernovas are(A) producing an underlying density wave(B) affected by a density wave of spiral form(C) distributed in a spiral pattern(D) located in the central plane of a galaxy(E) located in a differentially rotating galaxy9. Which of the following, if true, would most discredit the new theory as described in the passage?(A)The exact mechanism by which a star becomes a supernova is not yet completely known and may even differ for different stars.(B) Chains of star-forming regions like those postulated in the new theory have been observed in the vicinity of dense clouds of gas and dust.(C) The most massive stars formed from supernova explosions are unlikely to evolve into super-novas.(D) Computer simulations of supernovas provide a poor picture of what occurs just before a supernova explosion.(E) A density wave cannot compress clouds of gas and dust to a density high enough to create a star.答案：D/E/C新GRE规律阅读练习题Many critics of Eamily Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on,if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic reading receives more confirmation. Seeing 5 the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel‘s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry 10 James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel‘s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an 15 interpretation necessarilystiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing 20 interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heightsshares a feature of Hamlet. (164 words)1. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the first and second parts of Wuthering Heights?(A) The second part has received more attention from critics.(B) The second part has little relation to the first part.(C) The second part annuls the force of the first part.(D) The second part provides less substantiation for a romantic reading.(E)The second part is better because it is more realistic.2. Which of the following inferences about Henry James‘s awareness of novelistic construction is best supported by the passage?(A) James, more than any other novelist, was aware of the difficulties of novelistic construction.(B) James was very aware of the details of novel- istic construction.(C) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction derived from his reading of Bronte.(D) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction has led most commentators to see unity in his individual novels.(E) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction precluded him from violating the unity of his novels.3. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that an interpretation of a novel should(A) not try to unite heterogeneous elements in the novel(B) not be inflexible in its treatment of the elements in the novel(C) not argue that the complex use of narrators or of time shifts indicates a sophisticated structure(D) concentrate on those recalcitrant elements of the novel that are outside the novel‘s main structure(E) primarily consider those elements of novelistic construction of which the author of the novel was aware For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply4. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about Hamlet?□A Hamlet has usually attracted critical interpretations that tend to stiffen into theses.□B Hamlet has elements that are not amenable to an all-encompassing critical interpretation.□C Hamlet is less open to an all-encompassing critical interpretation than is Wuthering Heights.答案：1. D 2. B 3. B 4.B新GRE规律阅读练习题The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals. However, near hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water 5 emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.Most deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulate matter,ultimately derived from photosynthesis, falling from above. The food supplies necessary to sustain the 10 large vent communities, however, must be many times the ordinary fallout. The first reports describing vent faunas proposed two possible sources of nutrition: bacterial chemosynthesis, production of food by bacteria using energy derived from chemical changes, and 15 advection, the drifting of food materials from surrounding regions. Later, evidence in support of the idea of intense local chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfide was found in vent water; many vent-site bacteria were found to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely 20 large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples of vent water thought to be pure. This final observation seemed decisive. If such astonishing concentrations of bacteria were typical of vent outflow, then food within the vent would dwarf any contribution from advection. 25 Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached hat bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation forhydrothermal-vent food chains—an exciting prospect because no other communities on Earth are independent of photosynthesis.30 There are, however, certain difficulties with this interpretation. For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources. This suggests that bacterial 35 chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition for these creatures. Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of “smokers” –vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350°C. No bacteria can survive such 40 heat, and no bacteria were found there. Unless smokers are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water vents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of the vent faunas. It is conceivable, however, that these large, sedentary organisms do in fact feed on bacteria that 45 grow in warm-water vents, rise in the vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to nourish animals living some distance from the warm-water vents.Nonetheless, advection is a more likely alternative food source. Research has demonstrated that advective 50 flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates,transports some of that matter and water to the vents.Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350milligrams of particulate organic 55 material would be advected into the vent area. Thus, for an average-sized vent, advection could provide more than 30 kilograms of potential food per day. In addition, it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical 60 shock, thereby contributing to the food supply of vents.(479 words)For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply5. The passage provides information for answering which of the following questions EXCEPT?□A What causes warm-water vents to form?□B What role does hydrogen sulfide play in chemosynthesis?□C Do bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?6. The information in the passage suggests that the majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonvent habitats have which of the following characteristics?(A) They do not normally feed on particles of food in the water.(B) They are smaller than many vent faunas.(C) They are predators.(D) They derive nutrition from a chemosynthetic food source.(E) They congregate around a single main food source.7. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author impliesthat vents are colonized by some of the same animal found in other areas of the ocean floor, which might be a weakness for the bacterial chemosynthesis model.8. The author refers to ―smokers‖ in the third paragraph most probably in order to(A) show how thermal shock can provide food for some vent faunas by stunning small animals(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-sea animals is limited to warm-water vents(C) explain how bacteria carry out chemosynthesis(D) demonstrate how advection compensates for the lack of food sources on the seafloor(E) present evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis may be an inadequate source of food for some vent faunas答案：5. AB 6. B 7.For example, some of the large sedentary 8. E。

练习一1. Patel： Although enrollment in the region's high school has been decreasing for several years， enrollment at the elementary school has grown considerably. Therefore， the regional school board proposes building a new elementary school.Quintero：Another solution would be to convert some high school classrooms temporarily into classrooms for elementary school students.Which of the following， if true， most helps to support Quintero's alternative proposal？（A） Some rooms at the high school cannot be converted into rooms suitable for the use of elementary school students.（B） The cost of building a high school is higher than the cost of building an elementary school.（C） Although the birth rate has not increased， the number of families sending their children to the region's high school has increased markedly.（D） A high school atmosphere could jeopardize the safety and self-confidence of elementary school students.（E） Even before the region's high school population began to decrease， several high school class-rooms rarely needed to be used.2. Peter： More than ever before in Risland, college graduates with science degrees are accepting permanent jobs in other fields. That just goes to show that scientists in Risland are not being paid enough.Lila： No， it does not. These graduates are not working in science for the simple reason that there are not enough jobs in science in Risland to employ all of these graduates.Which of the following， if true in Risland, would most undermine the reasoning in Peter's argument？（A） The college graduates with science degrees who are not working in science are currently earning lower salaries than they would earn as scientists.（B） Fewer college students than ever before are receiving degrees in science.（C） The number of jobs in science has steadily risen in the last decade.（D） A significant number of college graduates with science degrees worked at low-paying jobs while they were in college.（E） Every year some recent college graduates with science degrees accept permanent jobs in nonscientific fields.3.Counselor： Every year a popular newsmagazine publishes a list of United States colleges， ranking them according to an overall numerical score that is a composite of ratings according to several criteria. However， the overall scores generally should not be used by students as the basis for deciding to which colleges to apply.Which of the following，if true，most helps to justify the counselor's recommendation？（A） The vast majority of people who purchase the magazine in which the list appears are not college-bound students.（B） Colleges that are ranked highest in the magazine's list use this fact inadvertisements aimed at attracting students.（C） The rankings seldom change from one year to the next.（D） The significance that particular criteria have for any two students is likely to differ according to the students' differing needs.（E） Some college students who are pleased with their schools considered the magazine's rankings before deciding which college to attend.4. A thorough search of Edgar Allan Poe's correspondence has turned up not a single letter in which he mentions his reputed morphine addiction. On the basis of this evidence it is safe to say that Poe's reputation for having been a morphine addict is undeserved and that reports of his supposed addiction are untrue.Which of the following is assumed by the argument above？（A） Reports claiming that Poe was addicted to morphine did not begin to circulate until after his death.（B） None of the reports of Poe's supposed morphine addiction can be traced to individuals who actually knew Poe.（C） Poe's income from writing would not have been sufficient to support a morphine addiction.（D） Poe would have been unable to carry on an extensive correspondence while under the influence of morphine.（E） Fear of the consequences would not have pre-vented Poe from indicating in his correspondence that he was addicted to morphine.5. Adelle： The government's program to reduce the unemployment rate in the province of Carthena by encouraging job creation has failed， since the rate there has not changed appreciably since the program began a year ago.Fran： But the unemployment rate in Carthena had been rising for three years before the program began， so the program is helping.Which of the following， if true， most strongly counters Fran's objection to Adelle's argument？（A） The government is advised by expert economists， some of whom specialize in employment issues.（B） The unemployment rate in the province of Carthena has historically been higher than that of the country as a whole.（C） The current government was elected by a wide margin， because of its promises to reduce the unemployment rate in Carthena.（D） Around the time the government program began， large numbers of unemployed Carthena residents began leaving the province to look for work elsewhere.（E） The unemployment rate in Carthena had been relatively stable until shortly before the current government took office.6. Soft Drink Manufacturer：Our new children's soft drink， RipeCal, is fortified with calcium. Since calcium is essential for developing healthy bones, drinking RipeCal regularly will help make children healthy. Consumer Advocate：But RipeCal also contains large amounts of sugar， and regularly consuming large amounts of sugar is unhealthful, especially for children.In responding to the soft drink manufacturer， the consumer advocate does which of the following？（A）Challenges the manufacturer's claim about the nutritional value of calcium in children's diets（B）Argues that the evidence cited by the manufacturer, when properly considered，leads to a conclusion opposite to that reached by the manufacturer.（C）Implies that the manufacturer of a product is typically unconcerned with the nutritional value of that product.（D）Questions whether a substance that is healthful when eaten in moderation can be unhealthful when eaten in excessive amounts.（E）Presents additional facts that call into question the conclusion drawn by the manufacturer.7.Over a period of several months, researchers attached small lights to the backs of wetas—flightless insects native to New Zealand—enabling researchers for the first time to make comprehensive observations of the insects' nighttime activities. Thus, since wetas forage only at night， the researchers' observations will significantly improve knowledge of the normal foraging habits of wetas.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends？（A） Researchers were interested only in observing the wetas' foraging habits and so did not keep track of other types of behavior.（B） No pattern of behavior that is exhibited by wetas during the nighttime is also exhibited by wetas during the daytime.（C）Attaching the small lights to the wetas' backs did not greatly alter the wetas' normal night-time foraging habits.（D）Wetas typically forage more frequently during the months in which the researchers studied them than they do at other times.（E）The researchers did not use other observational techniques to supplement their method of using small lights to track the nighttime behavior of wetas.8.People whose bodies cannot produce the substance cytochrome P450 are three times as likely to develop Parkinson's disease， a disease that affects the brain，as are people whose bodies do produce this substance. Since cytochrome P450 protects the brain from toxic chemicals， toxic chemicals probably play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease.Which of the following， if true， most strongly supports the argument？（A）It will soon be possible for cytochrome P450 to be synthesized for the treatment of people whose bodies cannot produce this substance.（B）Many people whose bodies are unable to produce cytochrome P450 lack the ability to produce certain other substances as well.（C）Cytochrome P450 has no effect on the brain other than to protect it from toxic chemicals.（D）People with Parkinson's disease often exhibit a marked lessening in the severity of their symptoms when they are treated with dopamine， a chemical produced naturally in the brain.（E）Many people with Parkinson's disease have the ability to produce cytochrome P450 naturally.9.The early universe contained only the lightest elements， hydrogen and helium. Heavier elements，such as carbon， form only in nuclear reactions in stars and are dispersed when the stars explode. A recently discovered gas cloud contained carbon several billion years ago， when the universe was no more than two billion years old.If the statements above are true， which of the following must, on the basis of them， also be true?（A）The earliest stars contained only hydrogen.（B）Some stars were formed before the universe was two billion years old.（C）The carbon in the gas cloud later formed part of some stars.（D）No stars identified to date are as old as the gas cloud.（E）The gas cloud also contained hydrogen and helium.10.Sleep deprivation is a known cause of workplace error， and many physicians frequently go without sleep for periods of 24 hours or more. However， few of these physicians have， in the course of a routine examination by a peer， been diagnosed with sleep deprivation. So there is little cause for concern that habitual sleep deprivation will cause widespread physician error.The answer to which of the following questions would be most helpful in evaluating the argument？（A）Do physicians who have been diagnosed with sleep disorders also show signs of other ills not related to sleep deprivation？（B）Is the ability to recognize the symptoms of sleep deprivation in others significantly impaired by habitual sleep deprivation？（C）Do factors other than habitual sleep deprivation ever lead to errors in the workplace on the part of physicians？（D）Of people who have recently been treated by physicians， what percentage believe that many physicians have occasionally suffered from sleepdeprivation？（E）Is the incidence of sleep deprivation higher among physicians than it is among other health care workers？11.A list of the fifteen operas most frequently performed in recent times includes no works by the nineteenth-century German composer Richard Wagner. Although music producers tend to produce what audiences want，relative infrequency of performance probably does not indicate lack of popularity in Wagner's case， since Wagner's operas are notoriously expensive to perform on stage.Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the conclusion of the argument above？（A）The list of most frequently performed operas does not include operas produced by small amateur groups.（B）Some opera companies are backed by patrons who are willing to commit large sums of money in order to enjoy lavish productions.（C）All of the fifteen most frequently performed operas of recent times are works that have been popular for at least 75 years.（D）More recordings have been produced recently of the works of Wagner than of the works of any other composer of opera.（E）Operatic works of all kinds have been increasing in popularity in recent years.12. The bodies of dwarf individuals of mammalian species are generally smaller in relation to those of nondwarf individuals than are the teeth of the dwarf individuals in relation to those of the nondwarf individuals. Fragmentary skeletal remains of an adult dwarf woolly mammoth were recently found. The teeth are three-fourths the size of the teeth of an average adult nondwarf woolly mammoth.The statements above， if true， most strongly support which of the following？（A）The body of the dwarf woolly mammoth was less than three-fourths the size of the body of an average adult nondwarf woolly mammoth.（B）None of the teeth of the dwarf woolly mammoth that were recently discovered was as large as any of the teeth of nondwarf woolly mammoths that have been discovered.（C）The teeth of most adult dwarf individuals of mammalian species are three- fourths the size of the teeth of the adult nondwarf individuals of the same species.（D）Dwarf woolly mammoths had the same number of teeth as did nondwarf woolly mammoths.（E）Dwarf individuals of most mammalian species are generally no more than three-fourths the size of the adult nondwarf individuals of those species.13.Excluding purchases by businesses， the average amount spent on a factory-new car has risen 30 per-cent in the last five years. In the average household budget， the proportion spent on car purchases has remained unchanged in that period. Therefore the average household budget must have increased by 30 percent over the last five years.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies？（A）The average number of factory-new cars purchased per household has remained unchanged over the last five years.（B）The average amount spent per car by businesses buying factory-new cars has risen 30 percent in the last five years.（C）The proportion of the average household budget spent on all car-related expenses has remained unchanged over the last five years.（D）The proportion of the average household budget spent on food and housing has remained unchanged over the last five years.（E）The total amount spent nationwide on factory-new cars has increased by 30 percent over the last five years练习二1. Armtech, a temporary-employment agency， previously gave its employees2.5 paid vacation days after each 700 hours worked. Armtech's new policy is to give its employees 5.0 paid vacation days after each 1，200 hours worked. Therefore， this new policy is more generous to Armtech employees in giving them more vacation days per hour worked than the old policy did.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends？（A） Most current Armtech employees approve of the company's new vacation policy.（B） A few Armtech employees leave the company before having worked 700 hours.（C） Most Armtech employees were not aware that the company planned to change its vacation policy until after it had already done so.（D） A significant portion of Armtech employees stay with the company long enough to work for 1，200 hours.（E） Armtech's new vacation policy closely matches the vacation policies of competing temporary employment agencies.2 The global population of frogs has declined in recent years while the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth has increased. Since the genetic material in frog eggs is harmed when exposed to ultraviolet radiation， and since the eggs themselves are not protected by shells or leathery coverings but are gelatinous， the frog population decline is probably due， at least in part， to the ultraviolet radiation increase.Which of the following， if true， provides the strongest support for the argument？（A）Even in those regions where there has been no significant increase in ultraviolet radiation， only a small proportion of the frog eggs that are laid ever hatch.（B） In areas where there has been the least decline in frog populations， populations of species of insects that frogs eat have decreased.（C） The eggs of frog species whose populations are declining tend to have higher concentrations of damaging pesticides than do the eggs of frog species whose populations have not declined.（D） In many places where turtles， which lay eggs with tough， leathery coverings，share habitats with frogs， turtle populations are also in decline.（E） Populations of frog species that hide their eggs beneath rocks or under sand have declined considerably less than have populations of frog species that do not cover their eggs.3 To improve productivity，manufacturing companies have recently begun restructuring work to produce more goods with fewer assembly-line workers， and the companies have laid off many workers as a consequence. The workers laid off have been those with the least seniority（time on the job）， generally the younger workers.The statements above， if true， most strongly support which of the following as a conclusion？（A） The products manufactured by the companies are not undergoing design changes while the manufacturing jobs are being restructured.（B）When assembly-line workers have made suggestions for improvements in manufacturing processes， some suggestions have been implemented， but many have not.（C） Assembly-line workers now need increased reading and mathematical skills to do their jobs.（D） Some of the innovations in assembly-line processes and procedures that were made to increase productivity have instead proved to be counterproductive.（E）The manufacturing companies are increasing the average age of their assembly-line workforce while still seeking to increase production.4.During the nineteenth century， Britain's urban population increased as its rural population diminished. A historian theorizes that， rather than industrialization's being the cause， this change resulted from a series of migrations to urban areas， each occasioned by a depression in the agrarian economy. To test this hypothesis， the historian will compare economic data with population census data.The historian's hypothesis would be most strongly supported if which of the following were found to be true？（A） The periods of greatest growth in the industrial economy were associated with a relatively rapid decline in the rural population.（B） The periods of greatest weakness in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the population as a whole.（C） Periods when the agrarian economy was comparatively strong and the industrial economy comparatively weak were associated with a particularly rapid decline in the rural population.（D） Periods when the agrarian and industrial economies were both strong were associated with particularly rapid growth in the urban population.（E） The periods of greatest strength in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the urban population.5 Politician：Each year， small businesses create more jobs than do large established businesses. Therefore， in order to reduce unemployment in the long term， we should provide incentives for starting small businesses rather than for expanding established large businesses.Which of the following， if true， casts the most doubt on the politician's argument？（A） In general， people employed by small businesses report higher job satisfaction than do people employed by large businesses.（B） Among the currently unemployed are many people with sufficient job skills to perform the jobs that small businesses would create.（C） Providing an effective incentive for starting a business generally costs significantly less than providing an effective incentive for expanding a large business.（D） A high proportion of small businesses fail within three years of starting because of their owners' inexperience.（E）The average large business contributes more money to politicians‘ campaign funds than the average small business does.6 In the workplace， influenza is typically spread by infected individuals to others with whom they work in close quarters. A new medication that suppresses the symptoms of influenza therefore will actually increase the number of influenza cases， because this medication will allow people who would otherwise be home in bed to return to work while infected.Which of the following， if true， most seriously challenges the prediction？（A） Coughing， a symptom of influenza that the new medication suppresses， is a primary mechanism in the spread of this illness.（B） Some medications that are used to suppress symptoms of influenza are also used by many people to treat symptoms that are caused not by influenza but by other illnesses.（C） Many workers who now remain at home when infected with influenza do so because the symptoms of influenza prevent them from per-forming their jobs effectively.（D） Most adults who are immunized against influenza in order to avoid being infected are over65 years old and retired and thus do not work outside the home.（E） Symptoms of an illness are often the body's means of curing itself of the illness， and there-fore suppression of symptoms can prolong the illness that causes them.7 Editorial：Critics of nuclear power complain about the allegedly serious harm that might result from continued operation of existing nuclear power plants. But such concerns do not justify closing these plants；after all， their operation has caused no more harm than that caused by pollution generated by coal-and oil-burning power plants，the most important other sources of energy.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends？（A） Existing nuclear power plants should be closed only if it can be conclusively demonstrated that their continued operation is likely to cause harm more serious than the harm their operation has already caused.（B） Closing existing nuclear power plants would require greatly increased reliance on coal-and oil-burning power plants.（C） The harm that has resulted from operation of existing coal-and oil-burning power plants has been significant.（D） The harm that a nuclear power plant is likely to cause as it continues to operate can be reliably predicted from the past history of nuclear power plants.（E） The only harm that has resulted from operation of existing coal-and oil-burning power plants has resulted from the pollution generated by these plants.8 Drug manufacturer： Although our company requires that patients who use our new drug also purchase from us nonreusable kits for weekly blood testing， the expense of those kits is an entirely necessary one： weekly blood testing must be done to monitor the drug's potential side effects， which can be very dangerous.Which of the following， if true， most seriously weakens the manufacturer's argument？（A） The expense of purchasing the blood-test kits has not prevented any patients from obtaining them or the drug.（B） Medical laboratories can perform the blood testing at a lower cost to patients or their insurers than the price the manufacturer charges for the kits.（C） A one-year supply of the drug and the weekly blood-test kits can cost patients or their insurers over $10，000.（D） Most government and other health insurance programs will not reimburse patients for the full cost of both the drug and the blood-test kits.（E） Patients who suffer one or more of the dangerous side effects of the drug can incur heavy expenses for the treatment of those side effects.9 Virginia and her brother William disagree over when their father was born：Virginia claims it was in 1935 and William claims it was in 1933. The hospital where their father was born has no records for 1933 but has complete records for 1935—records that do not include a birth record for their father. Therefore，he must have been born in 1933.The argument depends on which of the following assumptions？（A） Either Virginia's claim or William's claim is correct.（B） The records of the hospital where their father was born date back to 1933.（C） Virginia and William know the day and the month of their father's birth.（D） There are urgent practical reasons why Virginia and William must know the date of their father's birth.（E） None of their other relatives knows the year in which Virginia and William's father was born.10 The town of San Leonardo has recently enacted a law banning smoking in all restaurants within town limits. Since many smokers who normally dine in San Leonardo's restaurants will not want to refrain from smoking during their meals， San Leonardo's restaurants will undoubtedly lose many patrons and considerable income.Which of the following， if true， most helps to strengthen the argument above？（A） Most residents of San Leonardo who eat in restaurants are not smokers.（B） Most smokers who dine in the company of non-smokers are willing to refrain from smoking during their meals.（C） If the law banning smoking in restaurants had not been enacted， it is likely that a more stringent law banning smoking in all public places in San Leonardo would have been enacted instead.（D） Prior to the enactment of the law banning smoking in San Leonardo's restaurant，the town had a law that required most restaurants to have nonsmoking sections.（E） None of the other communities adjacent to San Leonardo， which have restaurants comparable to those of San Leonardo， has enacted and enforces any antismoking legislation.11. Children whose biological parents both have Tic Syndrome Z （TSZ）， which is characterized by the involuntary contraction of certain muscles， are about four times more likely to develop such contractions than are children whose biological parents do not have TSZ， It is likely, therefore, that predisposition to TSZ is an inherited trait.Which of the following， if true， would most strengthen the conclusion above？（A） Children whose parents have TSZ are more likely to develop TSZ if they are under unusual stress at school or at home than if they are not under such stress.（B） Children whose biological parents do not have TSZ are more likely to develop TSZ if they are raised by adoptive parents with TSZ than if they are raised by their biological parents.（C） Children whose biological parents have TSZ are as likely to develop TSZ if they are raised by adoptive parents who do not have TSZ as if they are raised by their biological parents.（D） Children whose biological parents have TSZ and who develop TSZ usually avoid developing a severe form of the syndrome if they seek treatment for TSZ shortly after developing the first signs of it.（E） Children with TSZ whose biological parents do not have TSZ are less likely to have the syndrome diagnosed when symptoms first appear than are children with TSZ whose biological parents have TSZ.12. Playing eighteenth-century music on the instruments of that period provides valuable information about how the music originally sounded. Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be played without being restored， however， and restoring such an instrument destroys all of the information that researchers could obtain from it about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques.If the statements above are true， which of the following must be true on the basis of them？（A） Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be used to provide information about the original techniques used in playing such instruments if they have been restored.（B） Eighteenth-century instruments that have been restored can provide information only about how eighteenth-century music originally sounded（C） Eighteenth-century instruments are the only source of information about the instrument-making techniques of that period.（D） An eighteenth-century instrument that has not been restored can provide more information than can one that has been restored.（E） An eighteenth-century instrument cannot serve as a source of new information about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques once it can be played练习三1.A new and more aggressive form of the fungus that caused the Irish potato famine of the nineteenth century has recently arisen. However， since this new form of the fungus can be killed by increased application of currently used fungicides， it is unlikely that the fungus will cause widespread food shortages in countries that currently rely on potatoes for sustenance.Which of the following， if true， most calls into question the conclusion in the argument above？（A） Though potatoes are an important staple crop in many parts of the world，people in most countries rely primarily on wheat or rice for sustenance.（B） Potato farmers in many countries to which the new form of the fungus has spread cannot afford to increase their spending on fungicides.（C） The new form of the fungus first began to spread when contaminated potato seeds were inadvertently exported from a major potato-exporting country.。