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跨文化传播学关键术语解读跨文化传播学是研究不同文化之间的相互影响、交流和传播过程的学科。
在这个学科领域中，有一些关键术语是至关重要的，对于理解和解释跨文化传播现象具有重要意义。
下面将对其中几个关键术语进行解读，并提供相关参考内容。
1. 跨文化交流（intercultural communication）：指不同文化之间的信息传递、理解和共享过程。
跨文化交流是解决文化差异问题和促进跨文化合作的重要手段。
参考内容:文化差异是跨文化交际的核心问题之一。
克里斯滕森（Christopher）指出，文化差异在跨文化交流中表现为语言和非语言差异、态度和价值观差异以及行为和礼仪差异。
在跨文化交际过程中，必须意识到并尊重对方的文化差异，同时培养跨文化沟通能力，以促进有效的交流和理解。
2. 文化霸权（cultural imperialism）：指一个文化群体对其他弱势文化群体进行操控和影响的过程。
文化霸权常常伴随着经济、政治和军事力量的不平衡，在全球化的过程中比较常见。
参考内容:文化霸权是一个复杂的现象，常常存在于西方国家文化对其他国家的影响中。
尼尔（Neil）指出，文化霸权是一种意识形态的扩张，通过媒体、教育和商业等手段对其他文化进行塑造和影响。
反对文化霸权的观点认为，文化多样性是保护和发展每个国家独特文化的重要条件。
3. 文化认同（cultural identity）：指一个人或群体对自己所属文化的认同感和归属感。
文化认同是个体和群体对自我身份的理解和建构的重要基础。
参考内容:文化认同是一个复杂的概念，常常与个体和社会的需求密切相关。
草本（Clayborne）指出，文化认同通过语言、价值观、习惯等方面的共同体验来建立，并在个体和群体的生活和行为中得以体现。
在跨文化传播中，理解和尊重他人的文化认同是建立和谐关系的重要前提。
4. 跨文化可信度（intercultural credibility）：指在跨文化交流中，个体或群体在他人眼中符合期望、可靠可信的程度。
跨文化交际icc的理解跨文化交际（Intercultural Communication，简称ICC）是指在不同文化背景下进行的沟通和交流。
在全球化的背景下，跨文化交际变得越来越重要，因为人们经常需要与来自不同国家、不同文化背景的人交流和合作。
跨文化交际的理解可以从以下几个角度来分析：1. 文化差异，跨文化交际的核心是理解和尊重不同文化之间的差异。
每个文化都有自己的价值观、信仰、习俗和社会规范，这些差异会影响人们的思维方式、行为方式和沟通方式。
了解和尊重这些差异是跨文化交际的基础。
2. 语言和非语言交流，语言是人们交流的重要工具，但在跨文化交际中，语言可能存在障碍。
不同文化之间的语言差异、口音、语速等都可能导致误解和沟通困难。
此外，非语言交流，如身体语言、面部表情、姿势等也是跨文化交际中需要注意的方面。
3. 观念和价值观，不同文化之间的观念和价值观可能存在差异。
例如，对时间的看法、个人主义与集体主义的观念、权力和地位的认知等。
了解和尊重对方的观念和价值观，可以帮助建立良好的跨文化交际。
4. 文化敏感性，跨文化交际需要具备文化敏感性，即能够意识到自己的文化背景对交流的影响，并且尊重和适应对方的文化。
这包括对自己的文化偏见和刻板印象的认知，以及对不同文化之间的平等和互惠的态度。
5. 适应和灵活性，在跨文化交际中，适应和灵活性是非常重要的。
这意味着能够适应不同的沟通风格、礼仪习惯和社交规则，并且愿意调整自己的行为和语言，以更好地与对方进行交流。
6. 跨文化冲突解决，由于文化差异，跨文化交际中可能会出现冲突和误解。
解决跨文化冲突需要开放的心态、耐心和善意的沟通。
通过倾听、提问和解释，可以减少误解并找到共同的解决方案。
总而言之，跨文化交际是一种理解和尊重不同文化差异的沟通和交流方式。
它需要我们具备文化敏感性、适应能力和解决冲突的能力，以建立良好的跨文化关系。
通过有效的跨文化交际，我们可以促进文化交流、增进相互理解，并在全球化时代中实现更好的合作和发展。
跨文化沟通（Cross-Cultural Communication），通常是指不同文化背景的人之间发生的沟通行为。
因为地域不同、种族不同等因素导致文化差异，因此，跨文化沟通可能发生在国际间，也能发生在不同的文化群体之间。
措施：1.培养跨文化意识。
具体来说就是导入要进行跨文化沟通对象的文化要素，树立文化差异的意识。
在有了这个意识的基础上，要主动地学习对方的语言、句式、文化，联系听说能力，以便更好地与对方进行沟通。
有了语言的基础后，就可以有针对性地比较沟通对象的文化与自己母文化的差异，提高对异文化差异的察觉。
2.在有条件的情况下可以，通过模拟真实情景（通常可以与熟悉目标文化的人员进行拍档），加强语言实践，强化文化差异性的适应能力。
3.正确对待文化差异，这其中包含了两个认知的层次。
第一个层次是正确地意识承认有文化差异的存在。
第二个层次是正确地对待文化的差异，积极的学习、适应、包容它。
这一个过程要注意保持不卑不亢的态度。
既不能有霸权文化意识，也不可以有自卑意识。
文化与国家或者地区的强弱并没有必要的联系。
4.熟悉掌握沟通的技巧。
在语言沟通中，要注意口语交流和书面沟通的不同层面的不同作用。
在与对方进行语言沟通的时候，要给足够停顿的时间给对方和自己进行语言交换。
此外还有注意在沟通时，不能先假设对方已经理解，反而应该先假设对方不能理解你的意思，通过不断的检查来估计对方对你的话语的理解能力。
5.培养非语言的沟通技巧。
在进行跨文化共同的时候应该要留意对方的身体语言。
我们可以借助观察对方的手势，面部表情等身体语言来了解他的意图；另外我们也要熟悉地使用身体语言，一方面可以运用身体语言更好地表达我们的意思弥补语言沟通的障碍，另一方面可以避免有歧义的身体语言的出现造成不必要的误会，例如手势。
由于各国的文化存在着多样性的特点，无论是表层的语言、礼仪，还是中层次的建筑、饮食、礼仪或者处于核心层次的民族价值观、思维等等。
这就决定我们在进行跨文化沟通的时候会遇到障碍和冲突，如何能有效地跨文化沟通具有十分重要的意义。
"Cross-cultural communication" 是指在不同文化背景下进行交流和理解的过程。
在许多情境下，人们可能会用以下表达来描述跨文化交际：
1. Intercultural Communication: 跨文化交际的常用术语。
2. Cultural Exchange: 文化交流，表示在不同文化间分享和交流信息。
3. Global Communication: 全球交流，指的是超越国界进行的跨文化沟通。
4. Diversity and Inclusion: 多元性与包容，强调在交际中考虑和尊重不同文化的多样性。
5. Interpersonal Understanding: 人际理解，强调在交流中理解和尊重他人的文化差异。
6. Cultural Sensitivity: 文化敏感性，指的是在交际中考虑并尊重他人的文化背景。
7. Adaptation and Adjustment: 适应与调整，表示在不同文化环境中调整自己的交际方式以融入当地文化。
8. Global Citizenship: 全球公民意识，鼓励个体在跨文化交际中具有开放、包容和全球意识。
9. Cultural Intelligence (CQ): 文化智商，强调个体在不同文化中有效交往的能力。
10. Bridging Cultural Divides: 架桥文化分歧，表示尝试弥合不同文化间的差异。
在任何跨文化交际中，理解文化差异的重要性以及尊重他人文化的价值观是关键。
这些表达可以帮助描述和促进在多元文化背景中的有效交际。
Communication is Culture and Culture is Communication Hall, an anthropologist, once said,“Communication is culture. Culture is communication.”I agree on what he said. The reasons why I think so are as followed:First of all, culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared,learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. And communication is one kind of culture’s living way.Secondly, communication is the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people munication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules. So,culture need communication which helps it to be expressed and let other people know it is unique.Besides,the conversation you make is all based on your background, including your culture.In that way, communication is cultural conversation.Last but not least,culture is a whole collection of our living patterns and behaviors. Many cultures are defined by their communication styles and techniques. The formality of a culture, for instance, is instantly apparent in its tradition of greetings.As far as I am concerned,culture and communication can not live without each other.So I agree that communication is culture and culture is communication.。
"Intercultural Communication" refers to a kind of communication between native speakers and non-native speakers , also between people who have differences in language and culture background of communication. That is when you talk with foreigners, you should konw what problem should note and how to be appropriate to communicate.With the further development of globalization, exchanges between countries is increasingly close. People with different cultural backgrounds will appear obstacles, due to the different cultural backgrounds, isolated space, different backgrounds and different thinking methods, looks in dress and behavior.That contact and understand the English culture is beneficial to our understanding and use of English, is helpful to deepen the understanding of their own culture and cognition, more beneficial to cultivate and improve our ability to cross-cultural communication. Therefore, when learning in daily life, we should be more active, consciously absorb and adapt to the new environment of culture.Because different people have different gender, age, nationality, native place, identity, experience, beliefs, personality, living environment, social background, cultural level,their principle and position to work varies from each other. What we need is the mutual comprehension, try to consider the problem from the perspective of the other, solve problems together to resolve contradictions.Chinese culture is based on Confucianism and Confucian thought is the basic cultural beliefs in East asia. While western culture originated in Greece and Rome, the source of western culture in Greek is rationalism and art, Renaissance, religious reform, the scientific revolution, the enlightenment is the motive force of the development of Western culture. Rationalism emphasizes scientific test, pay attention to the form of argument. The Anglo American countries, people pay more attention to the exact nature of the expression, it is difficult to understand the implication of the Chinese. For example, in Chinese culture, red represents luck, wealth and happiness, while Westerners concept, red is the color of blood, that impulse, provocation. So, Chinese like to wear red clothes in festivals, while the Westerners tend to choose blue, because they feel that blue represents calm and composure.。
跨文化交际与商务沟通近年来，全球化进程愈演愈烈，跨文化交际在商务沟通中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
在全球商业社会中，各种文化、语言或思维方式的差异都会给商务交流带来障碍，使商务活动的顺利进行成为一项极具挑战性的工作。
一、跨文化交际的定义跨文化交际（Intercultural Communication）是指在不同文化或语言背景下的互动与联系。
这个概念包括了跨国企业、多文化团队、国际组织等多个层面下的交际活动。
在跨文化交际中，涉及到的文化、语言和沟通方式等因素都可能会影响到业务方面的决策和战略，进而影响公司的发展。
二、商务沟通的本质商务沟通（Business Communication）则是指商业交往中所进行的信息交流和互动，包括口头和书面的交流。
商务沟通关乎企业生存和发展的各个方面，例如市场拓展、投资、管理和营销等。
商务沟通的本质在于协助企业传递有效信息，促进商业活动的顺利进行。
跨文化交际和商务沟通不是完全独立的两个领域，而是互为支撑和重合的关系。
跨文化交际会对商务沟通产生影响，反之亦然。
跨文化交际的第一要义是了解并尊重不同的文化、语言，通过正确的沟通方式达成商务目标，商务沟通的目的在于提高业务效率，获得更好的商业结果。
在跨文化交际的过程中，企业必须能够将这两个领域结合起来，应用恰当的方式，从而达到更好的商业成果。
三、跨文化交际中的文化因素每种文化都有自己独特的价值观、信仰、沟通方式和行为习惯等。
不同文化间的差异会在商务交流中造成沟通障碍。
跨文化交际的时候，必须注意到这些差异，从而合理调整自己的行为方式，以便建立可信赖的跨文化商务关系。
在做生意的过程中，首先要尊重，用心倾听并理解不同文化中的习俗和语言。
例如，在中东，礼仪和热情非常重要，商务人士必须知道如何与客户建立良好的人际关系。
在中国，短信和电邮常常不够正式，商务活动还是要通过面对面的交流更加有效。
在做交易之前，在不同文化中建立深层次的理解和信任至关重要。
CommunicationIt is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication processes are sign-mediated interactions between at least two agents which share a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules.Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs".Communication is a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. The receiver then decodes the message and gives the sender a feedback. All forms of communication require a sender, a message, and an intended recipient; however the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication in order for the act of communication to occur.Communication requires that all parties have an area of communicative commonality. There are auditory means, such as speech, song, and tone of voice, and there are nonverbal means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, through media, i.e., pictures, graphics and sound, and writing.Human communicationHuman spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols and the grammars can be described as rules by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" is also used to refer to common properties of languages. Language learning is normal in human childhood. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions.Non-Verbal communicationNon-Verbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture, body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, as well as through an aggregate of the above, such as behavioral communication. Nonverbal communication plays a key role in every person's day to day life, from employment to romantic engagements.Speech may also contain nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress.Likewise, written texts have Non-Verbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons. A portmanteau of the English words emotion (or emote) and icon, an emoticon is a symbol or combination of symbols, such as :), used to convey emotional content in written or message form.Other communication channels such as telegraphy fit into this category, whereby signals travel from person to person by an alternative means. These signals can in themselves be representative of words, objects or merely be state projections. Trials have shown that humans can communicate directly in this way without body language, voice tonality or words.Categories and Features of Non-Verbal CommunicationG. W. Porter divides non-verbal communication into four broad categories:∙Physical. This is the personal type of communication. It includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell, and body motions.∙Aesthetic.This is the type of communication that takes place through creative expressions: playing instrumental music, dancing, painting and sculpturing.∙Signs. This is the mechanical type of communication, which includes the use of signal flags, the 21-gun salute, horns, and sirens.∙Symbolic. This is the type of communication that makes use of religious, status, or ego-building symbols.Static Features∙Distance.The distance one stands from another frequently conveys a Non-Verbal message. In some cultures it is a sign of attraction, while in others it may reflect status or the intensity of the exchange.∙Orientation.People may present themselves in various ways: face-to-face, side-to-side, or even back-to-back. For example, cooperating people are likely to sit side-by-side while competitors frequently face one another.∙Posture.Obviously one can be lying down, seated, or standing. These are not the elements of posture that convey messages. Are we slouched or erect? Are our legscrossed or our arms folded? Such postures convey a degree of formality and the degree of relaxation in the communication exchange.∙Physical Contact. Shaking hands, touching, holding, embracing, pushing, or patting on the back all convey messages. They reflect an element of intimacy or a feeling of (or lack of) attraction.Dynamic Features∙Facial Expressions.A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn, and sneer all convey information. Facial expressions continually change during interaction and are monitored constantly by the recipient. There is evidence that the meaning of these expressions may be similar across cultures.∙Gestures. One of the most frequently observed, but least understood, cues is a hand movement. Most people use hand movements regularly when talking. While some gestures (e.g., a clenched fist) have universal meanings, most of the others are individually learned and idiosyncratic.∙Looking.A major feature of social communication is eye contact. It can convey emotion, signal when to talk or finish, or aversion. The frequency of contact may suggest either interest or boredom.Visual communicationVisual communication is communication through visual aid. It is the conveyance of ideas and information in forms that can be read or looked upon. Primarily associated with two dimensional(See also Three dimensional) images, it includes: signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, color and electronic resources. It solely relies on vision. It is form of communication with visual effect. It explores the idea that a visual message with text has a greater power to inform, educate or persuade a person. It is communication by presenting information through visual form.Understanding the Field of CommunicationThe field of communication is typically broken into three distinct camps: human communication, mass communications, and communication disorders.Human Communication or Communication Studies is the study of how individuals communicate. Some examples of the distinct areas that human communication scholars study are:∙Interpersonal Communication∙Organizational Communication∙Oral Communication∙Small Group Communication∙Intercultural Communication∙Nonviolent Communication∙Conflict∙Rhetoric∙Public Speaking∙Media and Communications PsychologyExamples of Mass Communications include:∙Mass communication∙Graphic communication∙Science communication∙Strategic Communication∙Superluminal communication∙Technical communication∙Public relations∙Broadcast Media∙Journalism∙Media and Communications PsychologyExamples of Communication Disorders include:∙Facilitated Communication∙Impairment of Language Modality∙Speech DisordersOral communicationOral communication is a process whereby information is transferred from a sender to receiver; in general communication is usually transferred by both verbal means and visual aid throughout the process. The receiver could be an individual person, a group of persons or even an audience.There are a few of oral communication types: discussion, speeches, presentations, etc. However, often when you communicate face to face the body language and your voice tonality has a bigger impact than the actual words that you are saying. "Communication is 55% body language, 38% tone of voice, 7% content of words", the so-called "7%-38%-55% rule”. For example, a person saying "I'm delighted to meet you" while mumbling, hunched over, and looking away will be interpreted as insincere.You can notice that the content or the word that you are using is not the determining part of a good communication. The “how you say it” has a major impact on the receiver. You have to capture the attention of the audience and connect with them. For example, two persons saying the same joke, one of them could make the audience die laughing related to his good body language and tone of voice. However, the second person that has the exact same words could make the audience stare at one another.In an oral communication, it is possible to have visual aid helping you to provide more precise information. Often enough, we use a presentation program in presentations related to our speech to facilitate or enhance the communication process.Written CommunicationW ritten communication is writing the words which you want to communicate. Good written communication is essential for business purposes. Written communication is practiced in many different languages. E-mails, reports, articles and memos are some of the ways of using written communication in business. The written communication can be edited and amended many times before it is communicated to the second party to whom the communication is intended. This is one of the main advantages of using writing as the major means of communication in business activity. Written communication is used not only in business but also for informal communication purposes. Mobile SMS is an example of informal written communication.。
